The maternal mortality ratio (MMR) and neonatal mortality rate (NMR) have been persistently high in South Africa, with black, poor, rural women and neonates mostly affected. The MMR and the NMR are indicative of the health of the population and reflect deeper issues such as inequitable distribution of the country’s resources, social exclusion, deprivation, and lack of access to quality public services. The purpose of the study was to develop a model to meet the overall health needs of the socially excluded, the deprived and the vulnerable women by listing those factors that influence maternal and child health outcomes. From the point of view that individual reproduction and health decision-making takes place in a milieu comprising multiple socio-economic and cultural factors, this study attempts to add to the body of knowledge on maternal and child health in order to influence policies and interventions. Data was collected through a multi-staged, qualitative research design. The results show how structural factors result in high risk for poor maternal and child health outcomes, suggesting that the high rates of poor health outcomes are evidence of deprivation of women’s needs due to poverty leading to an inability to cope with pregnancy and childbirth. The results are used to develop a model that proposes pathways for policy action to confront both the structural and intermediary determinants of maternal and child ill health and mortality. These pathways operate through integrative and inter-sectorial mechanisms intended at empowering women and enhancing female reproductive health care activities. / Sociology / D.Litt. et Phil. (Sociology)

This thesis employs a parametric input distance function that incorporates both desirable and undesirable outputs to provide a more complete representation of the production technology. Based on the Shephard (1970) theory of duality, we derive the shadow prices of undesirable outputs in the Czech energy sector on the data over the period 2002 - 2007. The medians of our shadow prices estimates are 8374, 1198, 2805, 6051 and 8549 € per ton of PM, SO2, NOx, CO and VOC, respectively. We decompose shadow prices estimates and test the hypotheses that the marginal abatement cost decline over time; that marginal abatement cost rice with the declining emission level; and that marginal abatement cost rice with declining emission rate. Key Words: shadow prices, distance function, undesirable outputs, marginal abatement cost JEL classification: C61, D24, Q53

Thèse sur travaux, l’ensemble est constitué d’un tome de « fil rouge » de 119 pages et de quatre tomes de travaux, reproduisant successivement (A) des livres, livres collectifs, articles et contributions à un ouvrage collectif, (B) des rapports d’inspection générale dont l’auteur a été le pilote ou le copilote, (C) des articles de revues, (D) des conférences et communications et (E) des interviews publiées. La première partie s’explique sur les circonstances qui ont présidé au cours de la carrière d’un haut-fonctionnaire de l’administration de l’éducation nationale à la production régulière de travaux et sur la constitution progressive d’un corpus tirant sa première cohérence de ses objets. Elle répond aussi à la question des motivations, superficielles ou profondes de la demande de légitimation universitaire de ces travaux dans le cadre d’une thèse de doctorat, de même qu’elle s’interroge sur ce qui peut étayer cette légitimation, en termes de construction d’objet, de raisonnements et de résultats.La deuxième partie reprend des travaux antérieurs ce qui traite de la façon dont le système éducatif français est gouverné, à partir des deux sous-titres « Un ministère de l’ignorance ? » et « Le désordre des pouvoirs éducatifs » : il est montré en quoi la sacralisation de la notion de système éducatif, le discours factice sur l’évaluation, la fermeture hexagonale de l’essentiel du débat sur l’éducation, ainsi que le peu d’intérêt institutionnel vis-à-vis des connaissances sur l’école concourent à renforcer un Etat éducateur central aussi monopoliste qu’impuissant.La troisième partie est plus spécifiquement consacrée à un aspect souvent négligé du système éducatif, à savoir les politiques curriculaires : l’auteur montre non seulement que le concept même de curriculum n’est pas utilisé, mais aussi que le désordre qui caractérise depuis longtemps la « fabrique des contenus » d’enseignement en France fait paradoxalement système avec une indifférence aux apprentissages des élèves qui n’est qu’un aspect du caractère sélectif des traditions éducatives françaises. Il analyse enfin dans quelle mesure le « socle commun de compétences en fin de scolarité obligatoire » inaugure une première « politique curriculaire » dans le cadre de ce pays. / This thesis, consisting mainly in submitting a corpus of previous works, is made of one “guiding light” volume (119 pages) and four volumes that reproduce (A) books, collective books, articles and contributions to collective works, (B) official reports of “inspection générale” of which the author was main or associated pilot, (C) articles from reviews, (D) lectures and communications, and (E) published interviews.The first part explains from which circumstances a senior civil servant of the Department of Education regularly produced such works since 1985 and how these works step by step got their first consistency. It also tells from which motivations, be they superficial or deeper, the academic legitimization of these works is aimed for in the framework of a PhD. It also questions the grounds of this academic legitimacy, from the ways the objects were built, the kinds of reasoning that are used and the produced results themselves. The second part starts from what in the previous works dealt with the way the French Educational system is ruled, with two subtitles “A Department of ignorance?” and “Disorder in Educational authorities” : it is shown to what extent the notion of “educational system”, made sacred as it is, together with fallacious political positions about evaluation, with the frequent ignorance of international issues in most educational decisions, and with a weak official interest towards knowledge about education, reinforces the central State, as far as Education is concerned, as an actor paradoxically monopolistic, ignorant and powerless.The third part is more specifically dedicated to one aspect of the educational system that is often ignored and taboo, namely curricular policies: the author does not only show that the concept of curriculum itself is not used, but that the disorder that has for long characterized the way the curricula are produced in France, makes up a system together with a disinterest towards what students actually learn, this disinterest being itself part of the selection-oriented French educational tradition. Eventually, it analyses to which extent the introduction of the “common core of competencies to be reached at the end of compulsory education” (“socle commun”) opens the way for the first curricular policy in this country.

Submitted by Verena Bastos (verena@uefs.br) on 2015-07-28T12:52:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Ana Paula Rubia Oliveira do Vale Alves.pdf: 956041 bytes, checksum: 1141e73d6e9c3838a112794ff7ef544f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-28T12:52:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ana Paula Rubia Oliveira do Vale Alves.pdf: 956041 bytes, checksum: 1141e73d6e9c3838a112794ff7ef544f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-05-16 / This research intends to show the psychological complexity of the Lygia?s characters starting from the different ways they use to deal with the suffering that arises from heartbreaks. To reach such goal it has been used Lygia Fagundes Telles? storybooks, interviews and testimonials, also academic papers and literary essays about her work besides theoretical texts: Denis de Rougemont, Bauman, Stendhal, Comte-Sponville, Freud and Lacan, among others. The corpus of this dissertation consists of 8 stories by the author, analysed in two chapters entitled: Love and rejection in female characters and The love and its deadlocks in male characters. The female characters Kori (Voc? n?o acha que esfriou?), Pomba Enamorada (homonymous story) and Alice (Emanuel) suffer from being rejected and Maria Camila (Um ch? bem forte e tr?s x?caras), from the fear of also being rejected in the future; the reactions vary between vengeance, fantasy, delirium and facing the situation. The suffering of the male protagonists come from betrayal (the saxophone man); from abandonment (Ricardo from Venha ver o p?r-do-sol); indecision (Miguel from O Noivo); and contempt (the redhead man from Hist?ria de Passarinho) and the outputs presented gravitate around sublimation/sadism, murder, forgetfulness and escape. It was observed that in female characters the loving suffering comes, mainly, from rejection, differently from the male characters whose cause for suffering is variable and the outputs present to be more radical. The different ways how female and male characters go through the love impasses created interest of deepen the theme of gender differences, what is only superficially discussed in this paper. This study confirms the psychological complexity of Lygia?s characters whose analyses point to unconscious motivations underlying attitudes, thoughts and feelings, all suggested in the interstices of the text, allowing many reflections about real characters and their positions on issues of love. / Nesta pesquisa pretendeu-se demonstrar a complexidade psicol?gica das personagens lygianas, a partir das diferentes maneiras pelas quais elas lidam com o sofrimento decorrente das desilus?es amorosas. Para alcan?ar tal objetivo, foram utilizados livros de contos, entrevistas e depoimentos de Lygia Fagundes Telles, trabalhos acad?micos e ensaios liter?rios sobre sua obra, al?m de textos dos te?ricos: Denis de Rougemont, Bauman, Stendhal, Comte-Sponville, Freud e Lacan, dentre outros. O corpus da disserta??o consiste em oito contos da autora, analisados em dois cap?tulos intitulados: Amor e rejei??o em personagens femininas e O amor e seus impasses em personagens masculinas. As personagens femininas Kori (?Voc? n?o acha que esfriou??), Pomba Enamorada (conto hom?nimo) e Alice (?Emanuel?) sofrem por serem rejeitadas e Maria Camila (?Um ch? bem forte e tr?s x?caras?), pelo temor de vir a s?-lo; as rea??es variam entre vingan?a, fantasia, del?rio e enfrentamento da situa??o. O sofrimento dos protagonistas do sexo masculino adv?m da trai??o (?O mo?o do saxofone?); do abandono (Ricardo de ?Venha ver o p?r-do-sol?); da indecis?o (Miguel de ?O noivo?) e do desprezo (o homem ruivo de ?Hist?ria de Passarinho?) e as sa?das apresentadas gravitam em torno da sublima??o/ sadismo, assassinato, esquecimento e fuga. Observou-se que em personagens femininas o sofrimento amoroso decorre, principalmente, da rejei??o, diferentemente dos homens cuja causa ? vari?vel e as sa?das se apresentam mais radicais. A maneira distinta como personagens femininas e masculinas vivenciam os impasses amorosos, gerou interesse de aprofundar a tem?tica da diferen?a de g?nero, discutida apenas superficialmente nesse trabalho. Este estudo confirma a complexidade psicol?gica das personagens lygianas cuja an?lise aponta motiva??es inconscientes subjacentes ?s atitudes, pensamentos e sentimentos, sugeridas nos interst?cios do texto, possibilitando muitas reflex?es sobre personagens reais e seus posicionamentos diante das quest?es do amor.

The reversible logic has the promising applications in emerging computing paradigm such as quantum computing, quantum dot cellular automata, optical computing, etc. In reversible logic gates there is a unique one-to-one mapping between the inputs and outputs. To generate an useful gate function the reversible gates require some constant ancillary inputs called ancilla inputs. Also to maintain the reversibility of the circuits some additional unused outputs are required that are referred as the garbage outputs. The number of ancilla inputs, number of garbage outputs and quantum cost plays an important role in the evaluation of reversible circuits. Thus minimizing these parameters are important for designing an efficient reversible circuit. Barrel shifter is an integral component of many computing systems due to its useful property that it can shift and rotate multiple bits in a single cycle. The main contribution of this thesis is a set of design methodologies for the reversible realization of reversible barrel shifters where the designs are based on the Fredkin gate and the Feynman gate. The Fredkin gate can implement the 2:1 MUX with minimum quantum cost, minimum number of ancilla inputs and minimum number of garbage outputs and the Feynman gate can be used so as to avoid the fanout, as fanout is not allowed in reversible logic. The design methodologies considered in this work targets 1.) Reversible logical right- shifter, 2.) Reversible universal right shifter that supports logical right shift, arithmetic right shift and the right rotate, 3.) Reversible bidirectional logical shifter, 4.) Reversible bidirectional arithmetic and logical shifter, 5) Reversible universal bidirectional shifter that supports bidirectional logical and arithmetic shift and rotate operations. The proposed design methodologies are evaluated in terms of the number of the garbage outputs, the number of ancilla inputs and the quantum cost. The detailed architecture and the design of a (8,3) reversible logical right-shifter and the (8,3) reversible universal right shifter are presented for illustration of the proposed methodologies.

Testing every possible combination of the input parameter values is often impractical, inefficient or too expensive. One common alternative is pairwise testing where every pairwise combination of the parameter values is tested. Although pairwise testing significantly reduces the number of test cases, the challenge remains in analyzing the test outputs to discern the precise characteristics of parameters causing the failures. This thesis proposes a novel approach to output analysis by identifying “bad pairs”: pairs that always result in failed test cases. A framework implementing the proposed approach is presented together with three case studies. Results from the case studies suggest there are positive relationships among the numbers of failed test cases, faults, and independent bad pairs. Also, filtering of test cases seems to have a significant impact on the bad pairs identified. We believe the proposed approach can facilitate the debugging process in software testing.

The maternal mortality ratio (MMR) and neonatal mortality rate (NMR) have been persistently high in South Africa, with black, poor, rural women and neonates mostly affected. The MMR and the NMR are indicative of the health of the population and reflect deeper issues such as inequitable distribution of the country’s resources, social exclusion, deprivation, and lack of access to quality public services. The purpose of the study was to develop a model to meet the overall health needs of the socially excluded, the deprived and the vulnerable women by listing those factors that influence maternal and child health outcomes. From the point of view that individual reproduction and health decision-making takes place in a milieu comprising multiple socio-economic and cultural factors, this study attempts to add to the body of knowledge on maternal and child health in order to influence policies and interventions. Data was collected through a multi-staged, qualitative research design. The results show how structural factors result in high risk for poor maternal and child health outcomes, suggesting that the high rates of poor health outcomes are evidence of deprivation of women’s needs due to poverty leading to an inability to cope with pregnancy and childbirth. The results are used to develop a model that proposes pathways for policy action to confront both the structural and intermediary determinants of maternal and child ill health and mortality. These pathways operate through integrative and inter-sectorial mechanisms intended at empowering women and enhancing female reproductive health care activities. / Sociology / D.Litt. et Phil. (Sociology)

Submitted by JULIANA DE FÁTIMA FRANCISCANI null (ifsp.juliana@gmail.com) on 2016-10-28T18:39:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Juliana de Fátima Franciscani.pdf: 3657600 bytes, checksum: dfdbe82d43ba74271de101385cdbbf6e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Felipe Augusto Arakaki (arakaki@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-11-03T19:07:45Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 franciscani_jf_me_ilha.pdf: 3638504 bytes, checksum: 6ca7f15a8be8ef019afd3f8e0ecc1e52 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-11-03T19:07:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 franciscani_jf_me_ilha.pdf: 3638504 bytes, checksum: 6ca7f15a8be8ef019afd3f8e0ecc1e52 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-31 / Com a evolução e difusão do desenvolvimento de equipamentos utilizando microtecnologia e nanotecnologia, circuitos cada vez menores, mais eficientes e que consomem menos energia, são necessários. Os métodos de minimização de funções booleanas tornam-se relevantes por possibilitarem a otimização de circuitos lógicos, através da geração de circuitos que possuam a mesma funcionalidade, porém, minimizados. Estudos na área de minimização de funções booleanas são realizados há muito tempo, e estão sendo adaptados às novas tecnologias. A geração de implicantes primos de uma função booleana é um dos passos para a cobertura dos mintermos da função e, consequentemente, para a obtenção da função de custo mínimo. Neste trabalho, a Primeira Fase do Método de Quine-McCluskey para Funções Booleanas com Múltiplas Saídas (QMM) foi implementada para posterior comparação com os Métodos Propostos GPMultiplo e MultiGeraPlex (baseados na filosofia do algoritmo GeraPlex). Os métodos propostos geram os implicantes primos de uma função booleana com múltiplas saídas e utilizam a operação de consenso iterativo para comparar dois termos. Os resultados obtidos, através da comparação do GPMultiplo, MultiGeraPlex e da Primeira Fase do Método de QMM, puderam comprovar que a aplicação dos métodos propostos torna-se mais viável e vantajosa por permitir menor tempo de execução e uso de memória, menor quantidade de implicantes gerados e de comparações entre os termos. / With the evolution and spread of the development of equipment using microtechnology and nanotechnology, circuits in need are smaller, more efficient and consume less power. Methods of Minimizing Boolean Functions become important as they allow optimization of logic circuits by generating circuits having the same functionality, but minimized. Studies in Minimizing Boolean Functions area are carried out long ago, and are being adapted to new technologies. The generation of prime implicants of a Boolean function is one of the steps for covering the function of the minterms, and consequently to obtain the minimum cost function. In this work, the first phase of the Quine-McCluskey Method for Booleans Functions with Multiple Output (QMM) was implemented for comparison with Proposed Methods GPMultiplo and MultiGeraPlex (based on the philosophy of GeraPlex algorithm). The proposed methods generates the prime implicants of a Boolean Function with Multiple Output and using the iterative consensus operation to compare two terms. The results obtained by comparing the GPMultiplo, MultiGeraPlex and the first phase of the QMM Method, were able to prove that the application of the proposed methods becomes more feasible and advantageous, by allowing smaller execution time, number of implicants and number of comparisons.

Orientador: Alexandre Cesar Rodrigues Silva / Resumo: Com a evolução e difusão do desenvolvimento de equipamentos utilizando microtecnologia e nanotecnologia, circuitos cada vez menores, mais eficientes e que consomem menos energia, são necessários. Os métodos de minimização de funções booleanas tornam-se relevantes por possibilitarem a otimização de circuitos lógicos, através da geração de circuitos que possuam a mesma funcionalidade, porém, minimizados. Estudos na área de minimização de funções booleanas são realizados há muito tempo, e estão sendo adaptados às novas tecnologias. A geração de implicantes primos de uma função booleana é um dos passos para a cobertura dos mintermos da função e, consequentemente, para a obtenção da função de custo mínimo. Neste trabalho, a Primeira Fase do Método de Quine-McCluskey para Funções Booleanas com Múltiplas Saídas (QMM) foi implementada para posterior comparação com os Métodos Propostos GPMultiplo e MultiGeraPlex (baseados na filosofia do algoritmo GeraPlex). Os métodos propostos geram os implicantes primos de uma função booleana com múltiplas saídas e utilizam a operação de consenso iterativo para comparar dois termos. Os resultados obtidos, através da comparação do GPMultiplo, MultiGeraPlex e da Primeira Fase do Método de QMM, puderam comprovar que a aplicação dos métodos propostos torna-se mais viável e vantajosa por permitir menor tempo de execução e uso de memória, menor quantidade de implicantes gerados e de comparações entre os termos. / Mestre

This paper provides simulation evidence concerning some statistical properties of two different approaches to technical efficiency estimation for multiple-output production under noisy conditions: The Ray Frontier Approach (RFA) from Löthgren (1997) DEA+ proposed in Gstach (1996). RFA, unlike earlier approaches in the realm of stochastic frontier analysis, is capable of efficiency estimation in the case of multiple outputs as well and lends itself for comparison with DEA+. Several settings with varying sample sizes, noise to signal ratios and mean inefficiencies are investigated. (author's abstract) / Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series