Orientador: Luciani Ester Tenani / Banca: Manoel Luiz Gonçalves Corrêa / Banca: Raquel Salek Fiad / Resumo: Disserta-se, neste trabalho, a respeito da relação entre as práticas sociais do oral/falado e do letrado/escrito, tomando como ponto de observação as grafias não-convencionais das vogais pretônicas, como "enfância" e "pidido", em textos escritos de estudantes da quinta série (do Ensino Fundamental de oito anos). Na análise realizada, foram encontradas algumas tendências linguísticas das grafias não-convencionais, bem como algumas pistas, deixadas pelo sujeito, de sua representação da escrita. Tal análise partiu da noção da heterogeneidade da escrita, segundo a qual a escrita é considerada uma prática social, heterogeneamente constituída pelo trânsito do sujeito entre práticas sociais do oral/falado e do letrado/escrito (CORRÊA, 2004). Essa consideração levou-nos, também, a assumir a heterogeneidade da ortografia, que se dá a partir das relações (não-biunívocas) que as letras da escrita alfabética mantêm com os sons da fala. Quanto às grafias não-convencionais, concluímos que são resultado da percepção, por parte dos escreventes, dessas relações que as letras estabelecem com os sons: as grafias não-convencionais por transcrição fonética, como resultado da percepção da relação que o alfabeto mantém com o fonético-fonológico da língua; as grafias por hipercorreção, como resultado da percepção da não-biunivocidade entre letras e sons. No decorrer da análise, observou-se que, tanto as grafias por transcrição fonética quanto as por hipercorreção podem estabelecer relação com o fenômeno de alçamento na fala - que se refere à realização de /e, o/ semelhante à de /i, u/, como em "[i]ngenheiro" e "p[i]dido". Da análise, conclui-se que as grafias não-convencionais são decorrentes da interpretação, por parte dos escreventes, de [i] e [u] de suas falas de dois modos: i)... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The present work is about the relationship between the oral/spoken and literate/written social practices. Our observation focus is the unconventional writings of pretonic vowels such as "enfância" (childhood) and "pidido" (request), in texts written by fifth graders (from the eight-year-Elementary School). In our analysis, some linguistic tendencies of unconventional writings and also some clues of the writing representations left by the subject were found. This analysis is based on the notion of writing heterogeneity by which the writing is considered a social practice built heterogeneously by the movement of the subject between oral/spoken and literate/written social practices (CORRÊA, 2004). This consideration also led us to assume the spelling heterogeneity that happens through the relations (non-biunivoc) that letters of alphabetic writing maintain with speech sounds. Considering the unconventional writing of pretonic vowels, we have concluded that they are results of the writers perceptions from the relations that letters have with sounds: the unconventional writing by phonetical transcription as a perception result that alphabet keeps with phonetic-phonological level of the language; the writing by hypercorrection, as a perception result to the non-biunivocity between letters and sounds. Through our analysis, we observed that not only the phonetic transcription writings but also the hypercorrection writings can establish relations with speech raising phenomenon, related to the use of /e, o/ similar to the use of /i, u/, such as "[i]ngenheiro" (engineer) and "p[i]dido" (request). From this analysis we could conclude that the unconventional writings are due to the interpretation made by the writers of their speech of [i] and [u] of two ways: i) as a raising vowel /i/ or /u/, writing <i> or <u>, what led to the phonetic transcription, such as in "pidido" (request) ...(Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

The diploma thesis focuses on how it is suitable for pupils with different mother tongue to learn selected orthographic phenomena. The aim of the thesis is to find out which activities or methods the teacher can use to achieve the highest memorability of orthographic phenomena by pupils with a different mother tongue with respect to their teaching types and styles. High attention is paid to the method of working with visual aids. This diploma thesis focuses on problematic orthographic phenomena taught from the third to the fifth year of elementary school, which are difficult to justify for pupils with a different mother tongue. To achieve the highest quality of research several qualitative methods were used, namely observation, testing and semi-structured interviews with pupils and class teachers. The knowledge presented in the theoretical part of the thesis is an important basis for the processing of the empirical part itself. Within the empirical part, I elaborated a case study of nine pupils with a different mother tongue. The results of the survey show that the ready-made visual aids helped most pupils. During preparation of three lessons, I took into account all the learning types and styles, which proved to be effective. On the other hand, the dominance of type or style has not always been...

Submitted by Simone Maisonave (simonemaisonave@hotmail.com) on 2016-09-08T13:26:30Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Cristiane Silveira dos Santos_Tese.pdf: 25214198 bytes, checksum: 443b33cad98eeb6e51b716aa63bd30bd (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Simone Maisonave (simonemaisonave@hotmail.com) on 2016-09-08T13:26:40Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Cristiane Silveira dos Santos_Tese.pdf: 25214198 bytes, checksum: 443b33cad98eeb6e51b716aa63bd30bd (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2016-09-08T21:42:47Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Cristiane Silveira dos Santos_Tese.pdf: 25214198 bytes, checksum: 443b33cad98eeb6e51b716aa63bd30bd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-08T21:43:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Cristiane Silveira dos Santos_Tese.pdf: 25214198 bytes, checksum: 443b33cad98eeb6e51b716aa63bd30bd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-11-13 / Sem bolsa / Este estudo é resultado de uma investigação feita a partir da análise de produções escritas espontâneas, controladas e de entrevistas realizadas junto a dois grupos de alunos do ensino médio do IFSUL – Câmpus Pelotas Visconde da Graça (CaVG): Grupo Transversal e Grupo Longitudinal, com a finalidade de mapear, descrever e analisar os tipos de erros ortográficos produzidos. Os erros foram classificados em dois grandes grupos: motivados pela fonética/fonologia da língua ou motivados por dificuldades advindas do sistema ortográfico. Os resultados da análise dos dados produzidos pelo Grupo Transversal, composto por 273 alunos de primeiros, segundos e terceiros anos permitiu o mapeamento dos principais tipos de erros ortográficos produzidos e orientou as coletas posteriores realizadas junto ao Grupo Longitudinal, composto por 15 sujeitos acompanhados de 2011 a 2014 e divididos em três grupos, a saber,Grupo 1 (fortes), Grupo 2 (medianos) e Grupo 3 (fracos) em questões ortográficas. A hipótese inicial desta investigação foi a de que haveria relação entre o quantitativo de erros ortográficos encontrados e o formato do conhecimento ortográfico, segundo o Modelo deRedescrição Representacional (MRR) de Karmiloff-Smith (1986, 1994). Os resultados da investigação mostraram que os tipos de erros ortográficos encontrados nas coletas junto a ambos os grupos – Transversal e Longitudinal eram análogos Verificou-se, ainda, que os tipos de erros ortográficos mais recorrentes e numerosos nas produções textuais dos informantes de ambos os grupos pesquisados eram, em primeiro lugar, advindos das chamadas irregularidades do sistema ortográfico, em especial os casos de representação do fonema/s/ e do fonema/z/, seguidos dos erros ortográficos relacionados à motivação fonética da língua e dos erros ortográficos relacionados à segmentação não-convencional da escrita (hipo e hipersegmentação), sendo a hipossegmentação mais numerosa nos dados do que a hipersegmentação. Tais erros ortográficos correspondem a cerca de 75% dos dados totais desta pesquisa.Em relação aos níveis do MRR verificou-se que a hipótese levantada foi corroborada, uma vez que houve correspondência entre os três grupos (forte, medianos e fracos em questões ortográficas) e os níveis de representação do conhecimento ortográfico entre Explícito 2 (E2) e Explícito 3 Consciente Verbal (E3). Verificou-se que os informantes com menor quantidade de erros ortográficos (Grupo 1) apresentaram quase que a totalidade dos momentos da entrevista categorizados segundo o nível do MRR Explícito 3 Consciente Verbal (E3); já os informantes do Grupo 2 (medianos) embora apresentassem vários momentos da entrevista caracterizados como de E3 tiveram, na sua maioria, momentos da entrevista categorizados como de E2, ou seja, no nível do MRR caracterizado como sendo aquele em que já existe análise acerca do conhecimento, embora este ainda não possa ser verbalizado. Finalmente, os informantes do Grupo 3 (fracos) praticamente não apresentaram momentos categorizados como sendo de E3, tendo tido os momentos de sua entrevista quase todos categorizados como E2. Em relação às estratégias utilizadas pelos sujeitos para orientar suas escolhas ortográficas constatou-se que os informantes dos Grupos 1 e 2, respectivamente fortes e medianos em questões ortográficas, utilizaram estratégias tais como o acesso à memória visual ou seguiram procedimentos analógicos da língua para chegar à grafia correta das palavras. Já os informantes do Grupo 3 utilizaram esporadicamente a memória visual e os processos analógicos e, preferencialmente, utilizaram a fala como estratégia para orientar suas grafias. Observou-se, ainda, correlação positiva entre o nível E3 do MRR dos informantes com o uso de estratégias tais como ‘memória visual’ e ‘processos analógicos’ e o nível E2 do MRR dos informantes com o uso da estratégia ‘escrita apoiada na oralidade’. A conclusão deste estudo vai ao sentido de que se faz necessário, mesmo no ensino médio, lançar mão de estratégias capazes de desenvolver e consolidar o conhecimento ortográfico dos alunos. / This study is the result of thorough analysis of spontaneous and controlled writing productions and interviews carried out with two groups of high school students from IFSUL – Câmpus Pelotas Visconde da Graça (CaVG): Transversal Group and Longitudinal Group, aiming to map, analyze and describe the types of orthographic mistakes present in both groups’ writing. These mistakes were arranged in two groups: those of phonetic/phonological motivation and those related to difficulty to grasp the rules and irregularities of the orthographic system.The Transversal Group was comprised of 237 students from all of the institution’s high school grades, and the data analysis of their writing allowed the identification and mapping of the most common types of orthographic mistakes, data which then oriented the following data gatherings with the Longitudinal Group, consisting of 15 subjects who were monitored from 2011 to 2014 and divided in three groups: Group 1 (strong), Group 2 (average), Group 3 (weak) regarding orthographic knowledge. The original hypothesis suggested that the amount of orthographic mistakes found and the type of orthographic knowledge would be correlated, according to Karmiloff-Smith’s Representational Redescription Model (RR) (1986, 1994).The results of this investigation showed that the types of orthographic mistakes found in both groups’ – Transversal and Longitudinal - writing productions were analogous.It was also noticed that the most recurring types of orthographic mistakes in the subjects’ writing, from both groups analyzed, were mainly related to the so called irregularities of the orthographic system, particularly in cases when the phonemes /s/ and /z/ are represented, followed by orthographic mistakes of phonetic motivation and mistakes relating nonconventional segmentation of the written word (hipo and hipersegmentation), the cases of hiposegmentation being more numerous than those of hipersegmentation. Such mistakes constitute approximately 75% of the overall research data.The original research hypothesis was, in the end, confirmed since correspondence was found between the three groups (strong, average and weak regarding orthographic knowledge) and their representation levels of orthographic knowledge which ranges from Explicit 2 (E2) to Explicit 3 (E3) Verbally Aware. It was noticed that the subjects who made less orthographic mistakes (Group 1) showed in their interviews a higher level of verbal awareness (Explicit 3 Verbally Aware, according to the RR model definitions); subjects belonging to Group 2 (average) showed overall orthographic awareness but couldn’t articulate it, placing them in the E2 category. Finally, Group 3 (weak) subjects were also placed in the E2 category, showing virtually no signs of unawareness in their interviews. Regarding the subjects’ strategic choices, it was noted that those from Groups 1 and 2 – strong and average regarding orthographic knowledge, respectively – relied on strategies such as accessing their visual memory or followed similar procedures to find the correct writing whereas subjects from Group 3, rather than relying on their visual memory, would use their speaking competence as a guide to their writing. It was noted still a positive correlation between RR level E3 subjects and the use of visual memory, as well as E2 level subjects and oral-based writing strategies. The conclusion drawn buy this study is that it is necessary, as soon as high school, to devise strategies to consolidate and further the student’s orthographic knowledge.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:48:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marco Antonio Adamoli_Tese.pdf: 5526851 bytes, checksum: 925611790770b0566c88972581441cf7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-12-21 / In this dissertation, I have analyzed the oral and orthographic production of the variable diphthongs [aj] and [ej] in Brazilian Portuguese (BP) by a group of fifteen children who were developing their literacy processes in an Elementary School in Pelotas, RS. My main objective was to describe the oral and written production of such vowel sequences and, based on comparisons found in the collected material, to provide arguments not only for the discussion about the phonological representation of those sequences but also for the proposal of child representation restructuring based on how they learn to write. In order to achieve this objective, I presupposed that children‟s oral production and their early orthographic productions of the diphthongs under investigation, collected for two years in a row, could provide clues to comprehend these children‟s phonological knowledge of those vowel sequences. Data analysis showed that, regarding oral production, the first graders produced very low frequencies around 5% - of both diphthongs whereas second graders yielded 63% for [aj] and 44% for [ej]. Concerning orthographic productions, data analysis showed that, at the beginning of their literacy processes, children tend to have some difficulties regarding conventional writing in terms of spelling both vowel groups since they prefer forms without the semivowel. Besides, in subsequent stages, an important change was perceived in the children‟s orthographic development: around 80% for the production of the grapheme i‟, which seems to evidence that these orthographic structures have already been acquired by second graders. On the whole, the data, along with further arguments regarding the diphthongs in variation and oral acquisition, provided arguments to make me suggest that children spell such segments as if they had one vowel only in the subjacency, /a/ and /e/, in accordance with the input they got, rather than as a structure vowel + glide, which would be produced in the following stages, when they learn how to write. This interpretative proposal is supported by the fact that children are acquiring the phonology of their language in a successive process of (re)construction of their phonological representations while their orthographic systems are being built. Based on the data collected by this study and a set of data on the acquisition of such segments, I questioned whether palatal fricatives are complex segments in child phonology and proposed an interpretation for the utterance of the phonetic diphthongs [aj] and [ej] which says that the children under study interpreted the palatal fricative consonants, in their early phonological development, as simple segments and modified their interpretation due to the learning of the alphabet writing. / Nesta tese, analisamos as produções orais e ortográficas dos ditongos variáveis [aj] e [ej] do PB de um grupo composto por quinze crianças em fase de alfabetização, pertencentes a uma escola de ensino fundamental da cidade de Pelotas/RS. Tivemos como objetivo principal descrever a produção oral e escrita de tais sequências vocálicas e, a partir da comparação do material empírico obtido, fornecer argumentos à discussão sobre a representação fonológica de tais sequências vocálicas, bem como à proposta de reestruturação das representações infantis a partir da aprendizagem da escrita. A fim de atender a esse objetivo, partimos do pressuposto de que as produções orais infantis e as primeiras produções ortográficas dos ditongos em foco, coletados em um período de dois anos consecutivos, pudessem oferecer-nos indícios para a compreensão do conhecimento fonológico desse grupo de crianças sobre tais sequências vocálicas. O levantamento dos dados mostrou-nos que, quanto às produções orais, as crianças concluíram o primeiro ano produzindo frequências muito baixas desses dois ditongos, próximas a 5%, ao passo que, ao final do segundo ano de escolarização, os percentuais chegaram a 63%, para [aj], e 44%, para [ej]. Em relação às produções ortográficas, o levantamento dos dados revelou-nos que, no início da escolarização, as crianças tendem a apresentar dificuldades quanto à escrita convencional no que diz respeito à grafia desses dois grupos vocálicos, preferindo formas sem a semivogal, e que, em estágios subsequentes, uma mudança importante no desenvolvimento ortográfico das crianças é percebida, pois constatamos índices em torno de 80% de produção do grafema i‟, o que parece indicar que essas estruturas ortográficas são adquiridas pelas crianças já a partir do segundo ano. Em seu conjunto, os dados coletados, somados a outros argumentos adicionais também sobre os ditongos na variação e na aquisição oral, forneceram argumentos para sugerirmos que as crianças grafam tais segmentos considerando-os como portadores de uma vogal apenas na subjacência, /a/ e /e/, dadas as informações percebidas pelo input, e não como uma estrutura do tipo vogal + glide, a qual viria a surgir em estágios posteriores, por meio da aprendizagem da escrita. Essa proposta interpretativa tem como apoio o fato de a criança estar adquirindo a fonologia de sua língua, em um processo sucessivo de (re) construção de suas representações fonológicas, ao mesmo tempo em que o seu sistema ortográfico passa a ser construído. Com base nos dados deste estudo e em um conjunto de dados de aquisição sobre tais grupos vocálicos, questionamos a proposta de serem as fricativas palatais segmentos complexos na fonologia infantil e propusemos uma interpretação para o surgimento dos ditongos fonéticos [aj] e [ej] segundo a qual as crianças investigadas interpretam as consoantes fricativas palatais, em etapa do desenvolvimento fonológico inicial, como segmentos simples, tendo sua interpretação modificada em decorrência da aprendizagem da escrita alfabética.

This essay is a theoretical qualitative study, which examines the possibility for a spelling reform into English. The history of orthographical changes into British English, as well as Brown’s categorisation of spelling reforms, is reviewed. Four spelling reform proposals are analysed and compared.  Additionally, the social discourses of Eira, which are relevant to a spelling reform, are analysed and discussed with regard to English. There is only speculation as to why no modern day spelling reform has been implemented in British English, but it is connected to its historical events, the social discourses and the implementation process. Spelling reform into English is theoretically feasible, but it depends on the implementation strategies and support from those who wish to perform such a change.

L’objectif de cette recherche consiste à décrire les types d’erreurs d’orthographe des étudiants iraniens en langue française et à mener une analyse qualitative et quantitative de l’évolution de chaque type d’erreur pendant les quatre années de licence dans le système de l’enseignement supérieur de la discipline « Langue française » en Iran. Cette analyse descriptive est suivie d’une discussion étiologique de ces erreurs d’orthographe sur la base de deux hypothèses majeures : le rôle de la dissemblance entre les deux systèmes phonologiques français et persan et les formes de l’enseignement supérieur de la langue française en Iran. Afin d’atteindre cet objectif, une dictée traditionnelle d’un texte sélectif a été menée auprès de 313 étudiants iraniens de la première à la quatrième et dernière année de licence de langue française de toutes les universités publiques et privées de la ville de Téhéran. Les erreurs orthographiques desdits étudiants ont été classées selon la typologie proposée par A.Chervel et D.Manesse (1989), légèrement modifiée, qui comprend huit types d’erreurs appartenant aux domaines de « langue », de « grammaire » et de « lexique ». L’étude des différents types d’erreurs orthographiques des étudiants iraniens de notre échantillon montre que leurs erreurs orthographiques les plus fréquentes sont de deux types : 1- erreurs préorthographiques (domaine « langue ») comportant les erreurs de non-reconnaissance du mot et les erreurs de type phonétique ; 2- erreurs orthographiques d’orthographe grammaticale. L’étude de l’évolution des erreurs orthographiques desdits étudiants montre que les types d’erreurs restent les mêmes de la première à la dernière année de licence et que leur fréquence diminue quoiqu’elle n’atteigne pas le degré zéro. La fréquence élevée, chez les étudiants de notre échantillon, des erreurs de type phonétique et des erreurs d’orthographe grammaticale confirme les deux hypothèses déjà mentionnées de cette recherche. / The aim of this research is to describe the types of orthographical errors of Iranian students in French language and to conduct a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the evolution of each type of error during the four years of bachelor degree (B.A.) in the system of higher education of the French language discipline in Iran. This descriptive analysis is followed by a etiological discussion of orthographical errors based on two key assumptions : the role of the dissimilarity between the two phonological systems of French and Persian languages and the characteristics of higher education of French language in Iran. To achieve this objective, an oral dictation with a selective text was read out to 313 Iranian students from the first to the fourth year of undergraduate French language in all public and private universities in Tehran city. The orthographical errors of these students were classified according to the typology proposed by A.Chervel and D.Manesse (1989), slightly modified, with eight types of errors from the categories of "language", "grammar" and "lexicon". The study of different types of orthographical errors of Iranian students in our sample showed that their most common errors are of two types : 1 – preorthographical errors ("language" category) which contain errors on the non-recognition of the word and on the phonetical errors ; 2 – orthographical errors which contain the grammatical errors. The study of the evolution of orthographical errors of these students showed that the errors will remain the same from the first to the last year of B.A. degree and decrease in frequency but not reach to zero level. The high frequency of phonological and grammatical orthographical errors among students in our sample confirms the mentioned assumptions of this research.

Students learn and retain more when they enjoy the process or avenue of learning. Students have fun learning to spell when visual, auditory, and hands-on learning are included in the process. In addition, the intervention project can be used to support and assist second language learners. The benefits from this intervention project will not only strengthen students' phonemic and spelling foundation, but will also enhance their reading comprehension and writing effectiveness.

This project will serve as a media rich tool to aid students and teachers in the classroom. It is designed to examine whether or not a computer based learning environment motivates and helps fourth grade at-risk students in vocabulary development. The project included creating a guide in Macromedia Authorware to help educators develop a multimedia environment in the classroom.

In current business affairs, most executive professions require one or several kinds of data consultation in their practice. Nowadays, the majority of data either is or has been digitalized and digital data is defined as information represented in a discrete and discontinuous manner. For accessibility purposes, data are often stored in databases that organize information via design and modeling techniques to facilitate querying. Data retrieval is crucial and if this process lacks efficacy, users either are presented incomplete information or are forced to perform repetitive queries. Intellectual property (IP) lawyers in Brazil are among that group and must regularly access a private database for trademark information. While it contains all the data they require, the database’s querying mechanisms are not tailored for IP law practice. The existing filters and lack of replacement algorithms often yield incomplete results, increasing time and resources dispended. With millions of dollars in potential lawsuits and work-hours, the purpose of this study is to investigate whether an IP-focused querying system could help mitigate this resource waste, facilitating the trademark comparison work of IP lawyers. For this, a new orthographic and phonetically focused querying logic was implemented. ANOVA tests and a questionnaire were used to compare the existing querying mechanism with the new one in terms of time, work satisfaction and querying accuracy. Results indicate the new querying system significantly decreased the amount of searches needed to execute a complete trademark analysis, while lawyers averaged the same amount of time to complete their work. Lawyers also reported higher work satisfaction levels and perceived increase in work efficiency.

PhD (English) / Department of English