Purpose: The aim of this degree project is to control the set-up for a longer period by means of the workplace at the use of the total station for then comparing calculated outcomes with real outcomes. Method: A combination of both quantitative and qualitative studies have been used in this degree project, consisting of literature studies and a case study including interviews, document analyzes, site visits and measurements. The case study is based on an ongoing project in the municipality of Nassjo, where a skate park is constructed and whose soil consists of peat. Preload in the form of overload has been applied. Findings: The result indicates the occurrence of a difference between calculated outcome and actual outcome regarding set rate and time course when using preload in the form of overload. The deviation is about 20 cm. Preload in the form of overload is a good method for peat land, but it is unlikely to be remarkably improved by vertical drainage. Implications: In view of the measurements produced by the authors, this shows that the method of loading in the form of overload on peat field works, however, gives the calculation model which has been used to be uncertain. The result described in more detail regarding vertical drainage on peat fields will not accelerate the process because the peat is already well drained. This means that it will cost extra without benefiting from the method. Limitations: The work has limited to two reinforcement methods on peat fields. A case study has been limited to only one area. There was preload in the form of overload, whose soil material consists of peat. Keywords: Peat, Permeability, Preloading in the form of overload, settlements, total station, vertical drainage, water quota. / Syfte: Syftet med detta examensarbete är att kontrollera sättningen under en längre period genom mätningar som skett på arbetsplatsen vid användning av totalstation för sedan kunna jämföra beräknat utfall med verkligt utfall. Metod: En kombination av både kvantitativa och kvalitativa studier har använts i detta examensarbete, bestående av litteraturstudier och en fallstudie inbegripande intervjuer, dokumentanalyser samt platsbesök och mätningar. Fallstudien grundar sig i ett pågående projekt i Nässjö kommun där det byggs en skatepark vars jordmaterial består av torv och där förbelastning i form av överlast har tillämpats. Resultat: Resultatet indikerar på förekomsten av en skillnad mellan beräknat utfall och verkligt utfall gällande sättningshastighet och tidsförlopp vid användning av förbelastning i form av överlast. Avvikelsen ligger på ungefär 20 cm. Förbelastning i form av överlast är en bra metod för torvmark men att det sannolikt inte anmärkningsvärt går att förbättra genom vertikaldränering. Konsekvenser: Med hänsyn till de mätresultat som rapportförfattarna har bringat fram visar detta att metoden förbelastning i form av överlast på torvmark fungerar, dock ger beräkningsmodellen som har använts osäkra resultat. Resultatet som beskrivs mer detaljerat gällande vertikaldränering på torvmark kommer inte påskynda processen eftersom torven redan är väl dränerad d.v.s. porerna är genomträngliga och vattnet kan lätt rinna ut vid användning av förbelastning i form av överlast. Detta innebär att det kommer medföra extra kostnader utan att få nytta av metoden. Begränsningar: Arbetet har begränsats till två förstärkningsmetoder på torvmark. En fallstudie har begränsats till endast ett område, där förbelastning i form av överlast utförs på jordmaterial som består av torv. Nyckelord: Förbelastning i form av överlast, permeabilitet, sättningar, Torv, totalstation, vertikaldränering, vattenkvot.

O grupo de organoclorados, Bifenilas Policloradas (PCBs) é de difícil degradação e persistente no meio ambiente, tendo sido associado a diversos problemas nos organismos devido ao potencial toxicológico. Biodegradação constitui uma ferramenta eficaz e barata para remoção destes contaminantes do ambiente. O isolado RHA1 (fcb) de Rhodococcus sp. foi geneticamente construído com a introdução do operon de degradação hidrolítica de 4-clorobenzoato (fcb) para evitar a formação de produtos tóxicos durante a degradação de ácidos clorobenzóicos. Com o intuito de se obter informações sobre o processo adaptativo do recombinante Rhodococcus sp. isolado RHA1 (fcb) em substratos contendo PCBs, foram feitos dois ensaios avaliando-se a sobrevivência e o crescimento deste isolado. Rhodococcus sp. isolado RHA1 (fcb) foi inoculado (104 células.g-1) em substrato turfoso previamente irradiado a 50 KGy, contendo ou não 200 mg.Kg-1 de bifenilo. Em outro ensaio, além do recombinante, as bactérias Escherichia coli e Arthrobacter sp. foram inoculados em sedimento coletado na região do Estuário de Santos, contendo PHAs e PCBs, também irradiado (50 KGy). O crescimento das bactérias em ambos os substratos foi monitorado através de contagem de Unidades Formadoras de Colônias (UFCs). Algumas colônias eram selecionadas aleatoriamente para extração de DNA, detecção do operon fcb através de amplificação por PCR e sequenciamento do gene 16S rRNA. Aumento no número de UFCs nos tratamentos inoculados com o recombinante foi observado até 150 dias no ensaio com substrato turfoso e 70 dias na amostra ambiental. Entretanto, houve queda no número de UFCs após os 10 dias nos tratamentos inoculados com E. coli e Arthrobacter sp. Os genes fcbA e fcbB do operon fcb foram detectados nas colônias isoladas dos tratamentos inoculados com o isolado RHA1 (fcb) em ambos os substratos. A análise das seqüências pertencentes às colônias isoladas do tratamento inoculado com o isolado RHA1 (fcb) feita através de BLAST nos sites do NCBI e Ribossomal Database Project, apresentou 99% de identidade com a seqüência do gene ribossomal 16S de Rhodococcus sp. isolado ZC–3 (AM076672.1). Somente as seqüências referentes ao tratamento inoculado com E. coli foram analisadas, as quais apresentaram 99% de identidade com a seqüência do gene ribossomal 16S de E. coli isolado K-12 MG 1655 (U00096.2). Estes resultados sugerem que Rhodococcus sp. isolado RHA1 (fcb) cresce na turfa irradiada (até 150 dias) na presença e ausência de PCB e nesta amostra de sedimento irradiada (até 70 dias), com aparente estabilidade do operon fcb durante este período e nestas condições. A possível presença dos genes fcbB e fcbA em bactérias nativas crescidas em meio K1 com ácido 4- clorobenzóico isoladas do sedimento antes da irradiação, sugere a presença de bactérias do local com potencial biodegradador deste composto. / The group of organochlorates Biphenyl Polychlorates (PCBs) is of difficult degradation and persistent in the environment, being associated to several problems in the organisms due to its toxicological potential. The isolate RHA1 (fcb) from Rhodococcus sp. was genetically built with the introduction of the operon of hydrolytic degradation 4-chlorobenzoate (fcb) to avoid the formation of toxic products during the degradation of chlorobenzoic acids. In order to obtain information about the adaptative process of the recombinant Rhodococcus sp. isolate RHA1 (fcb) in substrates containing PCBs, two essays were made evaluating the survival and growth of this isolate. Rhodococcus sp. isolate RHA1 (fcb) was inoculated (104 cells.g-1) in peat substrate previously irradiated with 50 kGy, with and without 200 mg.kg-1 of biphenyl. In another essay, besides of the recombinant, the bacteria Escherichia coli and Arthrobacter sp. were inoculated in soil, also irradiated (50 kGy), from the Estuário de Santos region containing PHAs and PCBs. The growth of the bacteria in both substrates was monitorated counting the Colony Forming Units (CFUs). Some colonies were selected randomly for DNA extraction, fcb operon detection through PCR, and sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. Rising in the number of CFUs in the recombinant inoculated treatments was observed until 150 days in the essay with peat substrate, and until 70 days in the environmental sample. Nonetheless, there was a reduction in the number of CFUs after 10 days in the treatment inoculated with E. coli and Arthrobacter sp. The genes fcbA and fcbB from the operon fcb were detected in the isolated colonies of the treatments inoculated with the isolate RHA1 (fcb) in both substrates. The analysis of the sequences belonging to the colonies isolated from the treatment inoculated with the isolate RHA1 (fcb) through BLAST in the NCBI and Ribosomal Database Project sites showed 99% identity with the sequence of the gene 16S ribosomal from Rhodococcus sp. isolate ZC-3 (AM076672.1). Only the sequences referring to the treatment inoculated with E. coli were analyzed, which showed 99% identity with the sequence of the 16S ribosomal gene from E. coli isolate K-12 MG 1655 (U00096.2). These results suggest that Rhodococcus sp. isolate RHA1 (fcb) grows in the peat irradiated (until 150 days), in the presence and absence of PCB and in this irradiated sediment sample (until 70 days), with apparent stability of the fcb operon during this period and in these conditions. The possible presence of the fcbA and fcbB genes in native bacteria grown in K1 medium with 4-chlorobenzoate acid isolated from sediment before irradiation suggests the presence of native bacteria with biodegradation potential of this compound.

In this work a method using solid phase extraction (SPE) and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC/MS) for determination of pyrimethanil, flumetralin and krexosim-methyl from water was developed. Different commercial sorvents were evaluated (C18, ENVI-Carb, Florisil, silica and ENVI-Carb/LC-NH2) at concentration level of 2.5 μg L-1 (three replicates). The best results were obtained using C18, with recovery values of 102.3, 79.0 and 89.0 % for pyrimethanil, flumetralin and kresoxim-methyl, respectively. Therefore, the validation of the method was carried out with C18 sorvent. Recovery experiments were carried out (seven replicates), at three fortification levels (0.5, 2.5 and 5.0 μg L-1), resulting in recoveries in a range of 62.6 to 104.6 % and relative standard deviations between 5.1 and 15.5 %. Detection and quantification limits ranged from 0.002 to 0.005 μg L-1 and from 0.007 to 0.147 μg L-1, respectively, for the different pesticides studied. The developed method was linear over the range assayed, 0.05-4.0 μg mL-1, with correlation coefficients above of 0.99. Next, peat was tested for solid-phase extraction of these pesticides from water. Recovery experiments were carried out (three replicates) at fortification level of 2.5 μg L-1, resulting in recoveries of 41.1, 95.9 and 88.3 % for pyrimethanil, flumetralin and kresoxim-methyl, respectively. Results have shown that the peat material can be successfully applied for analysis of flumetralin and kresoxim-methyl in water. The procedure developed was applied to the determination of these pesticides in drinking water sample. No pesticide residues, at concentrations above the limit of detection, were found in the sample. / A contaminação da água preocupa devido a sua grande importância para as formas de vida, em especial a humana, gerando a necessidade de um controle na contaminação das águas potável, de irrigação, de superfície, subterrâneas ou de efluentes industriais. Justifica-se assim a importância na determinação de resíduos de pesticidas em água. Neste trabalho foi desenvolvido e validado um método analítico utilizando a técnica de extração em fase sólida (EFS), com a avaliação da eficiência de diferentes sorventes para extração de resíduos dos pesticidas pirimetanil, flumetralina e cresoxim-metílico de água e análise por cromatografia a gás acoplada a espectrometria de massas (CG/EM). Foram avaliados os sorventes comerciais: C18, ENVI-Carb (carbono grafitinizado), Florisil, sílica e ENVI-Carb/LC-NH2 (resina polimérica do aminopropil), para o nível de fortificação de 2,5 μg L-1 em triplicata. A fase C18 apresentou os melhores valores de recuperação para pirimetanil, flumetralina e cresoxim-metílico, com os valores 102,3; 79,0 e 89,0 %, respectivamente. A validação do método foi realizada com o sorvente comercial C18. O estudo da recuperação dos pesticidas, em uma série de sete replicatas, mostrou valores de recuperação que variaram entre 62,6 e 104,6 % para os níveis de fortificação de 0,5, 2,5 e 5,0 μg L-1, com desvio padrão relativo entre 5,1 e 15,5 %, limite de detecção entre 0,002 e 0,044 μg L-1 e limite de quantificação entre 0,007 e 0,147 μg L-1. A curva analítica foi feita no extrato da matriz com os seguintes valores de concentração dos pesticidas: 0,05; 0,1; 0,2; 0,5; 1,0; 2,0; 3,0; 4,0 μg mL-1 e apresentou r acima de 0,99. Em seguida, foi avaliada a turfa como sorvente para o nível de fortificação de 2,5 μg L-1 em triplicata. Os valores de recuperação para pirimetanil, flumetralina e cresoxim-metílico foram de 41,1; 95,9 e 88,3 %, respectivamente, sendo, portanto uma alternativa viável e de baixo custo para a extração dos pesticidas flumetralina e cresoxim-metílico de água. O método foi aplicado em amostra de água potável, utilizando como sorventes C18 e turfa, sendo que não foram detectados resíduos de pesticidas considerando os limites de detecção do método.

A região de Ibiúna, onde se encontra a Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Sorocá-Mirim, vem sofrendo mudanças com relação ao uso e ocupação ao longo dos tempos, de cinturão caipira a área de crescente especulação imobiliária. Essas mudanças aconteceram sem um conhecimento adequado de alguns condicionantes naturais, em especial a existência de turfas (organossolos) e a quais ambientes elas estão associadas. O presente trabalho teve como objetivos: a) numa primeira etapa elaborar uma carta morfopedológica simplificada da Bacia do Rio Sorocá-Mirim, com objetivo de reconhecer as bases físicas da bacia e identificar os locais dos depósitos orgânicos; b) numa segunda etapa caracterizar as feições fluviais às quais as turfeiras estão relacionadas, elaborando mapeamentos de setores da planície e caracterizando morfologicamente o material orgânico em transectos determinados. A carta morfopedológica (1:100.000) construída a partir da correlação das variáveis naturais basicamente, relevo x rocha x solos (Castro e Salomão, 2000) individualizou sete compartimentos. Nos compartimentos das planícies, aparecem turfeiras e solos hidromórficos; compartimentos com relevo de colinas, substrato granítico/migmatítico, e cobertura latossólica, fazem a articulação entre os planos aluviais e as Serras que bordejam a bacia; os setores mais elevados correspondem aos altos regionais dos maciços graníticos de São Roque (NNE) e Paranapiacaba (SSE). Ai o relevo é de morros e serras com altas declividades e sobre os quais se desenvolvem solos rasos sobre granito, alem de cambissolos háplicos, e argissolos vermelhoamarelos. O compartimento CMPIa Planícies do Rio Sorocá-Mirim e do Ribeirão Vargem Grande, onde estão alojados os materiais orgânicos, foi objeto de analise mais detalhada com mapeamento morfológico (1:25.000) das feições fluviais e caracterização do material orgânico da planície. Transectos foram levantados com tradagens, no intuito de verificar a profundidade e distribuição areolar dos depósitos, bem como caracterizar morfologicamente os diferentes volumes. Analises e ensaios laboratoriais foram feitos em amostras selecionadas, a fim de caracterizá-las no tocante aos atributos físicos e químicos. Os resultados mostraram que há uma relação entre os aspectos morfológicos observados com auxílio do microscópio óptico e alguns resultados laboratoriais. As amostras que apresentaram grande quantidade de matéria orgânica e de carbono orgânico apresentam também características morfológicas particulares, como untuosidade e coloração preta intensa. As amostras com menores valores de matéria orgânica e carbono orgânico, apresentam uma cor cinza e sem untuosidade, com a fração mineral mais aparente. Esses aspectos possibilitaram propor uma classificação mais precisa e com base em maior numero de parâmetros. As zonas de acumulação de material orgânico foram encontradas relacionadas a ambientes fluviais particulares e que pelas interpretações mais recentes da evolução geológica da área, estariam relacionadas a um controle estrutural. O Planalto de Ibiúna, faz parte de um conjunto de blocos falhados formando grábens, alguns deles reconhecidos por Silva (2012) como os meio grábens de Ibiúna, Vargem Grande e do Grilo Esse sistema de bloqueio estrutural aprisiona a água em sub superfície, criando um ambiente úmido e confinado, gerando as condições ideais para a formação das turfeiras, sobretudo nos climas frios pleistocênicos. / Throughout time, the region of Ibiúna, in which the Sorocá-Mirim river basin is located, has been suffering changes regarding the use and occupation of land, going from a green belt zone to an area of strong real estate speculation. Such shifts took place without a previous knowledge of the natural aspects, especially concerning the existence of peat bogs (organic soils) and its associated environments. The present work has as its main goals: a) in a first approach, build a simplified morphopedological map of the Sorocá-Mirim river basin, which will allow the recognition of the location of the organic deposits and; b) in a second step, characterize the fluvial features to which the peat bogs are related, building maps of specific sectors of the flood plain and reaching a morphological characterization of the organic matter in determined transects. The morphopedological map (1:100,000) built through the correlation of the natural variables landform x lithology x soils (Castro & Salomão, 2000) individualized seven compartments. The floodplains compartment present peat bogs and hydromorphic soils; the compartment of the hills, with a granite/migmatite substract and latossolic coverage, plays the role of an articulator between the first one and the ridge that borders the basin; and finally, the most elevated compartments correspond the the regional height limits of the granitic massifs of São Roque (NNE) and Paranapiacaba (SSE). The landform in this last sector is dominated by hills and ridges with steep granite slopes, over which shallow and rocky soils, and also red-yellow podzolic soils develop. The compartment CMP-Ia, Sorocá-Mirim river and Vargem Grande creek floodplains, contain the organic matter and was object of detailed mapping (1:25,000) of the morphological fluvial features and characterization of the surface organic matter. In order to infer the depth and areal distribution of such deposits, some transects were plotted, with the aid of probing techniques, which also allowed the morphological characterization of the different volumes. The selected samples were analyzed with laboratory techniques in order to characterize them according to their physical and chemical attributes. The results show a relationship between aspects observed through the optical microscope and lab results. The samples that present an elevated amount of organic matter also show particular morphological features, such as greasiness an intense black coloration. The samples with lower amounts of organic matter present a grayish coloring and no greasiness, as well as an evident mineral fraction. These aspects allowed the proposition of a more precise classification, based on a larger amount of parameters. The zones of accumulation of organic matter found in the area are related to particular fluvial environments, which according to the most recent interpretations of geological evolution of the area are under structural control. The Ibiúna Plateau is part of a set of faulted blocks which form grabens, some of them previously acknowledged by Silva (2012), like the half-grabens of Ibiúna, Vargem Grande and Grilo. This system of structural blockage traps water in the subsurface, creating a saturated and confined environment, which are ideal for the formation of peat bogs, especially under the cold pleistocenic climates.

Este trabalho teve como objetivos principais a caracterização da mina de turfa de Eugênio de Melo, localizada no Estado de São Paulo, região do Vale do Rio Paraíba do Sul, bem como uma amostra representativa do seu minério. Esta amostra foi testada sob duas condições – in natura e tratada com ácido clorídrico – como adsorvente de metais pesados visando a aplicação do minério em processos de tratamento de efluentes líquidos. Adotaram-se como estudos de caso lixívias obtidas a partir de resíduos da mineração de sulfetos de chumbo e metais associados existentes na região do alto curso do Rio Ribeira de Iguape, geradas em laboratório. Tais depósitos encontram-se sob a forma de extensos corpos às margens de importantes drenagens, circunscritas à região de Adrianópolis (PR). A possibilidade de liberação dos metais pesados presentes nestes depósitos para o ambiente foi avaliada através de estudos granulométricos, mineralógicos e químicos de uma coluna amostrada num destes depósitos. Os teores dos metais presentes nas lixívias enquadraram-nas como não passíveis de descarte para o ambiente sem tratamento prévio, segundo a legislação estadual e federal que regem o assunto. Os resíduos da mineração aqui estudados, compreendendo rejeitos das plantas de concentração mineral e escórias de uma unidade de metalurgia, foram caracterizados como Classe I (perigosos) de acordo com metodologia adotada pela Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas. A capacidade adsortiva da turfa para 5 dos metais presentes nas lixívias foi avaliada através de experimentos de equilíbrio, conduzidos em batelada, em sistemas de componente único. Os dados obtidos apresentaram ajuste ao modelo cinético de Langmuir. A afinidade química da turfa revelou-se mais forte para chumbo, cobre e cádmio, e mais reduzida para zinco e manganês. Cálcio e magnésio, provenientes dos metadolomitos hospedeiros das mineralizações sulfetadas, apresentam-se em grande quantidade nas lixívias e foram caracterizados como elementos interferentes no processo adsortivo, que se mostrou, também, influenciado pelo pH e temperatura de realização dos ensaios. As lixívias foram submetidas a 5 ciclos sucessivos de contato com a turfa para se avaliar a eficiência do processo adsortivo em enquadrá-las à legislação ambiental de descarte. Nesta simulação de tratamento de efluentes por bateladas, em situação de adsorção competitiva, a turfa revelou-se um bom adsorvedor para chumbo e cobre. Seu modesto desempenho relativamente a cádmio, zinco e manganês posiciona-a como insumo adequado a processos de descontaminação de efluentes líquidos preferencialmente após etapa de tratamento primário. / This work has as main objectives the characterization of the Eugênio de Melo peat mine, located in the Paraíba do Sul River Valley, State of São Paulo, as well as a representative sample of its ore. This sample was tested as an absorbent material in two conditions – both in natura and treated with hydrochloric acid – in order to assess its use in liquid effluent treatment process. It were adopted as case studies lab generated leaches obtained from mining residues of lead and associated metals sulfides present at the upper course of the Ribeira do Iguape River region, accumulated as huge deposits close to important drainages, near the Adrianópolis (PR) region. The possibility of the heavy metals’ environmental release from those deposits was assessed through grain size distribution, mineralogical and chemical approaches. These studies were led in a vertical profile surveyed in a specified deposit. The leaches’ heavy metal contents surpass the limits set by both state and federal environmental permits, so they are not allowed for discharge to the environment without prior treatment. The mining residues studied here – mining wastes and metallurgical slags – were characterized as Type I (perilous material) according to Brazilian Guidelines for Residues Classification set by Brazilian Association for Technical Standards. The peat’s adsorptive capacity was assessed for 5 of the heavy metals present in the leaches by means of batch equilibrium essays conducted in single component systems. The data of these experiments fitted to Langmuir’s kinetic model. The chemical affinity of the peat was stronger for lead, copper and cadmium, and weaker for zinc and manganese. Calcium and magnesium derived from metadolomites that hosts sulfide mineralization are in great amount in the leaches. They were identified as interferential constituents to the adsorptive process, which are also affected by the pH and temperature of the assays. The leaches were undergone to 5 cycles of contact with peat in order to assess if the adsorptive process fit them to the legal discharge environmental standards. In this simulation of batch effluent treatment by means of competitive adsorption, the peat revealed itself as a good adsorbent for both lead and copper. The weak adsorptive performance for cadmium, zinc and manganese ranked peat only as a qualified supplies to remediation process entailing liquid effluents, preferably after primary treatment process.

In the Heretaunga Plains area, New Zealand, parts of the low lying land adjacent to the Awanui Stream are flooded annually. The purpose of the study was to find out if the flooding water trapped in the field gets sealed off from infiltrating the soils in any way (and hence is unavailable to replenish the stream flow). What would be the effects on stream base flow if pumping of the flooding water would occur direct to the stream after wet periods and heavy rains? The method of this project was to investigate the infiltration, soil type and ground water conditions in the field. The infiltration was investigated with the help of a double ring infiltration test, a disc permeameter that measures hydraulic conductivity, and pvc-pipes with core samples were saturated for an extended period of time to find out if there was any kind of seal forming during saturated conditions. The soil in field was sampled and a soil fraction test was performed. The potential evaporation was measured with an evaporation pan and calculated with data from a climate station in field. With flow records from the outgoing drain, potential evaporation and precipitation data a rough water balance model could be created. The results showed that there is no seal formed in the top part of the soil profile preventing the water from infiltrating. The flooding water is the result of a rising groundwater table, on top of a thick clay layer seven meters down in the ground. Once the flooding water has drained and evaporated away there is nothing wrong with the infiltration rate in field. There are very fine particles of silt and clay in the top soil that decreases the infiltration rate and can cause a separation of the ground water and the water above land surface. When the project was finished two recommendations could be given to the landowner to solve the problem with the flooding. The recommendations were to either re-level the field to get the surface water to runoff towards the drains instead of being trapped in the current low parts of the field. Or to dig drains from Horonui Drain and Cambell Drain into the field's low parts and in that way drain the flooding water away. / I området Heretaunga Plain, Nya Zeeland, översvämmas årligen delar av det låglänta området kring floden Awanui Stream. Syftet med den här studien var att ta reda på om översvämningsvattnet i fält hindras från infiltration i jorden på något sätt (och kan där med inte bidra till basflödet till floden). Vad skulle effekterna på basflödet i floden bli om översvämningsvattnet pumpades direkt ut i floden efter våtare perioder och större regn? Metoden för att svara på detta var att undersöka infiltrationen, jordtyperna och grundvattenförhållandena i fält. Infiltrationen undersöktes med hjälp av dubbelring infiltrationstest, en s.k. disc permeameter användes för att undersöka den hydrauliska konduktiviteten och PVC-rör med borrkärnor ställdes under vattenmättadeförhållanden en längre tid för att ta reda på om infiltrationen då skulle förändras. Jorden i fält provtogs och ett kornstorlekstest utfördes. Den potentiella avdunstningen mättes med en evaporationspanna och beräknades med data från en klimatstation i fält. Med flödesdata från diket med utgående vatten, potentiell avdunstning och nederbördsdata kunde en grov uppskattning av vattenbalansen i fält göras. Resultaten visade att det inte bildas någon hinna som hindrar infiltrationen av vatten i den övre delen av jordprofilen. Översvämningen är ett resultat av en stigande grundvattenyta, som stiger från ett tjockt lager av lera 7 meter ner i marken. När vattnet har dräneras och avdunstat bort är det ingenting som hindrar infiltrationen i fält. Det är dock väldigt fina partiklar av silt och lera i den översta torvjorden som minskar infiltrationshastigheten och kan orsaka en separation av grundvatten över och under markytan. När projektet var avslutat kunde två rekommendationer ges till landägaren om hur man kan lösa problemet med översvämningen. Rekommendationerna var att antingen skulle landägaren kunna göra om marknivån i fält för att få ytvattnet att rinna av mot dikena istället för att vara fast i de lägre partierna av fältet. Eller att gräva diken in i fältet från Horonui Drain och Cambell Drain in till de lägre översvämmade områdena i fält för att dränera bort översvämningsvattnet.

Abstract Groundwater, a key part of the hydrological cycle, is under increasing pressure from different land uses and changing climate. However, less attention has been paid to integrated groundwater management than surface waters. This thesis combined hydrological and socio-economic research for the case study of the Rokua esker aquifer in order to update current concepts of groundwater management. The Rokua area contains groundwater-dependent lakes and a periodic water level decline has raised concerns about the future of these lakes. Peatland drainage in the vicinity of the aquifer has been accused of changing the aquifer conditions. Groundwater discharge from the esker aquifer to drained peatland was studied to identify relevant hydrological processes for groundwater-surface water interactions. The results revealed a connection between the aquifer and the peatland whereby groundwater can enter the ditches through seepage or preferential flow. Modeling was used to determine critical factors in the management of the esker aquifer-peatland system. The results showed that climate and land use can affect esker groundwater, while peatland drainage in the vicinity can have similar impacts to groundwater abstraction and drought. Peatland restoration by filling in drainage ditches could possibly restore the aquifer groundwater levels. However, for the Rokua aquifer, which will possibly experience less severe dry periods in the future, extensive drainage restoration is currently too major, uncertain, and expensive a measure relative to the expected benefits. Multi-criteria decision analysis was used to identify ways of facilitating stakeholder involvement and learning in groundwater management. The results obtained with this participatory process confirmed that it can foster learning on complicated groundwater issues and collaboration in a process encompassing disputes and diverse interests. The decision analysis process led to the initiation of dialogue on more integrated management, where the preferences of all stakeholders were discussed and taken into account. Overall, this thesis shows how different aspects of aquifer management, such as land use, climate, ecological and economic values, and stakeholder preferences, can all be taken into account using a combined method which reduces the mistrust between opposing interests through research and information, resulting in more robust future planning. / Tiivistelmä Pohjaveteen, hydrologisen kierron avainosaan, kohdistuu kasvavia paineita eri maankäytön muodoista ja ilmastonmuutoksesta. Pohjaveden hallintaan ei kuitenkaan ole kiinnitetty tarvittavaa huomiota. Tässä väitöstyössä yhdistettiin hydrologista ja sosioekonomista tutkimusta Rokuan harjualueella pohjaveden hallintakonseptin päivittämiseksi. Rokuan alueella on useita pohjavedestä riippuvaisia järviä, joiden vedenpinta on kausittain laskenut voimakkaasti. Pintojen lasku on kasvattanut paikallisten huolta järvien tilasta. Harjua ympäröivät metsäojitetut turvemaat, ja ojituksia on syytetty pohjaveden tilan ja sitä kautta myös järvien tilan heikkenemisestä. Työn ensimmäisessä osassa tutkittiin pohjaveden hydrologisia purkautumisprosesseja harjun pohjavesiesiintymästä ojitetulle suoalueelle. Tulokset osoittivat hydraulisen yhteyden akviferin ja turvemaan välillä: pohjavesi pääsi purkautumaan metsäojiin joko suotautumalla tai turpeen kaksoishuokoisuusrakenteiden kautta. Seuraavassa vaiheessa työtä pohjavesimallinnusta käytettiin määrittämään kriittisiä pohjaveden tilaan vaikuttavia tekijöitä pohjavesi-turvemaa-systeemissä. Mallinnustulosten perusteella niin ilmasto kuin maankäyttökin vaikuttavat kumpikin suoraan pohjaveden pinnankorkeuden tilaan. Turvemaiden ojituksilla pohjavesialueella voi olla samoja vaikutuksia pohjaveden pinnankorkeuden tasoihin kuin pohjaveden otolla tai kuivilla kausilla. Turvemaiden ennallistaminen ojia täyttämällä voi osittain palauttaa vedenpinnan tasoja pohjavesialueella. Rokuan harjualueen tapauksessa suuren mittakaavan oja-alueiden ennallistaminen todettiin kuitenkin liian epävarmaksi ja kalliiksi toimenpiteeksi hyötyihin nähden, varsinkin jos kuivien kausien vaikutus suurilla harjualueilla heikkenee tulevaisuudessa sademäärien kasvun myötä. Työn kolmannessa osassa käytettiin monitavoitearviointia eri sidosryhmien osallistamiseen ja oppimiseen pohjavesien hallinnassa. Osallistavasta prosessista saadut tulokset vahvistivat, että menetelmää voidaan käyttää oppimisen edesauttamiseen vaikeissa pohjavesiasioissa sekä yhteistyön muodostamiseen ristiriitaisessa ja monimutkaisessa tapauksessa. Monitavoitearvioinnin prosessi johti keskustelun avaukseen yhtenäisemmän suunnittelun puolesta, joka ottaa huomioon eri sidosryhmien näkökulmat ja tuo ne osaksi keskustelua. Tämä väitöstyö osoitti miten eri pohjavesialueen hallintaan tarvittavat näkökulmat, kuten maankäyttö, ilmasto, ekologiset ja ekonomiset arvot, sekä sidosryhmien mielipiteet voidaan kaikki ottaa huomioon yhdistämällä eri metodeja. Näin tutkimuksella ja informoinnilla vähennetään epäluottamusta eri intressitahojen välillä ja luodaan pohja vakaammalle pohjavesialueiden tulevaisuuden suunnittelulle.

Abstract Peatland drainage for forestry, agriculture and peat extraction results in runoff rich in organic matter, sediments and nutrients. This has a significant effect on downstream ecosystems. Therefore, water purification using sedimentation basins and wetlands is required in environmental permits for peat extraction in Finland, to reduce downstream impacts. Due to increasingly strict environmental regulations, more advanced water purification methods need to be developed. Using field measurements, laboratory experiments and hydrological/hydraulic modelling, this thesis sought to develop new methods based on: i) more refined hydrological information related to runoff and pollutant load control and ii) hydraulic design of sedimentation basins used in chemical purification. The hydrology of three peatland forestry and two drained peat extraction areas in northern Finland was studied and simulated using the DRAINMOD 6.1 hydrological model. Watertable depth (WTD) and drainage outflow were recorded continuously during several years and the data were used for model calibration and validation. Despite some under- and over-estimation of certain events, WTD fluctuations were simulated quite accurately for all peatland areas. The results demonstrated that DRAINMOD 6.1 can satisfactorily simulate WTD fluctuations in a cold climate such as northern Finland, but the model did not simulate drainage outflow adequately. Chemical treatment facilities were optimised using 3D computational fluid dynamic (CFD) models. COMSOL Multiphysics 5.1 was employed to evaluate the influence of inlet design on treatment efficiency in commonly used treatment basins without any barrier, and for optimization of barrier design through gravity-driven hydraulic flocculators. The results showed that inlet design had a significant effect on treatment efficiency. Several barrier designs were simulated and the best combination was tested for different distances between barriers, to find a geometry ratio and flow depth producing optimal mixing conditions for the treatment process. / Tiivistelmä Turvemaiden ojitus metsätaloutta, maataloutta ja turvetuotantoa varten lisää orgaanisen aineen, kiintoaineineen ja ravinteiden huuhtoutumista alapuolisiin vesistöihin. Lisääntyneellä kuormituksella voi olla merkittäviä vaikutuksia vesiekosysteemeihin, minkä vuoksi turvetuotannon ympäristöluvissa vaaditaan valumavesien puhdistamista mm. laskeutusaltaiden ja pintavalutuskenttien avulla. Tiukentuneiden vesiensuojelumääräysten vuoksi tarvitaan uusia vesiensuojelumenetelmiä sekä tulee tehostaa jo käytössä olevien menetelmien toimintaa. Tämän työn tavoitteena on suositella uusia menetelmiä perustuen I) entistä tarkempaan hydrologiseen tietoon valunnasta ja vesistökuormituksesta ja II) kemiallisen vesienpuhdistuksen yhteydessä käytettävien laskeutusaltaiden hydrauliseen suunnitteluun. Tämä väitöstyö rakentuu maastossa ja laboratoriossa tehtyjen tutkimusten sekä hydrologisen/hydraulisen mallinnuksen varaan. Valuma-alueiden hydrologiaa tutkittiin ja mallinnettiin kolmella turvemetsäalueella ja kahdella turvetuotantoalueella Pohjois-Suomessa. Ojituksen hydrologisten vaikutusten arviointiin käytettiin DRAINMOD 6.1 ohjelmaa, jonka kalibrointia ja validointia varten kerättiin jatkuvatoimisilla antureilla aineistoa pohjaveden pinnankorkeuksista ja virtaamasta useiden vuosien ajalta. Mallin avulla voitiin pohjaveden pinnan vaihtelut kuvata yleisesti melko hyvin kaikilla tutkimusalueilla yksittäisistä sadanta-valuntatapahtuminen yli- tai aliarvioinneista huolimatta. Saadut tulokset osoittavat, että DRAINMOD 6.1 ohjelmalla voidaan riittävällä tarkkuudella simuloida pohjaveden pinnan vaihteluita kylmässä ilmastossa, kuten Pohjois-Suomessa, mutta malli ei soveltunut hyvin ojitusalueelta lähtevän valunnan tarkkaan määrittämiseen. Kemiallisen vesienpuhdistusrakenteiden optimointiin käytettiin COMSOL Multiphysics 5.1 ohjelmaa, jolla voidaan toteuttaa ja laskea veden virtauksia kolmessa dimensiossa (computational fluid dynamic, CFD, model). Mallilla arvioitiin kemikalointialtaan tuloaukon rakenteen vaikutuksia tyypillisesti kemikaloinnissa käytetyn allasrakenteen puhdistustehokkuuteen. Lisäksi mallilla mitoitettiin virtausesteitä optimaalisen sekoittumisolosuhteiden saamiseksi ja puhdistustehokkuuden parantamiseksi painovoimaisesti toimivissa flokkausaltaissa (hidas sekoitus). Saadut tulokset osoittavat, että laskeutusaltaiden tuloaukon rakenteella on merkittävä vaikutus kemikaloinnissa saavutettuun puhdistustehokkuuteen. Lisäksi työssä esitettiin optimaalisia virtausesteiden mitoituksia (geometria, esteiden välinen etäisyys, virtaussyvyys yms.) puhdistuksen kannalta parhaiden mahdollisten sekoitusolosuhteiden saavuttamiseksi.

Abstract Gradient, which is largely considered to be related to water level in mires, is referred to as a microtopographic mud bottom to carpet to lawn to hummock level gradient or the hummock level to intermediate level (lawn) to flark level gradient. The relationship of this vegetation gradient to various physical water level characteristics was studied. The general classification used in the present summary paper divides the aro vegetation of the inland of Northern Ostrobothnia into two main groups: (a) treeless fen aro vegetation (Juncus supinus, Carex lasiocarpa, Rhynchospora fusca, Molinia caerulea) and (b) heath aro vegetation (Polytrichum commune). The first group (a) was divided into fen aro wetlands with an approximately10 cm peaty layer at most and into aro fens with a peat layer thicker than 10 cm. The treatment of the water level gradient was divided into three main groups. (1) The mean water level correlated with mire surface levels (microtopographic gradient) within mires with slight water level fluctuations and partly within mires with considerable water level fluctuations. (2) Three habitat groups could be distinguished on the basis of the range of water level fluctuation i.e. mires with slight water level fluctuations, mires with considerable water level fluctuations and the aro vegetation with extreme water level fluctuations. (3) The timing of water level fluctuations indicated that there are different types of patterns within aro wetlands, the seasonal pattern being mainly a response to yearly snow melt and the several-year-fluctuation pattern being related to the regional groundwater table fluctuation in mineral soils (heath forests). A link was suggested between the stability of the water regime and peat production in local aapa mire – aro wetland environments. From the point of view of peatland plants the direction of variation from a stable to an unstable water regime in aapa mire – aro wetland environments represents a transition towards more and more harsh ecological conditions, partly forming a gradient through natural disturbance. A qualitative functional model was provided for the mire – aro wetland systems of Northern Ostrobothnia. The model supposes differences in the characteristics of peat between two functional complexes within a mire system. Finally, the model for local mire – aro wetland systems was converted to a general from: diplotelmic (acrotelm) mires were divided into two subtypes (diplotelmic water stabilization mires, diplotelmic water fluctuation mires) and the relationship of those subtypes to percolation mires and seasonal wetlands was considered.

This master thesis if focused on the phenomenon of hydrological drought in the Šumava (Bohemian/Black Forrest) region. Hydrological drought is defined on seven hydrological stations (Modrava (CZ), Rejštějn (CZ), Sušice (CZ), Zwiesel (DE), Teisnach (DE), Chamerau (DE), Kalteneck (DE)) during period 1931-1937 and 1949-2014. The aim is in finding suitable hydrological dought indexes and other methods and apply them od the data. Results are compared each other and also are compared with studies that were proceed in non-mountainous region. For hydrological drought evaluation the threshold concept and method according Gumbel 1963 were used and deficite volumes were calculated. Seasonality graphs and graphs for nuber of drought days in hydrological years were constructed, For trends defining, Mann.Kendall and Hisch-Slack tests were used. Hydrological drought sesonality is different on german and czech side, it means effect of exposition towards southwest winds. Hydrological drought is concetrated in autumn at german stations and in winter on czech stations. Number of drought episodes decreases with decreasing elevation. There were found significant decreasing trends in drought episodes occurance in time. Monthly trends aren't so clear. On czech side there is significant decreasing trend in winter months,...