The European parliament and the council produced the directive 2008/97/EC to reach a circular society, reducing the use of recourses, and to increase recycling. Not using natural gravel is one way to reach the goals in the directive (2008/98/EC), this will lead to more use of recycled materials, such as concrete from demolished buildings. The purpose of this study was to establish if there is any discrepancy between different waste facilities in Sweden, regarding their management of waste from the construction and demolition industry. For example, reception and routines regarding asbestos and PCB (Polychlorinated biphenyl) in windows was examined. Interviews were held with 8 municipalities in Sweden, 4 municipalities in the north of Sweden and 4 in the south. In almost every question, differences between the north and the south of Sweden were shown. Among the differences, the facilities in the south of Sweden had more developed routines regarding PCB in windows. This may be due to a difference regarding for example economics and the size of the city. In conclusion these differences between the waste facilities regarding their management of waste may be due to resources, time, knowledge, social factors, economic and local climate. The significance of these differences may for example be that substances are more easily dispersed in the environment due to different handling of the waste.

This graduation thesis addresses questions to thermal profile measurement of PBGA package during solder reflow process. The first part of thesis deals with problem of reflow process and reliability factors of solder joint connection. Next part analyses operation principles of thermocouples that are commonly used for temperature measurement. The experimental part deals with methods of thermocouples fixation during tests and measurements of dummy PBGA package. There was realized a method of dummy PBGA thermal profiles measurement and sample testing with and without simulated thermal load on PBGA package. The end of thesis concerns on possibilities of thermal profiles evaluation by using PWI method and thermal profile optimization of reflow process.

This master’s thesis deals with coding information and QR codes generating. There is described operation principle of QR codes for this purpose, and design of the equipment. This device is able to encode the information received through the serial port and display it in the QR code on the OLED display. Microprocessor is part of the device, so there is outlined the procedure for programming and testing equipment.

This thesis deals with the design and realization of SMD pick and place machine. Significant part of thesis was focused on computer vision and its application for SMD devices centering. Beside the mechanical construction the control software capable of use in production environment have been realized.

Testing to ensure the function of PCB:s is a key process that ismandatory for factory constructed boards. Given a large number oftest object shows that manual processing is inefficient. Byautomating the process companies will have the possibility to dothis process more efficient, but how can the process be automatedfor a flexible flow and different PCB designs?This report describes the work done when designing a prototype unit that is part of an automated PCB-test line. The prototype has the task to sort PCB-cards, approved or non-approved, after thetest has been completed. The system consist of an elevated slider with a trolley whose position is controlled by a stepper motor and timing belt. On thetrolley a construction with a linear actuator and robot gripper is placed. The trolley moves to a position were the PCB is picked up,the signal from a terminal informs the system whether the test isok or not. The card is then placed in a rack. The status of the rack is controlled by a distance measurement, which gives the distance to nearest empty slot. Two Arduinos are used as controllers. The system was tested in two parts, first each component andprogram by itself and later the assemble. The result was a prototype that worked but had room for improvement with some parts in need of replacement. Future work would include error signal management, stabilizing the construction and increasing theflexibility.

The non-isolated POL converters are widely used in computers, telecommunication systems, portable electronics, and many other applications. These converters are usually constructed using discrete components, and operated at a lower frequency around 200 ~ 600 kHz to achieve a decent efficiency at the middle of 80's%. The passive components, such as inductors and capacitors, are bulky, and they occupy a considerable foot-print. As the power demands increase for POL converters and the limited real estate of the mother board, the POL converters must be made significantly smaller than what they have demonstrated to date. To achieve these goals, two things have to happen simultaneously. The first is a significant increase in the switching frequency to reduce the size and weight of the inductors and capacitors. The second is to integrate passive components, especially magnetics, with active components to realize the needed power density. Today, this concept has been demonstrated at a level less than 5A and a power density around 300-700W/in3 by using silicon-based power semiconductors. This might address the need of small hand-held equipment such as PDAs and smart phones. However, it is far from meeting the needs for applications, such as netbook, notebook, desk-top and server applications where tens and hundreds of amperes are needed. After 30 years of silicon MOSFET development, the silicon has approached its theoretical limits. The recently emerged GaN transistors as a possible candidate to replace silicon devices in various power conversion applications. GaN devices are high electron mobility transistors (HEMT) and have higher band-gap, higher electron mobility, and higher electron velocity than silicon devices, and offer the potential benefits for high frequency power conversions. By implementing the GaN device, it is possible to build the POL converter that can achieve high frequency, high power density, and high efficiency at the same time. GaN technology is in its early stage; however, its significant gains are projected in the future. The first generation GaN devices can outperform the state-of-the-art silicon devices with superior FOM and packaging. The objective of this work is to explore the design of high frequency, high power density 12 V input POL modules with GaN devices and the 3D integration technique. This work discusses the fundamental differences between the enhancement mode and depletion mode GaN transistors, the effect of parasitics on the performance of the high frequency GaN POL, the 3D technique to integrate the active layer with LTCC magnetic substrate, and the thermal design of a high density module using advanced substrates with improved thermal conductivity. The hardware demonstrators are two 12 V to 1.2 V highly integrated 3D POL modules, the single phase 10 A module and two phase 20 A module, all built with depletion mode GaN transistors and low profile LTCC inductors. / Master of Science

I det här examensarbetet har hårdvara och mjukvara för att styra switchningen av en högspänning till en röntgendetektor utvecklats. Examensarbetet har utförts på uppdrag av företaget XCounter som utvecklar avancerade röntgendetektorer. Resultatet av arbetet är ett kretskort som monteras i en av företagets röntgendetektorer. Kretskortet och mjukvarans funktionalitet är att switcha en högspänning samt reglera fem dioder enligt ett mönster som är ställbart i mjukvaran. Mönstret ställs utifrån en synksignal som kommer från detektorn. Timingen av händelserna är kritisk. Denna rapport beskriver utvecklingen av detta kretskort och den tillhörande mjukvaran. Från planering av komponenter till simulering av konstruktionen till själva utvecklingen. / In this thesis the hardware and software has been developed for controlling the switching of a high voltage to an X-ray detector. This thesis has been done on the behalf of the company XCounter that develops advanced X-ray detectors. The result of this work is a circuit board that is mounted in one of XCounters X-ray detectors. The circuit board and software functionality is to switch the high voltage and regulate the five diodes according to a pattern that is adjustable in the software. The pattern is adjustable in relation to a sync signal coming from the detector. The timing of the events is critical. This report describes the development of this circuit board and associated software. From the planning of components to the simulation of the design to the actual development.

In this thesis, different methods for measuring the relative dielectric constant is investigated using simulations and experimental approaches. The first method is known as the S-parameter inversion method. In this method formulae is used to calculate the characteristic impedance of the microstrip line from measured S-parameters. To calculate the value of relative dielectric constant, four expressions for the microstrip line that relate the characteristic impedance to the relative dielectric constant were used. Second method uses an implementation of a band-pass filter and is commonly known as the band-pass filter method. In this method, a band-pass microstrip filter was designed using a predicted relative dielectric constant value. Center frequency of the band-pass filter is chosen to be at the frequency of interest, since relative dielectric constant will be determined around this frequency. The designed band-pass filter was manufactured and the frequency response was measured. To determine the true relative dielectric constant one changes the relative dielectric constant parameter used in the simulation until it matches the measured response of the manufactured PCB. Third method is called the quarter wavelength stub method. It uses implementations of a microstrip quarter wavelength stub because it resonance at different frequencies. The relative dielectric constant is determined using the frequencies on which the reflection occurred. In the fourth method, called the two microstrip line method, two lines of different lengths were designed and the phase difference between the propagating waves were measured. The phase difference and difference in length of the two lines is then used to calculate the relative dielectric constant. The thesis shows that a majority of the methods generates a similar result, thus indicates that they are suitable to determine the relative dielectric constant of any given substrate. The two methods that gave the most accurate results are the quarter wavelength stub method and the band-pass filter method. S-parameter inversion method is the method that has high variations in the results. Since the characteristic impedance that is calculated using the S-parameters are sensitive towards any sort of disturbances. The resulting relative dielectric constant aren't within the expected range for FR-4 both higher and lower values were obtained. The band-pass filter method gives the most accurate results of the methods. As the resulting relative dielectric constant are within the expected range for FR-4. Quarter wavelength stub method gives the results of the relative dielectric constant that are within the expected values of FR-4 and the variation is moderate. Two microstrip line method shows deviations in the results and has non-linearity as well. This is probably coming due to resonance of the line that gives rise to a phase change. This method is also acceptable since the results of the relative dielectric constant are within the expected range for FR-4.

Polluted areas can cause risks for health and the environment. It is estimated that there are around 80 000 polluted areas in Sweden. BillerudKorsnäs is a pulp and paper industry in the village of Karlsborg, located at the end of the Kalix River in the north of Sweden. Previous studies investigated potential pollutants in the area by analyzing the groundwater. Three of thirteen groundwater pipes were polluted. One groundwater pipe (GV18) exceeded contamination classifications on lead and two other metals, and another groundwater pipe on trichlorethylene (GV10), based on Swedish groundwater classifications (Naturvårdsverket 1999). The third pipe showed high PCB-values (GV4), based on intervention value from Holland (VROM 2000). The Swedish law states that a complementary sampling must be taken within five years and therefore, this study was conducted in May 2020. Two groundwater pipes were measured on oxygen, conductivity, temperature, and pH. The third pipe, which previously showed increased levels of trichloroethylene, could not be sampled. Groundwater sample from the two remaining pipes were sent to an accredited laboratory where one was analyzed for PCB7 and the other for lead, and 21 other metals. The results showed higher levels of lead, based on updated classifications (Sveriges Geologiska Undersökning 2013) and lower PCB-levels. Because of the short distance from GV4 to the sea and big particles in the area, there is a risk of PCB-dispersion to the sea. Both levels of PCB and lead in the groundwater pipes need more investigations.

Gravitational Waves (GWs) are ripples in the curvature of spacetime that propagate as waves at the speed of light while travelling basically undisturbed from the moment of their creation by accelerated masses. GWs provide unique information about astrophysical sources, such as binary systems, allowing their exploration under a wide range of masses, mass ratios and physical states inaccessible otherwise and therefore opening a new window to observe the universe. The Laser Interferometry Space Antenna (LISA) mission will be a spaceborne gravitational wave observatory that is expected to be launched in 2034. The observatory will operate a near-equilateral triangle constellation of three spacecraft in formation flying around the Sun with Earth-like orbits. The observatory will establish, for the first time, a huge laser interferometer of three arms separated by 2.5 million km at pm/ p H z sensitivity, allowing detection of GW signals in the low-frequencies (mHz) regime. Using technology proven by LISA Pathfinder and GRACE-Follow on mission, the LISA metrology system will continuously operate heterodyne laser interferometers in order to measure the stretching and squeezing of space-time coupled onto their laser links as pm-level pathlength displacements and recorded as tiny µ-cycle phase fluctuations over thousands of seconds by an on-board instrument so-called Phase Measurement System (PMS) or shortly "Phasemeter”. This master thesis investigates the thermo-mechanical design of an engineering model, currently under early phases of development, for the PMS instrument onboard the LISA S/C. The mechanical enclosure has been designed following a modular approach. Each PCB will be assembled into an individual enclosure, so future upgrades in the design without affecting the entire architecture. The thermal analysis conducted so far has concluded with the feasibility of a passive thermal management system in vacuum environments, based on heat conductivity throughout the mechanical enclosure towards the instrument baseplate. In particular, the following instrument features have been included within the analysis: 1. analog signal conditioning electronics, 2. analog-to-digital conversion, and 3. FPGA core signal processing, 4. high-phase fidelity frequency synthesis and 5. frequency distribution chain, i.e., all features with the most stringent thermal requirements of the PMS-EM architecture. Although the high-power consumption demands of the instrument, the proposed thermo-mechanical design showed a suitable implementation for reliable operation of components, below maximal specified temperature ranges, allowing safe operation of the electronics over mission lifetime. As the proposed design relies only on passive conductive heat transfer methods, it is implicit a reduction of instrument complexity, avoiding complex thermal approaches based on heat pipes distributions or active control systems. Moreover, the modular approach and thermal management system enhances the integration with adjacent modules and reduce cost when assembly the instrument within the payload. In this master thesis, it has been also designed and manufactured several mechanical enclosures, together with an active thermal management system, for preliminary prototyping of analog signal acquisition electronics. These prototypes have been tested in air, setting the thermal stability requirement at the thermal reference point (TRP). Test results have verified a thermal stability requirement below 0.1 K/Hz in order to accomplish with the stringent µ-cycle phase noise performance in the mHz frequency band. Further work will test those prototypes in Vacuum conditions, consolidating thermal modelling and noise coupling as initial precursors of the PMS-EM thermally critical module developments.