Submitted by Roberth Novaes (roberth.novaes@live.com) on 2018-07-18T14:46:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 LORENANascimento_DISSERTAÇÃO_COMPLETA_DEFINITIVA.pdf: 1753376 bytes, checksum: 751fbd325a853e63ab31c5b04508c211 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Setor de Periódicos (per_macedocosta@ufba.br) on 2018-07-19T19:44:57Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 LORENANascimento_DISSERTAÇÃO_COMPLETA_DEFINITIVA.pdf: 1753376 bytes, checksum: 751fbd325a853e63ab31c5b04508c211 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-19T19:44:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LORENANascimento_DISSERTAÇÃO_COMPLETA_DEFINITIVA.pdf: 1753376 bytes, checksum: 751fbd325a853e63ab31c5b04508c211 (MD5) / FAPESB / Esta pesquisa tem por objetivo analisar quais são os condicionadores que atuam na escolha dos pronomes tu/você no português popular falado nas comunidades de Salvador e Amargosa, na Bahia. Através deste estudo, temos por proposta investigar o uso variável dos pronomes tu e você, através de inquéritos do Programa de Estudos do Português Popular Falado de Salvador (PEPP) e de inquéritos gravados em Amargosa entre os meses de julho e dezembro do ano 2016, a fim de aferir se o fenômeno constitui uma variação estável ou caminha para uma mudança linguística, além de investigar se o fenômeno em questão é marcado pela variação diatópica. Esse trabalho tem como base o modelo teórico-metodológico da Sociolinguística Quantitativa, constituído pelo sociolinguista William Labov. A coleta de dados foi realizada através de 12 inquéritos do PEPP e 12 inquéritos gravados em Amargosa. Os informantes são homens e mulheres em igual número, distribuídos em três faixas etárias (I: 15 a 24 anos; III: 45 a 55 anos; IV: 65 anos em diante). Após a transcrição das gravações, foram realizados o levantamento dos dados; a codificação, seguindo uma chave de codificação, e então, a análise estatística através do pacote de programas GoldVarb. Por fim, foram realizadas a análise e interpretação desses dados obtidos. Os resultados apontaram para uma preferência pelo pronome você em ambas as cidades, sendo que em Salvador, você se mostrou categórico nas escolhas dos falantes. Entre as onze variáveis inicialmente elencadas na pesquisa, as variáveis Tipo de Frase, Tipo de Discurso, Tipo de Referência, Faixa Etária e Escolaridade foram selecionadas pelo GoldVarb como as mais relevantes para a variação tu/você em Salvador e Amargosa. No município de Amargosa, os pronomes parecem estar fortemente influenciados pela variável Intimidade, que embora tenha sido observada no decorrer da análise, não foi avaliada nesse estudo. / This research aims to analyze which are the conditioners that act in the choice of the pronouns tu/você in the popular Portuguese spoken in the communities of Salvador and Amargosa, in Bahia. Through this study, we propose to investigate the variable use of the pronouns tu and você, through surveys of the Program of Studies of Popular Portuguese Spoken of Salvador (PEPP) and of surveys recorded in Amargosa between July and December of the year 2016, in order to verify if the phenomenon constitutes a stable variation or is going to a linguistic change, besides investigating if the phenomenon in question is marked by the diatopic variation. This work is based on the theoretical-methodological model of Quantitative Sociolinguistics, constituted by sociolinguist William Labov. Data collection was carried out through 12 PEPP surveys and 12 surveys recorded in Amargosa. The informants are men and women in equal numbers, divided into three age groups (I: 15 to 24 years, III: 45 to 55 years, IV: 65 years and on). After the transcription of the recordings, the data were collected; The coding, following a coding key, and then the statistical analysis through the GoldVarb program package. Finally, the analysis and interpretation of these data were performed. The results pointed to a preference for the pronoun você in both cities, and in Salvador, você were categorical in the choices of the speakers. Among the eleven variables initially listed in the research, the variables Type of Phrase, Speech Type, Reference Type, Age Range and Schooling were selected by GoldVarb as the most relevant for the variation in Salvador / Amargosa. In the municipality of Amargosa, pronouns appear to be heavily influenced by the variable Intimacy, which although it was observed during the analysis, was not evaluated in this study.

Interaction is an important aspect for children’s language development. The intervention model Prevention Education Program for Parents (PEPP) is currently under development within the research project Ord gör skillnad, Karolinska Institutet. PEPP is an intervention for parents to children aged 0–12 months who’s recently been diagnosed with hearing impairment. In PEPP parents receive guidance based on the child’s language environment which is mapped through Language ENvironment Analysis (LENA) and video analysis. LENA is a speech processing technological tool that analyzes the child’s language environment. The video analysis is made manually based on short video records of interactions between child and parent. The purpose of this study was to evaluate these mapping methods reliabilities to measure verbal conversational turns. The study also aimed to investigate if there’s a pattern between the amount of verbal conversational turns in a structured playtime and in the home environment. Four families with children aged 0:26–7:3 months participated. The child and parent interacted in a structured playtime that was analyzed with LENA and video analysis. Each family also made a LENA recording for an entire day in their home environment. The amount of verbal conversational turns in the structured playtime was analyzed by two assessors through video analysis. Inter-rater reliability was calculated, and a qualitative assessment was made for intervals in which the inter-rater reliability was <80%. The conformity between video analysis and LENA in the structured playtime was calculated. Further, a comparison was made between the amount of verbal conversational turns measured with LENA in home environment and structured environment. The inter-rater reliability in this study was high and in the qualitative assessment aggravating factors were identified. The conformity between video analysis and LENA analysis of the structured playtime was moderate. The amount of verbal conversational turns was higher for all participants in the structured environment compared to the home environment. This study indicates that video analysis is a reliable method. However, the aggravating aspects should be remedied in order to increase the reliability. The results confirm previous findings that demonstrate limitations with LENA’s ability to measure conversational turns in young infants. This study indicates that the number of conversational turns is higher in structured environments. To ensure the results in this study further research should be conducted. / Barn lär sig språket i interaktion med sin omgivning. Föräldrainterventionen Prevention Education Program for Parents (PEPP) utvecklas inom forskningsprojektet Ord gör skillnad, Karolinska Institutet. I PEPP handleds föräldrar till barn i åldrarna 0–12 månader med nyligen upptäckt hörselnedsättning kring samspel och kommunikation. Handledningen baseras på barnets språkmiljö som mäts med kartläggningsmetoderna Language ENvironment Analysis (LENA) och videoanalys. LENA är ett talprocessande teknologiskt verktyg som beskriver barnets språkmiljö genom automatisk analys. Videoanalysen sker manuellt av bedömare utifrån korta videoinspelningar av samspel mellan barn och förälder. Föreliggande studie syftade till att utvärdera dessa kartläggningsmetoders pålitlighet i mätning av verbala turtagningar. Vidare syftade studien till att undersöka eventuella mönster mellan antal verbala turtagningar i hemmiljö och strukturerad miljö. Fyra familjer med barn i åldrarna 0:26–7:3 månader deltog. Barn och förälder samspelade under en strukturerad leksituation som analyserades med LENA och videoanalys. Varje familj gjorde även en heldagsinspelning med LENA i hemmiljö. Antal verbala turtagningar i den strukturerade leksituationen analyserades av två bedömare med videoanalys. Interbedömarreliabilitet räknades ut och en kvalitativ bedömning genomfördes på intervall med interbedömarreliabilitet <80 %. Samstämmigheten mellan videoanalysen och LENA beräknades gällande den strukturerade leksituationen. Vidare jämfördes antal turtagningar mätt med LENA i hemmiljö och strukturerad miljö. Resultatet visade på en hög interbedömarreliabilitet i videoanalysen och i den kvalitativa bedömningen identifierades försvårande aspekter. Samstämmigheten mellan videoanalysen och LENA var måttlig. Antalet turtagningar var genomgående högre i den strukturerade leksituationen jämfört med hemmiljö. Studien tyder på att videoanalysen är en pålitlig metod. Dock identifierades försvårande aspekter som bör åtgärdas för att öka mätningens tillförlitlighet. Studien bekräftar tidigare forskning som visat på begränsningar gällande LENA:s mätning av turtagningar hos unga spädbarn. Resultatet tyder på att det sker fler turtagningar i strukturerad miljö än i hemmiljö. För att säkerställa studiens resultat krävs fortsatta studier.

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In hope of lessening the inequal division between the amount of women and men studying and working in technical fields a project to create an inspirational platform has been initiated by the organisation Pepp. By the end of the first stage of the project a webpage has been created with frontend programming. This webpage contains several imaginary person portraits of imaginary individuals studying or working in technical fields. JavaScript filter functions have been created in order to filter between these individuals. All the necessary data for the portraits are collected in a database in form of an array in JavaScript. User tests were conducted where seven separate subjects were allowed to test the finished person portrait webpage. In the future the website will be improved and expanded with several webpages. Portraits of real individuals will also be collected and replace the imaginary individuals on the webpage.

En stor del av den tidiga språkutvecklingen sker i samspel med vuxna, och kommunikationen mellan vårdnadshavare och deras små barn är därför särskilt betydelsefull. Vuxna anpassar ofta sitt sätt att tala till små barn genom att göra anpassningar i de språkliga parametrarna prosodi, segmentell fonologi, syntax, pragmatik och ordförråd. Dessa anpassningar kallas ofta för barnriktat tal (BRT) och har visat sig ha både en kortsiktig såväl som långsiktig positiv inverkan på barns tidiga språkutveckling. Tidigare forskning gällande barns tal- och språkmiljö har främst fokuserat på kommunikationen mellan kvinnliga vårdnadshavare och deras små barn. Det finns därmed ett behov av forskning som undersöker manliga vårdnadshavares kommunikation, särskilt med fokus på kvalitativa aspekter så som användandet av BRT. Inom Ord gör skillnad-projektet på KI utvecklas en ny interventionsmetod, Preventive Education Program for Parents (PEPP). I metoden kartläggs kvantitativa och kvalitativa aspekter av barns tal- och språkmiljö med hjälp av Language ENvironment Analysis (LENA), videoinspelning och ett framtaget PEPP-protokoll. I föreliggande studie undersöktes förekomsten av de parametrar som utgör BRT i manliga vårdnadshavares kommunikation med sina små barn. Mer specifikt undersöktes förekomst eller icke förekomst av parametrarna samt mest respektive minst förekommande parameter. Studien syftade även till att undersöka om PEPP-protokollets nuvarande beskrivningar av parametrarna kan användas för att bedöma förekomst av BRT. I studien deltog 6 manliga vårdnadshavare och deras barn i åldrarna 0 till 12 månader. Material från barnens tal- och språkmiljö samlades in med videoinspelning under en strukturerad leksituation och med LENA under en heldag i hemmiljö. Användandet av BRT analyserades både med hjälp av PEPP-metodens bedömningsprotokoll samt genom en kompletterande uppskattning av mest respektive minst förekommande parameter. Resultaten visade att 5 av 5 parametrar som utgör BRT förekom i samtliga deltagares kommunikation i hemmiljön samt i majoriteten av deltagarnas kommunikation under den strukturerade leksituationen. För hälften av deltagarna noterades parametern pragmatik som mest förekommande parameter och segmentell fonologi som minst förekommande parameter. I studien påtalas brister gällande PEPP-protokollets beskrivningar av parametrarna och författarna presenterar förslag på förbättringsåtgärder. / A large part of early language development takes place in interaction with adults, and the communication between caregivers and their young children is therefore particularly important for the child’s language development. Adults often adapt their way of speaking to young children by making adjustments in the linguistic parameters’ prosody, segmental phonology, syntax, pragmatics and vocabulary. These adaptations are often referred to as child-directed speech (CDS) and have been shown to have both adirect, as well as long-term positive impact on young children's language development. Previous research on children's speech and language environment has mainly focused on communication between female caregivers and their young children. Therefore, there is a need for research that examines male caregivers’ communication, especially with focus on qualitative aspects such as the use of CDS. Within the Words make a difference project at Karolinska Institutet (KI), researchers are developing a new intervention method, Preventive Education Program for Parents (PEPP). The method maps quantitative and qualitative aspects of children's speech and language environment using Language ENvironment Analysis (LENA), video recordings and a protocol developed within PEPP. The present study explored the occurrence of the parameters that constitute CDS in male caregivers' communication with their young children. More specifically, the occurrence or non-occurrence of the parameters as well as the most and least occurring parameter were examined. The study also aimed to investigate whether the PEPP protocol's current descriptions of the parameters could be used to assess the occurrence of CDS. The study involved 6 male caregivers and their children aged 0 to 12 months. Data from the children's speech and language environment were collected with a short video recording during a structured play situation, and with LENA from a daylong recording in the child’s natural home setting. The use of CDS was analyzed both by using the PEPP protocol, and well as by a supplementary estimation of the most and least occurring parameter. The results showed that 5 out of 5 parameters that constitute CDS occurred in all participants' communication in the natural home setting as well as in the majority of the participants' communication during the structured play situation. For half of the participants, pragmatics was noted as the most occurring parameter, and segmental phonology as the least occurring parameter. The current study highlights shortcomings regarding the PEPP protocol's descriptions of the parameters and the authors proposes suggestions for improvement of the PEPP method.