Federico Zandomeneghi (1841-1917) a toujours été considéré comme un artiste vénitien ayant émigré en 1874 à Paris avant de devenir un adepte de Degas et participer, à partir de 1879, aux expositions impressionnistes. Cette recherche a pour principal objectif d’analyser les liens que l’artiste entretint avec son pays - l’Italie - avant, pendant et après son long séjour parisien. Aussi nous sommes-nous plus particulièrement concentrée sur la période allant de 1841 à 1874 durant laquelle Zandomeneghi se forma dans les Académies de Beaux-Arts de Venise et Milan, avant de partir s’installer à Florence où il rencontra les peintres macchiaioli. Nous avons en outre analysé le contexte artistique italien dans lequel l’artiste évolua, et aussi dans quelle mesure les rapports qu’il tissa avec les nombreuses personnalités du monde de l’art qu’il eut l’occasion de fréquenter (Diego Martelli, Marcellin Desboutin) eurent une influence sur les choix qu’il fit par la suite ; puis, nous avons essayé de décrire la position que Zandomeneghi s’était gagnée sur le sol italien avant de le quitter définitivement. La seconde partie de notre recherche retrace en revanche - grâce à l’analyse d’un corpus de lettres inédites - le processus de réévaluation critique qui s’amorça en Italie après la mort de l’artiste et pour lequel œuvrèrent Enrico Piceni et Angelo Sommaruga : ces critiques et marchands d’art milanais ont en effet joué un rôle fondamental dans la redécouverte de Zandomeneghi en Italie. Même si Zandomeneghi avait passé quarante-trois années de sa vie en France, il ne réussit jamais à conquérir sa place dans l’historiographie française alors que, pour la seconde fois, il jouit des honneurs de la critique italienne. Cette recherche a pour objectif de mettre en lumière les raisons du cadrage historiographique dominant à l’heure actuelle, à savoir celui qui ne voit en Zandomeneghi qu’un peintre impressionniste vénitien, étiquette sous laquelle il a d’ailleurs été proposé au public à l’occasion des expositions plus récentes. / Venetian Federico Zandomeneghi (1841-1917) is always remembered as an artist who relocated to Paris in 1874 to become a follower of Degas, taking part in the Impressionist exhibitions starting in 1879. The primary objective of this thesis is to analyse this artist's ties to Italy, before and after his long-lasting experience in France. We delve into the period starting in 1841 and lasting until 1874 during which Zandomenegi trained at the academies of Venice and Milan, and during which he moved to Florence, at which point he first encountered the Macchiaioli. Moreover, this study has given us the opportunity to deepen our understanding of the Italian artistic context in which Zandomeneghi developed, to what extent his close relatonships with the numerous artists he encountered affected his later artistic choices (Diego Martelli, Marcellin Desboutin), and what position Zandomeneghi attained in Italy before leaving his country permanently. In the second part of the present study, a corpus of unpublished letters between two Milanese art personalities, the art critic Enrico Piceni and art dealer Angelo Sommaruga, was thoroughly examined. Their role was indeed crucial for Zandomeneghi’s artistic rediscovery. Although Zandomeneghi spent 43 years of his life in France, he was never fully recognized in the French historiography, whereas was acclaimed for the second time by the Italian critic after his death. This thesis aims to shed light on the reasons why Zandomeneghi has always been considered a Venetian impressionist, a label that has been employed even in very recent expositions.

<b>Background:</b> Individuals with intellectual disabilities (ID) have a higher prevalence of comorbid psychiatric disorders and challenging behaviours compared to the general population. Though less common, one area of concern among those with ID is pica (the ingestion of inedible substances). To date, there is little knowledge of pica, particularly with respect to its risk factors and social consequences. The closure of Ontario's three remaining facilities by 2009 underscores the importance of having knowledge of complex behaviours such as pica for improving supports and services in the community for these individuals. The aim of this study is to better understand the characteristics and support needs of adults with ID and pica. This study is comprised of a quantitative and qualitative component. <b>QUANTITATIVE STUDY</b> <b>Objectives:</b> To investigate the prevalence, risk factors, social and medical characteristics of pica. To determine how pica is managed in terms of hours of supervision, receipt of interventions, and psychotropic medication. <b>Methods:</b> Secondary data analysis was performed on two samples as part of cross-sectional study: 1008 persons with ID from Ontario's facilities and 420 community-dwelling adults with ID from southwestern Ontario. All persons had been assessed using the interRAI Intellectual Disability (interRAI ID)?a comprehensive and standardized instrument that measures a variety of domains for support planning. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were restricted to the facility sample due to the small size of persons with pica in the community. <b>Results:</b>The overall prevalence of pica was 22. 0% and 3. 3% in the facilities and the community, respectively. Logistic regression analysis showed that being male, cognitive functioning, autism, and being non-verbal were associated with a higher odds of having pica, whereas activities of daily living (ADL) was a protective factor. A quadratic relationship was observed between cognitive function and pica: the risk of pica increased with severity of cognitive impairment up to moderate to severe levels of impairment and then diminished among those with very severe cognitive impairment. Behaviour management, self-care skills, and 8 hours or more of one-to-one supervision were more likely to be provided to persons with pica. Compared to persons without pica, persons with pica had higher rates of being prescribed antipsychotic medication. Surprisingly, pica was not associated with higher rates of gastrointestinal health problems, with the exception of acid reflux. The negative social outcomes of pica, however, were many: pica was associated with higher odds of not having a strong and supportive relationship with family, lack of contact with family or other close relations, and absence of participation in social and recreational activities. <b>QUALITATIVE STUDY</b> <b>Objective:</b> To determine the support needs of adults with ID and pica from the perspective of direct-care staff of facility and community settings. <b>Methods</b>: Through two focus groups, the perspectives of four staff from Huronia Regional Centre (HRC), and six staff from community agencies from southwestern Ontario were examined. Transcripts were analyzed thematically for factors that facilitated or hindered the management of pica. <b>Results:</b> Qualitative data revealed three categories that underpinned reduction in pica: preventative measures (environmental controls, close supervision, and the provision of alternative activities), formal supports, and familiarity with the individual. On the other hand, inadequate staff support, lower functioning level of the individual, and lack of knowledge acted as barriers to managing and reducing pica. These barriers were associated with persons participating in fewer recreational activities and community outings, and in some cases the use of mechanical restraints. Barriers specific to each setting in the management of pica were also illuminated. Staff in both settings tended to be self-sufficient and isolated in managing this complex behaviour. <b>Conclusions:</b> Results suggest that attention should be equally paid to the potential social consequences of pica rather than solely to its health risks. Higher staff to client ratios, and training and education for staff to provide more active support to promote individuals' engagement in recreational activity and community integration is needed. Key recommendations also focus on educating and training staff on the risk factors and appropriate management of pica. Improving the collaboration and knowledge exchange among developmental service agencies is also recommended to enhance the management of pica among caregivers. Lastly, the community at large needs education on pica to foster more inclusive community living for those with ID.

Submitted by Caroline Xavier (caroline.xavier@pucrs.br) on 2017-05-15T16:58:03Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TES_FABIO_AGNE_FAYET_DE_SOUZA_PARCIAL.pdf: 671822 bytes, checksum: e2dfb30b655c23995c5b074d653987b4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-15T16:58:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TES_FABIO_AGNE_FAYET_DE_SOUZA_PARCIAL.pdf: 671822 bytes, checksum: e2dfb30b655c23995c5b074d653987b4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-10 / The present thesis establishes a path to differentiate the conscience of the wrongfulness enough for the existence of deceit, from the one that requires the knowledge itself of prohibition of the conduct practiced by the agent, thus setting the parameters for the treatment of error about the normative element of the crime description formulated negatively in the same way that the putative discriminant. The importance of this analysis bears in the recognition of the error upon the wrongfulness described into crime, beyond the limits of error iuris nocet; is to say, it allows analyzing the error of the agent about the prohibition of conduct when that comes related, explicitly, as the element of the crime description. Therefore, was made a deductive approach of the theme, through the bibliographic research of bias historical comparison, in order to, after weaving an overview about the origin and development of the problem, investigate, into historical evolution and in the universe of the crime descriptions made with these negatively formulated elements, the existence of a path to the analysis of the negative formulations into crime descriptions, delimiting the deceit and the prohibition. In this way, this path allows a new approach of the error on the negatively formulated normative elements in the context of the putative discriminant contained in the crime description, allowing the use of the law, in these cases, closer of the awareness of the prohibition required from the agent at the time of the event. / A presente tese estabelece um crit?rio diferenciador entre a consci?ncia da ilicitude suficiente para a exist?ncia do dolo, daquela exigida pelo conhecimento em si da proibi??o da conduta praticada pelo agente, fixando, assim, os par?metros para o tratamento do erro sobre o elemento normativo do tipo formulado negativamente, nos mesmos moldes estabelecidos para as descriminantes putativas como solu??o para o problema do erro. A import?ncia da presente an?lise consubstancia-se no reconhecimento do erro sobre a ilicitude descrita no tipo, desbordando dos limites do error iuris nocet; ? dizer: permite que se analise o erro do agente sobre a proibi??o da conduta, quando esta vem elencada, de forma expl?cita, como elemento do tipo penal. Para tanto, procedeu-se uma abordagem dedutiva do tema, por meio da pesquisa bibliogr?fica de vi?s hist?rico-comparativo, para, depois de tecer um panorama sobre a origem e o desenvolvimento do problema, investigar-se, na evolu??o hist?rica e no universo dos tipos penais constitu?dos por estes elementos normativos formulados negativamente, a exist?ncia de um crit?rio para a an?lise individualizada das formula??es negativas no ?mbito do tipo, delimitando o dolo e a proibi??o. Desse modo, tal crit?rio permite uma nova leitura acerca do erro sobre os elementos normativos formulados negativamente, no ?mbito das descriminantes putativas t?picas, permitindo a aplica??o do Direito, nestes casos, mais pr?xima da consci?ncia exigida do agente no momento do fato.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-14T13:35:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 438287.pdf: 659033 bytes, checksum: 74536bb270173b92a486ff2c17575495 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-28 / IgG anti-dsDNA antibodies are associated to lupus nephritis. Recent data suggest that IgM isotype is nephroprotector. We evaluated the frequency of IgG anti-dsDNA in patients with Systemic lupus erythemathosus (SLE) and its relation between IgG/IgM proportion and clinical manifestations of the disease. This transversal study included 137 SLE patients according to traditional criteria (92.5% female, 79.5% Caucasian) and 58 SLE individual (93.1% female, 81% Caucasian) selected by positivity for IgG anti-dsDNA. IgG and IgM anti-dsDNA antibodies were detected by Chrithidiae luciliae indirect immunofluorescence with cut point 1/10 dilution. The presence of IgG anti-dsDNA was associated to the presence of hemolytic anemia, leukopenia/lymphopenia and Complement depletion (p<0.001). Of the 58 patients positive for IgG anti-dsDNA 15 were also positive for IgM anti-dsDNA. The group presenting both isotypes showed significant less frequency of active urinary sediment when compared to isolated IgG anti-dsDNA (6.7% versus 34.9%, p=0.046). IgG/IgM proportion distribution evidenced a trend of higher medians in the presence of arthritis and leukopenia/lymphopenia [4 (2-8) versus 1 (1-2), p=0.070 and 4 (3-8) versus 1 (1-4), p=0.066, respectively]. Summarizing, the frequency of IG anti-dsDNA was relevant in our casuistic. Positive subpopulation for both IgG/IgM isotypes anti-dsDNA was less willing to urinary sediment alterations than IgG anti-dsDNA isolated population. These data suggest a distinct biologic behavior for IgM anti-dsDNA. / Anticorpos IgG anti-dsDNA se associam ? ocorr?ncia de nefrite l?pica. Relatos recentes sugerem que o isotipo IgM anti-dsDNA seja nefroprotetor. Avaliamos frequ?ncia de IgG anti-dsDNA em pacientes com l?pus eritematoso sist?mico (LES), e averiguamos a rela??o entre propor??o IgG/IgM anti-dsDNA e manifesta??es cl?nicas da doen?a. O estudo, transversal, incluiu 137 pacientes com LES de acordo com os crit?rios tradicionais (92,5% mulheres, 79,5% ra?a branca) e uma popula??o de 58 casos de LES (93,1% mulheres, 81% ra?a branca) selecionados por positividade para IgG anti-dsDNA. Anticorpos IgG e IgM anti-dsDNA foram detectados por imunofluoresc?ncia indireta com Crithidia luciliae, com ponto de corte na dilui??o 1/10. A presen?a de IgG anti-dsDNA se associou ? presen?a de anemia hemol?tica, leucolinfopenia e deple??o de Complemento (p<0, 001). Dos 58 pacientes com teste positivo para IgG anti-dsDNA, 15 foram tamb?m positivos para o isotipo IgM. O grupo com ambos os isotipos teve frequ?ncia significativamente menor de sedimento urin?rio ativo quando comparado ao grupo com IgG anti-dsDNA isolado (6,7% versus 34,9%, p=0, 046). A distribui??o da propor??o IgG/IgM anti-dsDNA evidenciou tend?ncia de medianas mais elevadas na presen?a de artrite e leucolinfopenia [4 (2-8) versus 1 (1-2), p=0, 070 e 4 (3-8) versus 1 (1-4), p=0, 066, respectivamente]. Em suma, a frequ?ncia de IgG anti-dsDNA foi relevante em nossa casu?stica. A subpopula??o positiva para ambos IgG e IgM anti-dsDNA foi menos propensa a altera??es de sedimento urin?rio do que aquela com IgG anti-dsDNA isolado. Estes dados sugerem um comportamento biol?gico distinto para o isotipo IgM anti-dsDNA.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:15:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2006- Victor do Espirito Santo Cunha.pdf: 1132781 bytes, checksum: 5edd69d626ede6488b658d61c07e111b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-02-22 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / The objective of this case-control study was to evaluate whether allergenic extracts from five species of house dust mites standardized for humans may be taken into account in the diagnosis of the canine atopic dermatitis. Extracts of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, D. farinae, Blomia tropicalis, Lepidoglyphus destructor and Tyrophagus putrescentiae have been evaluated through intradermal testing on 45 dogs, from which 20 belonged to the control group and 25 suffered from allergic dermatitis. There was a significant difference on the response pattern between the two groups (p<0,05). Only one dog (5%) from the control group has reacted to the intradermal test, whereas from the allergic group, 14 dogs (56%) have presented at least one positive reaction (odds ratio = 24,2). Most of the positive reactions observed in the allergic group were to the extracts of T. putrescentiae or L. destructor, each one inducing reactions on ten dogs (40%). The D. farinae, D. pteronyssinus e B. tropicalis extracts were responsible for positive reactions on 7 (28%), 3 (12%) and 3 (12%) dogs, respectively. The intradermal testing sensitivity and specificity were 56% and 95%, respectively, and the positive predictive value and the negative predictive value were 93% and 63%, respectively. / O presente estudo do tipo caso-controle teve como objetivo avaliar se extratos alerg?nicos de cinco esp?cies de ?caros da poeira domiciliar padronizados para humanos podem ser utilizados no diagn?stico da dermatite at?pica canina. Extratos de Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, D. farinae, Blomia tropicalis, Lepidoglyphus destructor e Tyrophagus putrescentiae foram avaliados atrav?s de testes intrad?rmicos em 45 c?es, dos quais 20 controles e 25 com dermatite al?rgica. Uma diferen?a significativa foi observada no padr?o de respostas entre os dois grupos (p<0,05). Apenas um animal (5%) do grupo controle reagiu ao teste cut?neo, enquanto que no grupo dos al?rgicos 14 c?es (56%) apresentaram pelo menos uma rea??o positiva (odds ratio = 24,2). As maiores freq??ncias de rea??es positivas observadas no grupo dos al?rgicos foram aos extratos de T. putrescentiae ou L. destructor, cada um induzindo rea??es em 10 (40%) c?es. Os extratos de D. farinae, D. pteronyssinus e B. tropicalis foram respons?veis por rea??es positivas em 7 (28%), 3 (12%) e 3 (12%) c?es, respectivamente. A sensibilidade e a especificidade dos testes intrad?rmicos foram de 56% e 95%, respectivamente e, o valor preditivo positivo e valor preditivo negativo de 93% e 63%, respectivamente. .

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:15:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2008- Leonardo Burlini Soares.pdf: 1364725 bytes, checksum: a5a09ed4e869fe7e3a75342f6f3f7d8a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-02-28 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The taxonomic status of ticks of the Rhipicephalus sanguineus group is difficult to be determined by phenotypic methods and has been object of frequent revisions and ongoing debate. The differentiation of species within this group has clinical importance, especially in veterinary medicine due to transmission of different pathogens. The objective of this study was to evaluate de genetic variability of Rhipicephalus sanguineus from different geografic regions of Brazil and fill in some gaps in the species study. This work was conducted in the laboratories of: Ixodology of the W. O. Neitz station for parasitologic research, Molecular Biology and Acarology, of the Departamento de Parasitologia Animal, Instituto de Veterin?ria, da Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro; and in the laboratories of: Genetic and Biochemistry, and Genome of EMBRAPA Agrobiologia (RJ). Mitochondrial DNA (mt-DNA) fragments of R sanguineus from Esp?rito Santo (ES), Goi?s (GO), Par? (PA), Rond?nia (RO), Mato Grosso do Sul (MS), Rio de Janeiro (RJ) e Rio Grande do Norte (RN) were compared. The results showed that fasting larvae, preserved in ethanol, from the different localities presented genotipic variability considering the 12S and 16S mt-rDNA genes. To 12S, the Esp?rito Santo strain presented the highest genetic diversity in comparison with the other brazilian strains; to 16S, the distinction can be given to the Rio de Janeiro strain, which presented the highest divergence values in regarding the other strains. The intraspecific variability detected between the isolates ranged from 0 to 6.6% regarding the 12S gene and from 0 to 2.7% regarding the 16S. On the other hand, a strong genetic relationship was detected between brazilian isolates and asian R. sanguineus (0-5.8% of variability for 12S, and 0-1.3% for 16S) and between the brazilian strains and african Rhipicephalus turanicus (2.2-7.6% of difference to 12S) while R. sanguineus populations from Argentina and Uruguai appeared to be related to French R. sanguineus (identic 12S sequences); considering 16S, R. sanguineus from Israel presented moderate distance from the brazilian isolates (3.6-5.8%). These results showed that the differences between these brazilian isolates are great and to a certain extent greater than should be expected between some of them, and that the systematic of R. sanguineus ticks from Latin America as much as of countries of other continents should be better and more studied. Wide variations, such as these might account for the reported worldwide differences in several biological parameters in this species. / O posicionamento taxon?mico de carrapatos do grupo Rhipicephalus sanguineus ? de dif?cil determina??o por m?todos fenot?picos e tem sido objeto de freq?entes revis?es e debates cont?nuos. A diferencia??o das esp?cies dentro desse grupo ? de import?ncia cl?nica, especialmente em medicina veterin?ria, devido a transmiss?o de diferentes pat?genos. O estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a variabilidade gen?tica de Rhipicephalus sanguineus provenientes de diferentes regi?es geogr?ficas do Brasil e preencher algumas lacunas no estudo da esp?cie. Este trabalho foi realizado nos laborat?rios de: Ixodologia da Esta??o para Pesquisas Parasitol?gicas W. O. Neitz, Biologia Molecular e Acarologia, pertencentes ao Departamento de Parasitologia Animal, Instituto de Veterin?ria, da Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro; e nos laborat?rios de: Gen?tica e Bioqu?mica, e Genoma da EMBRAPA Agrobiologia (RJ). Foram comparados fragmentos de DNA mitocondrial (DNA-mt) de R sanguineus do Esp?rito Santo (ES), Goi?s (GO), Par? (PA), Rond?nia (RO), Mato Grosso do Sul (MS), Rio de Janeiro (RJ) e Rio Grande do Norte (RN). Os resultados mostram que larvas em jejum, preservadas em etanol, das diferentes localidades apresentaram variabilidade genot?pica considerando-se os genes 12S e 16S DNAr-mt. Para o gene 12S DNAr-mt, a amostra do Esp?rito Santo apresentou a maior diversidade gen?tica em compara??o ?s demais amostras brasileiras; j? para o gene 16S DNAr-mt, o destaque pode ser dado ? amostra do Rio de Janeiro, que apresentou os maiores valores de diverg?ncia em rela??o ?s demais seq??ncias. A variabilidade intraespec?fica detectada entre os isolados variou de 0 a 6,6% em rela??o ao gene 12S DNAr-mt e de 0 a 2,7% em rela??o ao 16S DNArmt. Por outro lado, uma forte rela??o gen?tica foi detectada entre os isolados brasileiros e R. sanguineus asi?ticos (0-5,8% de variabilidade para 12S, e 0-1,3% para 16S DNAr-mt) e entre as amostras brasileiras e Rhipicephalus turanicus africanos (2,2-7,6% de diferen?a para 12S) enquanto popula??es de R. sanguineus da Argentina e Uruguai se relacionaram com R. sanguineus da Fran?a (seq??ncias de 12S id?nticas); no tocante ao 16S, R. sanguineus de Israel apresentou moderada dist?ncia dos isolados brasileiros (3,6-5,8%). Esses resultados mostraram que as diferen?as entre esses isolados brasileiros s?o grandes e at? mesmo maiores do que poderia se esperar entre alguns deles, e que a sistem?tica de carrapatos R. sanguineus, tanto da Am?rica Latina quanto de pa?ses de outros continentes deve ser melhor e mais estudada. Amplas varia??es como estas podem justificar as diferen?as mundiais relatadas para diversos par?metros biol?gicos nessa esp?cie.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:16:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2007- Franziska Huber.pdf: 2677706 bytes, checksum: 65e703599b63ae016e9aa85d1752e357 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-02-27 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The objectives of the present study was the genetical characterizations of Cryptosporidium spp. from different hosts, realize the sequencing an phylogenetic analysis, including the deposit in GenBank of the first Cryptosporidium sequences of animal origin, from Brazil. There were obtained fecal samples, containing Cryptosporidium oocysts from chiken, ducks, quails and Guinea pigs from a public market localized in Rio de Janeiro city, from dairy calfs maintained at a farm localized in the same city and from dogs and cats maintained at a shelter localized in the city of Nova Igua?u. For the analysis was utilized the Nested-PCR of the extracted DNA from 200&#956;l of fecal suspension. For primary identification of Cryptosporidium species was realized RFLP with enzymes SspI and VspI. DNA samples were sequenced and phylogenetic analysis were conducted. There were diagnosed and sequenced C. baileyi infecting two ducks (DQ855339 and DQ885340) and one quail (DQ885335) and C. melagridis infecting one chicken (DQ885341). The sequences obtained form Cryptosporidium infecting Guinea pigs received accession numbers DQ885337 and DQ885338, both sequences were not identified with known Cryptosporidium species due to the great genetic distance between them and those already available at GenBank, suggesting that it may be a new genotype or species. Parasitizing cats was diagnosed C. felis (DQ885336) and in one dog C. canis (DQ885334). One sample of C. parvum of calf origin was sequenced and received accession number DQ885333. During analysis of RFLP pattern of the nested- PCR product from 18Sr DNA was stated that only C. baileyi has a characteristic digestion pattern. Other Cryptosporidium species should be digested by several other enzymes, for a accurate diagnosis. At phylogenetic analysis was found a greater genetic distance between C. felis and C. canis from Brazil when compared to the reference sequences obtained from GenBank. Based on the phylogenetic groupings, a possible new species of Cryptosporidium from Guinea Pigs calls attention for the existence of new species even in common pet animals. As is the case of the Guinea Pig. The sequences obtained in this study are the first Brazilian sequences of C. baileyi, C. meleagridis, C. felis, C. canis and C. parvum deposited in GenBank. / O presente trabalho teve por objetivo caracterizar geneticamente as esp?cies de Cryptosporidium oriundos de v?rios hospedeiros, realizar o seq?enciamento e an?lises filogen?ticas, incluindo o dep?sito das primeiras seq??ncias brasileiras de Cryptosporidium spp. de origem animal no GenBank. Foram obtidas amostras fecais contendo oocistos de Cryptosporidium de pintos, patos, codornas e porquinhos da ?ndia comercializados num mercado municipal da cidade do Rio de Janeiro, de bezerros de uma propriedade voltada ? produ??o leiteira localizada no mesmo munic?pio e de gatos e c?es de um abrigo para animais localizado no munic?pio de Nova Igua?u. Para as an?lises foi utilizado Nested-PCR do DNA extra?do a partir de 200&#956;l de solu??o fecal. Foi realizada RFLP dos produtos obtidos no Nested-PCR, utilizando-se as enzimas SspI e VspI, para uma identifica??o preliminar das esp?cies de Cryptosporidium presentes. As amostras de DNA foram seq?enciadas e an?lises filogen?ticas foram conduzidas. Foram diagnosticados e sequenciados C. baileyi infectando dois patos (DQ855339 e DQ885340) e uma codorna (DQ885335) e C. melagridis infectando um pinto (DQ885341). As seq??ncias dos Porquinhos da ?ndia receberam os n?meros de acesso DQ885337 e DQ885338, sendo que ambas as seq??ncias n?o puderam ser identificadas como esp?cie conhecida de Cryptosporidium, devido ? grande dist?ncia gen?tica entre elas e aquelas j? depositadas no GenBank, sugerindo que se trate de um gen?ptipo ou esp?cie nova. Parasitando os gatos foi diagnosticado C. felis (DQ885336) e em um c?o C. canis (DQ885334). Uma das amostras de C. parvum de bovinos foi seq?enciada, sendo depositada no GenBank sob n?mero de acesso DQ885333. Durante as an?lises dos s?tios de corte enzim?tico dos produtos da Nested-PCR do gen 18Sr DNA, a ?nica esp?cie que realmente possue padr?o de corte caracter?stico ? C. baileyi. As demais esp?cies de Cryptosporidium deveriam ser submetidas ? a??o de outras enzimas, para um diagn?stico acurado. Nas an?lises filogen?ticas foi observada uma dist?ncia gen?tica maior entre C. felis e C. canis isolados no Brasil quando comparados ?s seq??ncias do GenBank. Com base nos dados apresentados pelo agrupamento filogen?tico, uma poss?vel nova esp?cie chama a aten??o ? presen?a de esp?cies desconhecidas de Cryptosporidium, mesmo em animais comuns de estima??o, como ? o caso do Porquinho da ?ndia. Estas s?o as primeiras seq??ncias de C. baileyi, C. meleagridis, C. felis, C. canis e C. parvum do Brasil depositadas no GenBank.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:17:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2008 - Cleia Maria Monteiro da Cunha.pdf: 485275 bytes, checksum: a4db2d06d84a6f336975955e4fb1bd45 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-10-09 / Streptococcus agalactiae, also referred as group B streptococci (GBS) are commensals microorganisms adapted to asymptomatic colonization of the mammalians gut and genitourinary tract. Initially, this specie was recognized as a major etiologic agent for bovine mastitis but has becoming a leading cause of invasive infections in human neonates. The reasons behind the prompt and persistent emergence of GBS neonatal disease have not been completely elucidated, once human and bovine GBS populations are assumed be distinct and unrelated by divergence on their own physiological characters. Aiming to contribute for the characterization of the two S. agalactiae sub-populations that are in a proximal coexistence in the Rio de Janeiro state, this study evaluated phenotypic and genotypic diversity aspects of regional groups of GBS. The first made up of 50 isolates obtained from human specimens whilst the other group was constituted of 36 isolates from milk of dairy cows presenting clinical or sub clinical mastitis. Phenotypic characterization was based on physiological and serological tests, antimicrobial susceptibility assays were carried out by the disk standard procedure and microdilution method. The genetic aspect was assessed by PCR for detection of genes associated with resistance to tetracycline. According to the results of physiologic tests, &#946;-hemolysis was a faculty shared by about 28% of bovine isolates and 100% of human isolates. GBS bovine isolates also shows different profile of sensitivity to bacitracin, only 33% of them were susceptive to the antibiotic, regardless of the whole human isolates set had demonstrated a 100% susceptive pattern to this substance. A 100% sensitivity percentual to penicillin was shared by all isolates assayed in this study corroborating the general procedure for antibiotic therapy of GBS infection. Otherwise, and in an overall view, bovine isolates showed higher resistance rates to a set of antibiotics, including cephoxitin, erytromicin, clyndamicin, sulphamethoxazole, azithromycin and ciprofloxacin than in their human counterparts. In a similar sense, it was observed in this study that 13,9% of the animal GBS isolates expressed cMLSB and 2,8 % M phenotypes. The M phenotype was expressed in 6% of the human related isolates as the unique MLSB parameter. Genetical assays performed detected 13,8% (5/36) and 14% (7/50) for tet (M), and 30,5% (11/36) and 10% (5/50) for de tet (O), respectively, in bovine and human isolates. These genes are implicated in tetracycline resistance by ribosome protection mechanism through enzymatic structural modification. / Os Streptococcus agalactiae, tamb?m designados como estreptococos do grupo B (EGB), s?o microrganismos comensais adaptados para fazer a coloniza??o assintom?tica do tubo digestivo, e do trato geniturin?rio de mam?feros. Inicialmente, reconhecida como um dos mais importantes agentes etiol?gicos da mastite bovina, esta esp?cie foi tamb?m implicada como uma das principais causas de infec??es invasivas em rec?m-nascidos humanos. As raz?es para a r?pida e consistente evolu??o do EGB como importante agente causal de infec??es neonatais ainda n?o foram completamente elucidadas, uma vez que as subpopula??es de EGB nos isolados de humanos e bovinos s?o independentes e distintas com base no reconhecimento da diversidade de suas caracter?sticas fisiol?gicas. Com o objetivo de contribuir para a caracteriza??o das duas subpopula??es de S. agalactiae que coexistem no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, este estudo avaliou aspectos da diversidade gen?tica e fenot?pica de dois grupos de EGB regionais, sendo o primeiro composto por 50 isolados obtidos a partir de esp?cimes cl?nicos humanos, e o segundo constitu?do por 36 isolados a partir de leite de vacas leiteiras com ind?cios de mastite cl?nica ou subcl?nica. A caracteriza??o fenot?pica dos isolados foi baseada em testes sorol?gicos e fisiol?gicos, testes de suscetibilidade antimicrobiana realizados com t?cnica padronizada para utiliza??o de disco de difus?o e pelo m?todo de microdilui??o. O aspecto gen?tico foi avaliado pela aplica??o de PCR para detec??o de genes associados ? resist?ncia ? tetraciclina. Os testes fisiol?gicos demonstraram que a capacidade de promover &#946;-hem?lise era uma caracter?stica partilhada por cerca de 28% dos isolados a partir do material de natureza bovina, mas que manifestava-se em todos os isolados de origem humana. Os isolados de EGB bovinos tamb?m mostraram um perfil diferente quanto ? sensibilidade ? bacitracina, uma vez que apenas 33% delas se revelaram suscet?veis a esse antibi?tico contra 100% de sensibilidade para os isolados de origem humana. O percentual de 100% de sensibilidade ? penicilina demonstrado por todos os isolados analisados neste estudo, tamb?m corrobora a import?ncia do uso desse antibi?tico como procedimento geral na terapia de infec??es por EGB. De uma forma geral, neste estudo foi observado que os isolados originados de material bovino demonstraram percentuais de resist?ncia ao conjunto de antibi?ticos analisados (cefoxitina, eritromicina, clindamicina, sulfametoxazol, azitromicina e ciprofloxacina) superiores aos observados em isolados de material humano. Foi tamb?m observado que 13,9% dos isolados de EGB animais examinados expressaram o fen?tipo cMLSB e 2,8% o fen?tipo M. O fen?tipo M foi o ?nico par?metro MLSB expresso entre os isolados de S. agalactiae humanos, com um percentual de 6%. Quanto ? presen?a de genes de resist?ncia a tetraciclina entre as subpopula??es de EGB, detectou-se percentuais de 13,8% (5/36) e 14% (7/50) para tet(M), e 30,5% (11/36) e 10% (5/50) para tet(O), respectivamente, nos isolados bovinos e humanos avaliados. Estes genes est?o implicados na resist?ncia ? tetraciclina por um mecanismo prote??o ribossomal, pela altera??o estrutural mediada por a??o enzim?tica. Palavras-chave: Streptococcus agalactiae, caracteriza??o fenot?pica, gene tet

<b>Background:</b> Individuals with intellectual disabilities (ID) have a higher prevalence of comorbid psychiatric disorders and challenging behaviours compared to the general population. Though less common, one area of concern among those with ID is pica (the ingestion of inedible substances). To date, there is little knowledge of pica, particularly with respect to its risk factors and social consequences. The closure of Ontario's three remaining facilities by 2009 underscores the importance of having knowledge of complex behaviours such as pica for improving supports and services in the community for these individuals. The aim of this study is to better understand the characteristics and support needs of adults with ID and pica. This study is comprised of a quantitative and qualitative component. <b>QUANTITATIVE STUDY</b> <b>Objectives:</b> To investigate the prevalence, risk factors, social and medical characteristics of pica. To determine how pica is managed in terms of hours of supervision, receipt of interventions, and psychotropic medication. <b>Methods:</b> Secondary data analysis was performed on two samples as part of cross-sectional study: 1008 persons with ID from Ontario's facilities and 420 community-dwelling adults with ID from southwestern Ontario. All persons had been assessed using the interRAI Intellectual Disability (interRAI ID)?a comprehensive and standardized instrument that measures a variety of domains for support planning. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were restricted to the facility sample due to the small size of persons with pica in the community. <b>Results:</b>The overall prevalence of pica was 22. 0% and 3. 3% in the facilities and the community, respectively. Logistic regression analysis showed that being male, cognitive functioning, autism, and being non-verbal were associated with a higher odds of having pica, whereas activities of daily living (ADL) was a protective factor. A quadratic relationship was observed between cognitive function and pica: the risk of pica increased with severity of cognitive impairment up to moderate to severe levels of impairment and then diminished among those with very severe cognitive impairment. Behaviour management, self-care skills, and 8 hours or more of one-to-one supervision were more likely to be provided to persons with pica. Compared to persons without pica, persons with pica had higher rates of being prescribed antipsychotic medication. Surprisingly, pica was not associated with higher rates of gastrointestinal health problems, with the exception of acid reflux. The negative social outcomes of pica, however, were many: pica was associated with higher odds of not having a strong and supportive relationship with family, lack of contact with family or other close relations, and absence of participation in social and recreational activities. <b>QUALITATIVE STUDY</b> <b>Objective:</b> To determine the support needs of adults with ID and pica from the perspective of direct-care staff of facility and community settings. <b>Methods</b>: Through two focus groups, the perspectives of four staff from Huronia Regional Centre (HRC), and six staff from community agencies from southwestern Ontario were examined. Transcripts were analyzed thematically for factors that facilitated or hindered the management of pica. <b>Results:</b> Qualitative data revealed three categories that underpinned reduction in pica: preventative measures (environmental controls, close supervision, and the provision of alternative activities), formal supports, and familiarity with the individual. On the other hand, inadequate staff support, lower functioning level of the individual, and lack of knowledge acted as barriers to managing and reducing pica. These barriers were associated with persons participating in fewer recreational activities and community outings, and in some cases the use of mechanical restraints. Barriers specific to each setting in the management of pica were also illuminated. Staff in both settings tended to be self-sufficient and isolated in managing this complex behaviour. <b>Conclusions:</b> Results suggest that attention should be equally paid to the potential social consequences of pica rather than solely to its health risks. Higher staff to client ratios, and training and education for staff to provide more active support to promote individuals' engagement in recreational activity and community integration is needed. Key recommendations also focus on educating and training staff on the risk factors and appropriate management of pica. Improving the collaboration and knowledge exchange among developmental service agencies is also recommended to enhance the management of pica among caregivers. Lastly, the community at large needs education on pica to foster more inclusive community living for those with ID.

Problem behaviours occur in approximately 10 to 15% of individuals with intellectual disabilities and these behaviours most often include aggression and self-injury. Families who support young adults with multiple disabilities and problem behaviour at home often experience costs to their psychological, physical, financial and emotional wellbeing. Respite care evolved to allow families short breaks from care giving and to support families in looking after their family members at home. Furthermore, problem behaviour severely limits opportunities for individuals with multiple disabilities to interact adaptively with their environments and develop positive behaviour skills that increase the possibility of living independently in their adult years. The present study aimed first to demonstrate the utility of functional analysis of problem behaviour in respite care, and then, to reduce food stealing and pica exhibited by a young adult with multiple disabilities attending a respite care centre. Following a functional analysis that indicated food stealing and pica had the probable function of hunger reduction, two positive behaviour support plans were developed. These interventions, conducted at the respite centre three days a week by centre staff, involved strategies to teach the participant to sign “eat” in New Zealand Sign Language (NZSL) to gain access to food and increase accessibility of food in the environment to reduce pica. The results showed that introducing the NZSL sign reduced food stealing to near zero within three weeks and pica was eliminated following the combined approach of functional communication training and antecedent manipulation. Use of the communicative sign was maintained at follow-up and food stealing remained at near zero, while pica remained at zero one-month following the intervention.