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Studies have found that people with aphasia demonstrate reduced nonverbal and verbal short-term memory (STM) and working memory (WM) and discourse measures related to topic maintenance such as global and local coherence. Research also suggests that STM capacity and WM abilities may influence discourse measures such as global and local coherence in people with aphasia and acquired brain injuries (ABI). The purpose of this study was to determine how differences in the domain (nonverbal or verbal) or linguistic level (phonological or semantic) of information held and manipulated in STM may influence global and local coherence in people with mild-moderate fluent aphasia. A forward Corsi block and subtests from the Temple University Assessment of Language and Verbal Short-term Memory in Aphasia (TALSA) were used to assess nonverbal, phonological, and semantic WM. 13 participants with mild-moderate fluent aphasia and 4 neurotypical adults completed the forward Corsi block and phonological and semantic WM subtests from the TALSA. These included various probe spans and pointing tasks (rhyming and synonymy triplets subtests), which required the participant to maintain a number of words and make different semantic and phonological decisions about these words (e.g. making judgements related to the rhyme (phonological) or the categorization (semantic) of the words). Pointing tasks (rhyming and synonymy triplets) involved participants pointing to words on a screen that shared a similar phonological (rhyme of the words) or semantic (meaning of the word) relationship in a high and low WM condition. All participants with aphasia and neurotypical adults completed 10 discourse samples from the Nicholas and Brookshire narratives. Global and local coherence were assessed by rating each C-unit from participants’ discourse samples on a 1-5-point global and local coherence rating scale. This study determined if there was a relationship between the nonverbal, phonological, and semantic WM tasks and global and local coherence in the people with mild-moderate fluent aphasia. This study found that only the synonymy triplets change score (difference between the low WM condition and the high WM conditions), a semantic WM task, from the TALSA demonstrated a trend towards significance with local coherence in the participants with aphasia group. Additionally, a similar relationship was found when the same correlations were run on a group that combined the neurotypical adults and participants with aphasia group. Similarly, this study found that only the synonymy triplets change score had a significant correlation with local coherence in the combined group. None of the other WM tasks were significantly correlated with global and local coherence. Based on these results, this study provides some evidence that the integrity of the cognitive resources used for the maintenance and manipulation of semantic information held in verbal STM may be important for maintaining the topic or semantic coherence between adjacent utterances (measured by local coherence) in participants with mild-moderate fluent aphasia and neurotypical adults. More research is needed to determine if this relationship exists in other populations with aphasia and in an independent sample of neurotypical adults. / Communication Sciences

In this article I propose a new construction algorithm for the phonological word in Hungarian. Based on a detailed discussion of the di¤erences between so-called ‘postpositions’ and ‘case su‰xes’, I show that both types of adpositional elements are of the same morphosyntactic category, and that phonological word status depends not on an arbitrary division between a‰xes and syntactically free items, but on phonological properties of the respective adpositions: Bisyllabic adpositions form phonological words on their own, while monosyllabic adpositions are integrated into the phonological word of their lexical head. Generalizing this result, I argue that all functional elements of Hungarian traditionally called ‘inflectional a‰xes’ are syntactically independent functional heads integrated into the phonological word of a preceding lexical head because they are prosodically too small. I show that apparently bisyllabic inflectional a‰xes must either be decomposed into di¤erent markers or are underlyingly monosyllabic, and develop a ranking of optimality-theoretic alignment constraints implementing the construction algorithm for the phonological word in formal detail.

本篇論文是針對六位以台灣華語為母語的嬰幼兒，採長期觀察的方式，研究 台灣華語字彙產製的音韻變化性(phonological variability)，並詳細描述單音節詞和雙音節詞之中音節類型出現的頻率、變化性、以及代換模式。本研究同時要用Jakoson (1968)的音節標記理論來檢驗各種音節類型中的共通性。 本研究一共觀察了有六位年齡在十一個月至兩歲的嬰幼兒長達一年。以兩個 禮拜一次的頻率收集嬰幼兒和母親之間的自然對話，並利用錄製回來的影音檔做 譯寫和分析。 結果顯示小朋友的音韻變化是很常見的，且是有規則可循的。小朋友的音韻變異量的高峰(variability peak)會出現在當小朋友的音韻發展從一個階段進展到另一個階段的時候，而本篇論文顯示與當小朋友由單字期(one-word stage)進展到雙字期(two-word stage)以及字彙量有大幅上升的時期符合。華語音節習得的部分，結果顯示CV 是頻率最高、變化性最低，且最常被拿來替換的音節類型。CVG 也是頻率高的音節類型之一，但他的變化性也很高，主要是因為韻尾省略 (coda-dropping)的現象在小朋友的早期發展很常見的關係，所以CVG 雖然頻率高但是變化性也很高而且是最常被取代的音節類型之一。 最後，將所有的結果拿來檢驗Jakoson (1968)的音節標記理論，結果發現頻 率高以及變化性低的音節類型都是無標記(unmarked)的音節類型，相反的頻率低 以及變化性高的音節類型則都是有標記的(marked)音節類型，此外小朋友會用無 標記的音節類型來取代有標記的音節類型。 / The purpose of this study is to discuss the issue concerning phonological variability of children acquiring Taiwan Mandarin. Two aspects are including in the following: the phonological variability of words and the syllable types composed the words. The overall variability pattern, the frequency, variability rate, and substitution pattern of syllable type were analyzed. Six participants are investigated in the study, aged between 0;11 to 2;0. A longitudinal observation study is conducted by the author and the research team. The results showed that phonological variability is common in early phonological development. The increase in variability reflects the reorganization of phonological system, where children started to produce two-word utterances and the amount of different words was increased. As for the syllable type analysis, CV presented the highest in frequency, the lowest in variability rate, and also was used to replace other syllable type more often. CVG was one of the most frequently used syllable type; however, the variability rate of CVG was also high. The reason may due to the fact coda-dropping is a very common phenomenon in children’s development. The results in this study were examined in the markedness theory of syllable proposed by Jakobson (1968). The results showed that syllable types with higher frequency and lower variability rates were unmarked syllable types, while syllable types with lower frequency and higher variability rates were marked syllable types. Furthermore, children tended to use a more unmarked syllable to replace a more marked syllable.

Στην παρούσα ερευνητική εργασία που είναι επανάληψη της έρευνας των Steinbrink και Klatte (2008) γίνεται προσπάθεια να διερευνηθεί η σχέση ανάμεσα στην ικανότητα άμεσης σειριακής συγκράτησης φωνολογικών πληροφοριών και την αναγνωστική και ορθογραφική ικανότητα παιδιών, που έχουν ως μητρική γλώσσα την ελληνική. Πολλές έρευνες έχουν δείξει ότι παιδιά με αναγνωστικές και ορθογραφικές δυσκολίες δεν χρησιμοποιούν με τον πιο αποτελεσματικό τρόπο τις φωνολογικές στρατηγικές σε έργα σειριακής ανάκλησης. Σε μια ομάδα 15 μαθητών της Γ’ Δημοτικού χωρίς αναγνωστικές και ορθογραφικές δυσκολίες και σε μια αντίστοιχη ομάδα 15 μαθητών με αναγνωστικές και ορθογραφικές δυσκολίες, παρουσιάστηκαν λίστες με τέσσερα ερεθίσματα η κάθε μία, τα οποία αντιστοιχούσαν σε ουσιαστικά υψηλής συχνότητας, με σκοπό την άμεση σειριακή ανάκλησή τους. Το μέγεθος της λέξης και η φωνολογική ομοιότητα καθώς και ο τρόπος παρουσίασης (οπτικός και ακουστικός) και ο τύπος ανάκλησης (οπτικός και προφορικός) ποίκιλαν, σε ένα μεικτό σχεδιασμό με χειρισμό των ανεξάρτητων μεταβλητών εντός υποκειμένων. Σε όλες τις πειραματικές συνθήκες, οι καλοί αναγνώστες απέδωσαν καλύτερα από τους φτωχούς αναγνώστες. Η φωνολογική ομοιότητα δεν επηρέασε τις επιδόσεις και στις δυο ομάδες των παιδιών. Αντίθετα, η επίδραση του μεγέθους των λέξεων διέφερε μεταξύ των ομάδων, πράγμα που ίσως δείχνει ελλιπή φωνολογική κωδικοποίηση και εσωτερική επανάληψη στα παιδιά με αναγνωστικές και ορθογραφικές δυσκολίες. Αναφορικά με τη σειρά παρουσίασης του ερεθίσματος, οι δύο ομάδες μαθητών έκαναν χρήση παρόμοιων στρατηγικών στις περισσότερες πειραματικές συνθήκες. Τα αποτελέσματα δείχνουν ότι οι φτωχοί αναγνώστες χρησιμοποιούν το φωνολογικό κύκλωμα. Αντί αυτού, οι δυσκολίες αυτές πηγάζουν από την ανεπαρκή εφαρμογή διαφόρων στρατηγικών λόγω ελλειμμάτων στη φωνολογική επεξεργασία. / The current study sought to investigate the relation between serial recall of phonological information and reading ability in Greek students. It has been proposed that dyslexic readers show inefficient application of phonological strategies during serial recall tasks. A group of 15 third graders with typical reading performance and 15 with reading impairments were presented with four-item lists of common nouns for immediate serial recall. Word length and phonological similarity as well as presentation modality (visual vs. auditory) and type of recall (visual vs. verbal) were varied as within subject factors in a mixed design. In all conditions, overall performance was significantly lower in poor readers. Phonological similarity did not affect performance in both groups of children. Word length effects differed between groups indicating deficient phonological coding and rehearsal in dyslexic students. With regard to the order of presentation, the two groups made use of similar strategies in the majority of the experimental conditions. The results demonstrate that, poor readers use the phonological loop. Instead, their difficulties stem from inadequate application of various strategies due to deficits in phonological processing.

Orientador: Gladis Massini-Cagliari / Banca: Vera Pacheco / Banca: Flaviane R. F. Svartman / Banca: Antonio S. Abreu / Banca: Renata M. F. Marchezan / Resumo: Esta tese tem como principal objetivo identificar as adaptações fonético-fonológicas realizadas por falantes brasileiros ao pronunciarem antropônimos estrangeiros, sobretudo os provenientes da língua inglesa. Argumenta-se que a temática discutida vincula-se diretamente com a definição de "identidade fonológica" do português. O estudo abrange questões de ordem linguística e extralinguística, o que permite dois olhares sobre o tema. O primeiro, de caráter sócio-histórico, retoma reflexões anteriores a respeito dos antropônimos e sua relevância para diferentes povos e culturas desde a antiguidade. Abordam-se, por este viés, aspectos de cunho discursivo que permeiam o processo de designação de pessoas. A segunda perspectiva, de caráter linguístico-estrutural, constitui o cerne desta investigação científica, que se desenvolve, essencialmente, à luz dos modelos fonológicos nãolineares. Nessa direção, por meio de análise contrastiva, destacam-se semelhanças e diferenças entre os sistemas fonológicos da língua-fonte, o inglês americano (IA), e da língua-alvo, o português do Brasil (PB). O corpus do trabalho é constituído por prenomes advindos do inglês, bem como por aqueles cuja grafia remete a essa língua. A seleção dos prenomes foi realizada a partir de listas de frequência de escolas públicas da cidade de São Luís-MA. Foram realizadas gravações com falantes nativos do IA e falantes nativos do PB, com o propósito de identificar os principais processos fonológicos desencadeados por esses informantes ao produzirem prenomes tipicamente derivados da língua inglesa. Por meio de entrevistas, investigam-se questões de ordem subjetiva, como fatos que motivaram a escolha do nome, satisfação do usuário com o nome e admiração pela língua inglesa. Após as transcrições dos dados, foram mapeadas as principais adaptações... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The primary purpose of this thesis is to outline phonetic and phonological adaptations made by Brazilian speakers while pronouncing foreign anthroponyms, especially those derived from English. The topic discussed is straightly linked to the determination of a phonological identity of Portuguese. The study focuses on linguistic and extralinguistic aspects, which allow two different views on the subject. The first, based on social-historical grounds, retakes previous reflections on anthroponyms and their relevance to different people and cultures since ancient times. Under this perspective, the survey deals with discursive issues related to the act of naming people. The second view, based on structural linguistic grounds, is the main focus of the study, which is essentially conducted in the light of non-linear phonological models. By means of phonological contrastive analysis, similarities and differences are highlighted concerning the source language, American English (AE) and the target language, Brazilian Portuguese (BP). The corpus comprises anthroponyms typical of the English language as well as proper names whose spelling refer to this idiom. The names selection was based on attendance sheets from State Schools in the city of São Luís, MA. Recordings were carried out with both native English and Portuguese speakers, aiming at mapping the main phonological processes employed by these subjects when producing the foreign anthroponyms. Subjective matters were investigated through interviews that point out motivational reasons parents had for choosing foreign athroponyms; users satisfaction with their own name, as well as their appreciation for the English language. Following data transcriptions, the research presents the main observed adaptations motivated by speakers' native phonological system, such as: a) addition of the epenthetic vowel [i], resulting... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor