Nos últimos anos, tem-se observado um aumento significativo no volume de transações financeiras realizadas pela Internet. Esse crescimento no volume financeiro, associado à fragilidade inerente à ausência de verificações básicas, possíveis somente em transações do mundo físico, tem atraído a atenção de pessoas com o objetivo de obter vantagens financeiras de forma ilícita. Devido aos prejuízos causados pelas fraudes, surgiram empresas de pagamento online com o objetivo de tornar as transações de compra e venda na Internet mais seguras. Essas empresas atuam como um intermediário das transações e assumem os riscos associados, mostrando-se ser esse um negócio de alto risco. Dado o alto volume de transações com as quais essas empresas precisam lidar, torna-se clara a necessidade de métodos computacionais para detecção de transações fraudulentas, visto que a utilização estrita de verificações manuais é inviável para lidar com tal volume de transações. Essa tarefa de análise e identificação de transações fraudulentas pode ser vista como um problema computacional de classificação, sendo então aplicáveis técnicas de classificação, aprendizado computacional e mineração de dados. Porém, dada a complexidade do problema, a aplicação de técnicas computacionais só é possível após um profundo entendimento do problema e a definição de uma modelagem eficiente associada a um processo consistente e abrangente, capaz de lidar com todas as etapas necessárias para a análise eficiente de uma transação. Face a isso, o presente trabalho propõe uma abordagem abrangente para tratar o problema da fraude nesse novo mercado de intermediação de pagamentos online utilizando como base um processo já muito bem estabelecido na indústria. Abordaremos mais especificamente uma das fases desse processo, que se refere justamente a utilização de ferramentas computacionais para a detecção das fraudes, e apresentaremos um sub-processo que envolve a utilização de várias ferramentas para o tratamento do ponto de vista computacional do problema de detecção de fraudes. Para a validação dos resultados da proposta, utilizaremos uma enorme quantidade de dados reais disponibilizados por uma grande empresa do setor de intermediação de pagamentos online que colaborou com nossa pesquisa. / In recent years, there has been a significant increase in the volume of electronic transactions in the Web. This growth in trading volume, associated with the risks caused by the absence of basic checks, possible only in transactions of the physical world, has attracted the attention of people with the intention of taking advantage to obtain illicit financial benefits. Due to the injuries caused by fraud, online payment service companies emerged, with the goal of making Web transactions safer. These companies act as an intermediary between buyers and sellers, assuming all the risks, and so it is clear that it is a high-risk business. Given the high volume of transactions with which these companies must deal, it is clear the need for computational methods for detecting fraudulent transactions, as the strict use of manual checks is infeasible to handle such a volume. The task of analysis and identification of fraudulent transactions can be seen as a classification problem, and so classification, data mining and machine learning techniques can be applied to it. However, given the complexity of the problem, the application of computational techniques is only possible after a thorough understanding of the problem and the definition of an efficient model, associated with a consistent and comprehensive process which would be able to handle all the steps needed to analyze a transaction in an efficient way. Given this scenario, this work proposes a comprehensive approach to address the problem of fraud in this new business of online payment intermediation, using as basis a process already established in the industry. We will discuss more specifically one of the phases of this process, which refers to the use of computational tools to detect frauds, and we will present a sub-process using several tools to deal with the problem from a computational point of view. To validate our results, we will use a huge amount of real data provided by an important company of the online payment industry, which cooperated with our research.

Les technologies de l’information et de la communication (TIC) qui recouvrent l’ensemble des outils et techniques résultant de la convergence des télécommunications ont révolutionné les comportements et les habitudes des consommateurs. Si ces technologies ne se limitent pas au réseau internet c’est la montée d’internet qui a renouvelé la problématique de la protection du consommateur. En réponse, le législateur ivoirien a, à travers la loi de 2016 relative à la consommation, essayé de s’arrimer aux standards internationaux relatifs à la protection du consommateur. Le nouveau dispositif adopté s’ajoute au droit positif ivoirien et au cadre législatif communautaire (UEMOA et CEDEAO). Cependant, le système se révèle insuffisant et, à certains égards, inadapté à la protection du consommateur, notamment dans l’hypothèse d’une vente conclue par le canal des TIC. Ces insuffisances s’observent au moment de la formation et de l’exécution du contrat de vente. Dans ce contexte, le cadre législatif français qui étend ses sources dans le droit communautaire européen peut, à bien d’égards, inspirer le législateur ivoirien. Il ne s’agit pas de transposer intégralement ce système en droit ivoirien. En effet, à l’épreuve des TIC, la protection du consommateur passe par la recherche de nouveaux points d’équilibre entre le consommateur et le professionnel. / Information and communication technologies (ICTs), which encompass all the tools and techniques resulting from the convergence of telecommunications, have revolutionized the behavior and habits of consumers. These technologies are not limited to the Internet, the rise of which has renewed the problem of consumer protection. In response, the Ivorian legislator, through the 2016 law on consumption, tried to be consistent with international standards relating to consumer protection. The new mechanism adopted is in addition to current Ivorian law and the Community legislative framework (UEMOA and ECOWAS). However, the system is proving insufficient and, in some respects, unsuitable for consumer protection, especially in the event of a sale through the ICT channel. These deficiencies occur at the time of the formation and enforcement of the sales contract. In this context, the French legislative framework that extends its sources in European Community law can, in many ways, inspire the Ivorian legislator. It does not entail the total transposition of the French system into the Ivorian law. Actually, with the new challenges of ICTs, the protection of the consumer can only be guaranteed by the search for equilibrium between the consumer and the professional.

由於目前世界上已實施健康保險制度的國家均面臨到醫療費用不斷上漲的問題，導致保險財務難以負荷。根據許多研究皆發現一合理的醫療支付制度不僅可以改善財務之虧損，也足以影響到醫療服務的品質。 　　本論文主要是以勞保局所核付的六種眼、耳鼻喉疾病為研究對象，探討醫師對其診療行為的差異性，同時探討影響此差異性的因素；接著探討勞保甲乙丙表的實施對醫師診療行為的影響，最後加入醫師的薪資制度因素，一起探討對醫師診療行為的影響。而本研究最終的目的是要藉由對過去所實施的勞保支付制度的影響進行研究，以作為全民健保在制定醫療支付標準時的參考。 　　本研究的結果發現： 　　1.醫院特性（級別、屬性別）對各項醫療費用的影響十分顯著，反而病人特性（年齡、性別）對各項醫療費用的影響並不是非常顯著。 　　2.勞保甲乙丙表的實施，對於某些項目因支付標準的提高，使得本研究中的六種疾病在病房費、檢查費、手術費及費用合計方面，大多數都有明顯地上升；而藥品因取消依進價加成的支付方式，改以進價支付，且再支付定額的藥事服務費，故大多數疾病的藥劑費都有明顯地下降。 　　3.六種疾病的住院日皆有逐漸縮短的趨勢，對於醫療費用的節省而言，的確是一個好現象。 　　4.醫師薪資制度對六種疾病的住院日數及各項醫療費用皆有顯著性的影響，但由於調查各醫院醫師薪資制度的問卷設計在薪資制度的分類上未盡詳細，以致於所作的結果無法顯現出薪資制度對六種疾病有一致性的影響。 　　針對本研究的結果，提出幾點建議供後續研究者作為參考： 　　1.本研究的結果在藥劑費方面雖有明顯地下降，但未進一步探討病人在用藥數量及藥劑注射的情況是否有所改善，將來可針對此作進一步的探究。 　　2.本研究由於資料的限制度，無法將醫院特性間，以及與薪資制度間的交互作用納入複迴歸模式中，因此將來若有充分的資料，便可將這些一併考慮進去，使得迴歸模式更完整，結果更具說服力。

Objectives. The objective of this project was to ascertain and quantify the effects of gender, age, payment method, and practice size on clinical output of GP/FPs. While the identification of these effects has been undertaken previously, this study is the first attempt to quantify the proportion of variance in physician output explained by this group of variables.<p>Background. The question is of vital importance to academics, health professionals, and citizens. The physician population is aging and feminizing while physicians are softening their opposition to fixed remuneration methods and displaying a greater predilection to group practice. Implications exist for the supply of physician services as gender, age, payment method, and practice size have been found to influence physician output, and therefore the availability of primary care services. <p>Methods. The study employed self-reported data obtained from 1006 Canadian general and family practitioners in 2004. Respondents provided their gender, age, payment method, and practice size, as well as the number of patient visits they conducted (both during regular hours and while on call) and the number of hours they worked in an average week. These data were used to measure the effects of the four independent variables on GP/FP output and to quantify their total collective affect. <p>Results. By and large, the analysis confirmed the prevailing view of the literature, as female physicians; physicians in the youngest and oldest age categories; physicians remunerated mainly through fixed payment methods; and physicians in group practice reported lower levels of output than their counterparts. Despite the presence of obvious trends in the data, in some cases the analysis was unable to uncover statistically significant differences in output between groups of physicians.<p>In terms of the contribution made by these four variables to the variance in GP/FP output, significant and parsimonious models contributed 16.2% of the variance in total patient visits, 19.3% of the variance in patient visits during regular hours, 2.5% of the variance in patient visits while on call, 11.1% of variance in hours worked per week, and 8.9% of the variance in patient visits per hour worked. <p>Conclusion. The four factor variables explained less than one fifth of the variance in all output categories. This first attempt to quantify their contribution identifies an important question: what accounts for the remaining variance? If the unidentified factors are measurable, perhaps they can be added to these models in the future in order to increase our understanding of the forces behind GP/FP output of primary care services.

Objectives. The objective of this project was to ascertain and quantify the effects of gender, age, payment method, and practice size on clinical output of GP/FPs. While the identification of these effects has been undertaken previously, this study is the first attempt to quantify the proportion of variance in physician output explained by this group of variables.<p>Background. The question is of vital importance to academics, health professionals, and citizens. The physician population is aging and feminizing while physicians are softening their opposition to fixed remuneration methods and displaying a greater predilection to group practice. Implications exist for the supply of physician services as gender, age, payment method, and practice size have been found to influence physician output, and therefore the availability of primary care services. <p>Methods. The study employed self-reported data obtained from 1006 Canadian general and family practitioners in 2004. Respondents provided their gender, age, payment method, and practice size, as well as the number of patient visits they conducted (both during regular hours and while on call) and the number of hours they worked in an average week. These data were used to measure the effects of the four independent variables on GP/FP output and to quantify their total collective affect. <p>Results. By and large, the analysis confirmed the prevailing view of the literature, as female physicians; physicians in the youngest and oldest age categories; physicians remunerated mainly through fixed payment methods; and physicians in group practice reported lower levels of output than their counterparts. Despite the presence of obvious trends in the data, in some cases the analysis was unable to uncover statistically significant differences in output between groups of physicians.<p>In terms of the contribution made by these four variables to the variance in GP/FP output, significant and parsimonious models contributed 16.2% of the variance in total patient visits, 19.3% of the variance in patient visits during regular hours, 2.5% of the variance in patient visits while on call, 11.1% of variance in hours worked per week, and 8.9% of the variance in patient visits per hour worked. <p>Conclusion. The four factor variables explained less than one fifth of the variance in all output categories. This first attempt to quantify their contribution identifies an important question: what accounts for the remaining variance? If the unidentified factors are measurable, perhaps they can be added to these models in the future in order to increase our understanding of the forces behind GP/FP output of primary care services.

Mobile communication is very mature today due to the powerful computation and communication capabilities of mobile devices, the flourishing of mobile networks, the popularity of electronic commerce, and the completeness of e-payment mechanisms. It is a pleasure for mobile users to roam around the mobile networks and enjoy the mobile network services. However, there are a lot of security threats in the mobile networks, and thus we need an anonymous mutual authentication and key exchange scheme to guarantee the security and privacy for mobile users in the networks. A payment protocol is also required for charging the mobile users after using the mobile services. However, the existing payment schemes do not support anonymity and credit-based chargeability at the same time. In this dissertation, we propose a secure authentication scheme such that the mobile users can be anonymously authenticated by the system and the system can still make correct charge to these anonymous mobile users via a credit-based way simultaneously. We also propose a novel e-cash scheme which can support each mobile user to withdraw a generic e-cash and decide to spend it as an on-line e-cash or an off-line e-cash according to the payment requirement of the anonymous authentication scheme. Our proposed schemes are convenient and flexible for the mobile users, the system operator, and the bank. Besides, full privacy can be achieved for mobile users owing to the combination of our proposed schemes, which can be performed in current mobile devices efficiently with few battery energy consumptions. Furthermore, we provide anonymity control, no swindling, tamper resistance, secure mutual authentication, secure key exchange, and secure forward secrecy in the proposed anonymous authentication scheme and the e-cash scheme, where these security features are demonstrated by formal security models and theoretical proofs.

人力資源管理策略運用作為管理思想的一環，原本就和社會經濟情勢息息相關，特別是在當前全球化發展助益下，受影響的層面，幾乎涵括了政治、經濟、社會價值與社會秩序等廣泛議題，意即人力資源管理策略運用所面臨的是來自於世界各國社會經濟環境的考驗。誠如管理學大師彼得杜拉克所言：「人是我們最大的資產」，人力資源管理要塑造出優勢的企業文化、正面的企業形象、良好的工作環境，以具前瞻性的獎勵計劃與引導設計，減少控制與威權管理，吸引優秀人才與維繫人才。 拜資訊科技的發達，藉著網路無遠弗屆的特性，工作型態多樣化與豐富化的程度已超出想像的範圍，員工與組織之間的關係因工作型態的不同，產生勞動本質根本的改變，員工不再為單一組織服務的工作態勢逐漸成型。企業在競爭力新戰場所爭奪的是可移動的智慧資本，卻又不能不面對成本的壓力，在經常重組與不斷轉型的時期，台灣的勞工退休金制度因經濟社會的發展成為「可攜式」的個人帳戶，企業在不斷轉型的過程中如何以適當的人力資源管理及運用作為因應，在進行以「人」為中心的業務流程改造與組織架構的調整時，能符合法令規範且持續維持人力質量的精緻化。本文各章節要點說明如下： 第一章：緒論 研究動機與目的、研究方法、研究範圍限制及流程架構。 第二章：文獻探討 人力資源管理的各功能領域是相互關聯及相互影響，策略性人力資源管理就是在促使人力資源管理的各項功能，成為一種相互支持的綿密網路，將組織的資源有效發展成競爭優勢的運用，結合組織成員之發展與組織目標，有效的達成組織任務。在資訊科技不斷革新的趨勢下，企業與員工都需要持續不斷學習與成長，以適應未來的環境，高素質的人力是企業賴以生存的重點；然而，勞動法制的變遷，瓦解了員工對組織的承諾，員工忠誠度持續下降，若是以人力資源作為競爭優勢，必需有效彌補日益淡薄的勞資關係。 第三章：企業退休金制度及其影響 由企業退休金制度之重要性，理論與演進，說明實施企業退休金制度之必要，探討不同國家的企業退休金制度文獻，期能由此提供我國企業退休金制度設計的觀念。環境改變及對企業的影響、因應策略摘要圖示如下圖 第四章：個案研究 由個案公司人力資源管理功能的SWOT分析，歸納出個案公司內部環境之優勢與劣勢、外在環境之機會與威脅，提出企業退休金制度是有效對策的重要因子；接續以個案公司企業退休金制度設計實務與效益分析提供印證。 企業退休金制度，對員工而言，是在現有法令規定之下，提昇退休後生活達適當水準，使員工的利益最大化，不僅可確保核心人才的維護，當薪資成長趨緩時仍能視組織經營成果提供誘因，同時可使組織保有長期活力與競爭力，無論是對個案公司或是對員工而言，此舉符合雙方利益，也確保個案公司核心人力之維護。 第五章：結論與建議 綜合各章之探討及個案研究提出企業退休金制度結論，並對勞工退休金新制提出建議。

Amidst mounting federal debt, slowing the growth of health care spending is one of the nation’s top domestic priorities. This dissertation evaluates three current policy ideas: (1) global payment within an accountable care contracting model, (2) physician fee cuts, and (3) expanding the role of competitive bidding in Medicare. Chapter one studies the effect of global payment and pay-for-performance on health care spending and quality in accountable care organizations. I evaluate the Blue Cross Blue Shield of Massachusetts Alternative Quality Contract (AQC), which was implemented in 2009 with seven provider organizations comprising 380,000 enrollees. Using claims and quality data in a quasi-experimental difference-in-differences design, I find that the AQC was associated with a 1.9 percent reduction in medical spending and modest improvements in quality of chronic care management and pediatric care in year one. Chapter two studies Medicare’s elimination of payments for consultations in the 2010 Medicare Physician Fee Schedule. This targeted fee cut (largely to specialists) was accompanied by a fee increase for office visits (billed more often by primary care physicians). Using claims data for 2.2 million Medicare beneficiaries, I test for discontinuities in spending, volume, and coding of outpatient physician encounters with an interrupted time series design. I find that spending on physician encounters increased 6 percent after the policy, largely due to a coding effect and higher office visit fees. Slightly more than half of the increase was accounted for by primary care physician visits, with the rest by specialist visits. Chapter three examines competitive bidding, which is at the center of several proposals to reform Medicare into a premium support program. In competitive bidding, private plans submit prices (bids) they are willing to accept to insure a Medicare beneficiary. In perfect competition, plans bid costs and thus bids are insensitive to the benchmark. Under imperfect competition, bids may move with the benchmark. I study the effect of benchmark changes on plan bids using Medicare Advantage data in a longitudinal market-level model. I find that a $1 increase in the benchmark leads to about a $0.50 increase in bids among Medicare managed care plans.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

The thesis is entitled "The Reward System in the Selected Organization." This work is focused on managing human resources, the use and promotion of motivational methods and tools in the compensation and evaluation systems in the Czech Savings Bank Corp., U Cerne Veze 1, Ceske Budejovice. The objective of this work lies in the analysis of the reward system and incentive factors and their practical applications within the Czech Savings Bank Corporation and the development of ideas for change (modification) in individual components of the reward system. Based on the survey related to the compensation system and motivation of staff in the Czech Savings Bank, proposals were made for the change of compensation, recognition and evaluation systems, which are part of this work.