Since its appearance in Europe, the trial by jury had to travel a long path until it became the official procedure to try criminal cases in the United States. Although it was not really created with that specific purpose, over the years it experienced memorable moments in which it was granted with the prestige and value required to be inserted in the Constitution of that country, as a safeguard against the arbitrariness of the governmental power. Today, however, the great importance that it had in the past has significantly decreased. The needs and practices of a system with a particularly high rate of convictions have relegated and transformed it into a real endangered specie. The following article describes and explains its birth and rise, as well as its subsequent virtual disappearance due to the not so efficient as dangerous guilty pleas. / Desde su aparición en Europa, el juicio por jurados tuvo que recorrer un largo camino para convertirse en el método oficial de juzgamiento de casos penales en los Estados Unidos. A pesar de que no fue creado exactamente con esa finalidad, tuvo varios momentos memorables durante su desarrollo que le otorgaron el prestigio y valor necesarios para insertarse en la Constitución de ese país como una garantía frente al abuso del poder. Hoy, sin embargo, la gran importancia que alguna vez tuvo ha quedado atrás. Las necesidades y prácticas propias de un sistema con una altísima tasa de condenas han terminado por relegarlo, convirtiéndolo en una verdadera especie en peligro de extinción. El siguiente artículo describe y explica el nacimiento y auge de los juicios por jurados para causas penales y su posterior virtual desaparición a manos de los no tan eficientes como peligrosos acuerdos negociados de condena.

The common law right of the accused to be protected against double jeopardy recently acquired constitutional status in South Africa. Although South African courts previously applied this rule in various procedural contexts, there has been very little critical discussion of the values on which the rule is based. Nor have all contexts in which the rule should be applied been recognised. In the light of the new constitutional dispensation, it has become necessary to identify and analyse the values which determine the application of the rule. This thesis addresses the treatment of various aspects of double jeopardy in other constitutionally·grounded jurisdictions. Double jeopardy jurisprudence in the jurisdictions of England, Canada, India, Germany and the federal system of the United States of America is considered on a comparative basis. The historical origin and development of the rule are considered first. This is followed by an assessment of the current application of the rule in the various jurisdictions. The study demonstrates that South African courts have relied largely on outdated principles derived from English common law, rather than applying the rule by focusing on the values that underlie the rule. This approach has become unacceptable in the new constitutional dispensation, inter alia, because a teleological, value·orientated interpretative approach has been adopted by the Constitutional Court. This thesis indicates which of the principles that developed in foreign constitutional double jeopardy jurisprudence may be of value in developing an appropriate body of South African constitutional double jeopardy principles. Proposals are made for future implementation of the rule in various procedural contexts. These suggestions include constitutional interpretation, legislative amendment and re·evaluation of various common law principles of criminal procedure / Criminal and Procedural Law / LL.D. (Criminal & Procedural Law)

Role of Plea Bargainingin the US The aim of this thesis is to explain to the reader the term Plea Bargaining, to explain the principles of this legal institute and its role in the penal system of the United States of America. The Author does not only describe the Plea Bargaining, but also analyses the institute thoroughly, accenting its positive and negative aspects, considering the point of view of the particular participants of the process. Last but not least, the thesis contains the author's critical evaluation. The institute of Plea Bargaining appears in the common law system from the second half of the nineteenth century, while evincing a quantitative growth in the long term. Currently, it is being used in the absolute majority of penal proceedings, and a change in this trend can in no way be expected in the closest future - therefore, this institute shall be considered as absolutely indispensable for the law of the United States of America. Despite its wide use, its application also gives rise to negative emotions. Relatively often, there are opinions appearing, questioning its legitimacy and legality, for Plea Bargaining is not regulated in the statute law and is not only directly contrary to the Constitution of the United States of America, but also to multiple international treaties on...

O cuidado em liberdade de pessoas cumprindo medida de segurança no contexto de um CAPS III, tema do presente trabalho, inscreve-se num ponto de tensão entre as concepções da Reforma Psiquiátrica brasileira e as questões pertinentes às pessoas em conflito com a lei. O tema não tem acúmulo de conhecimentos, conforme evidenciado pela pesquisa bibliográfica. Este estudo demonstra como um sujeito cumprindo medida de segurança é acompanhado num serviço comunitário de saúde mental e sustenta a argumentação do direito ao cuidado em liberdade. Os objetivos são: conhecer como um CAPS III da Cidade de São Paulo se organiza para cuidar de uma pessoa cumprindo medida de segurança e quais os efeitos do cuidado para a vida dessa pessoa. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa que utiliza o Estudo de Caso como procedimento metodológico para a apreensão e compreensão dos dados empíricos. O marco teórico que norteia este estudo é a desinstitucionalização como estratégia de produção de direitos. São 13 (treze) os sujeitos do estudo entrevistados utilizando-se a entrevista semi-estruturada. O material empírico submetido à análise temática resultou nas categorias empíricas: 1) Narrativa da história de vida do Emanuel; 2) Processos de Trabalho em Saúde Mental; 3) Dispositivo para o cuidado em liberdade: o CAPS; 4) A Necessária Formação do Trabalhador da Saúde Mental. Resultados: na análise temática dos discursos foram identificados o objeto complexo do cuidado e suas necessidades, os agentes dos distintos processos de trabalho, os instrumentos e as finalidades destes processos de trabalho, ou o objeto transformado, isto é, um sujeito atravessado, tocado e interferido pelo cuidado. O CAPS é o lócus onde os processos de trabalho se organizam para dar conta das necessidades do objeto de cuidado, utilizando como instrumentos de intervenção: escuta, afeto, grupos, pintura, atendimentos individuais, equipe de referência, conhecimentos técnicos, projeto terapêutico singular e o projeto de geração de trabalho e renda na perspectiva da Economia Solidária. Aspectos positivos e negativos do processo de trabalho aparecem nos discursos, que revelam como os sujeitos entendem o CAPS, a constituição do projeto institucional do serviço, como o avaliam, a ações intersetoriais que o caso demandou e as questões da interface com a Justiça. Identificou-se nos discursos dos agentes dos processos de trabalho a necessidade de formação para a prática cotidiana do cuidado e preocupação com a questão da violência: como intervir e como prevenir. As informações específicas das pessoas em conflito com a lei também são abordadas no discurso dos entrevistados que evidenciam grande lacuna nesta área. Depreende-se dos discursos que a construção do Projeto Terapêutico Singular neste serviço pauta-se na construção de estratégias que visam responder às necessidades das pessoas, conforme as diretrizes das políticas públicas de saúde mental e da Reforma Psiquiátrica brasileira. As pessoas em conflito com a lei apresentam uma necessidade que é específica, particular, de agenciamento de possibilidade de defesa. Outros sujeitos podem demandar outras necessidades e os serviços, para serem efetivos, têm que atender todo mundo: têm que saber agenciar recursos para quem chega. / The care of people after a pleading insanity is made in freedom and can be done in a Mental Health Center (CAPS III), that is the theme of this master, and its a tension point at the conceptions of the brazilian Psychiatric Reform and people who have conflicts with the law. Theres no enough and significant accumulation of knowledge about this theme as the bibliography shows. This study can be used to make understandable as a person after the plea of insanity is followed in a treatment system in a community service of mental health. The goals: to know how a Mental Health Center of the city of São Paulo is organized to take care of people after a plea of insanity and what are the effects for this person. Its a qualitative study that uses the Study of Case as methodological procedure for the apprehension and understanding of the empirical data. The theoretical reference that guides this study was the deinstitutionalization as strategy for the production of rights. The 13 (thirteen) people of the study were interviewed, using a interview semi-structured. The empirical material after thematic analyzes showed: 1) Narrative of Emanuels life story; 2) work processes in mental health 3) A service for the treatment in freedom: the CAPS; 4) The necessary graduation of the worker in Mental Health. Results: In the Thematic Analyzes of the speech were identified: the complex object of care and its needs, the agents of the distinct processes of work, the instruments and its purposes of work processes: a person crossed, touched and interfered for the care. The CAPS is the setting where the work processes are organized to give support of the needs of this work object, and it uses instruments for intervention: as the listening, affection, groups, painting, individual consults, reference team, technic knowledge, Individual Therapeutic Projects and a project to generate employment and income in view of the Solidarity Economy. Positive and negatives aspects of the work process are also found in the speeches, what also shows that the people understand the CAPS, and the law of the institutional design of the service, such as assessing, the intersectoral actions demanded that are issues of interface with the justice. Were found in the speeches of the CAPS employees the need of studying to the daily practices of care and the concern with the violence matter: how the make an intervention and prevention. The specific information of people in debit with law are given also in the speeches of people that reveal a big gap in this area. People in conflict with the law have a need that is specific, particular, the possibility of defense. Other people can demand other needs and the services, for been effective, have to attend everybody: they need to be able to give resources for those arriving.

Magister Legum - LLM

Plea-bargaining and sentencing agreement is a worldwide phenomenon. Most of the jurisdictions more particularly in the so-called developed countries have adopted and incorporated into their criminal justice system the concept of plea-bargaining and sentence agreement. Same has properly been legislated and documented. In the United States for example, more than 80 per cent of the criminal matters are disposed of through plea-bargaining between the prosecution authority and the defendants. This system of disposing of criminal matters through plea-bargaining and sentence agreement has saved states resources and saved courts’ time. Although the system causes the accused to face a dilemma whenever he or she is supposed to make a choice between waiving his or her constitutional right to trial and pleading guilty. The plea-bargaining system has proved itself in many jurisdictions to be very efficient particularly in completing criminal cases without inordinate delays / Mini Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2019. / Government of Botswana / Procedural Law / LLM / unrestricted

The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa guarantees every person a fair trial; the right to a fair trial right trial must begin and conclude within a reasonable time and without undue delay. Internationally the same guarantees and protections are available to unconvicted suspects. However, the South African criminal justice system lacks behind internationally and falls short of promoting these guarantees. Investigation was done on delays in commencing and finalising trials in light of constitutional provisions, the consequence and the impact of the delay with discussion on prison conditions and overcrowding with reference to the Constitutiton, legislation and case law. Delayed trial, prison overcrowding and poor prison conditions are still an issue in South Africa and there needs to be positive change to enforce and practice prescribed directives. South Africa‟s justice system through its servants, need to do more to gain a higher status of having a constitutionally democratic country that fully promotes‟ rights of detainees. / Criminal & Procedural Law / LLM

The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa guarantees every person a fair trial; the right to a fair trial right trial must begin and conclude within a reasonable time and without undue delay. Internationally the same guarantees and protections are available to unconvicted suspects. However, the South African criminal justice system lacks behind internationally and falls short of promoting these guarantees. Investigation was done on delays in commencing and finalising trials in light of constitutional provisions, the consequence and the impact of the delay with discussion on prison conditions and overcrowding with reference to the Constitutiton, legislation and case law. Delayed trial, prison overcrowding and poor prison conditions are still an issue in South Africa and there needs to be positive change to enforce and practice prescribed directives. South Africa‟s justice system through its servants, need to do more to gain a higher status of having a constitutionally democratic country that fully promotes‟ rights of detainees. / Criminal and Procedural Law / LLM

L’analyse des procédures de reconnaissance préalable de culpabilité en droit français et en droit anglais peut, de prime abord, sembler poser un certain nombre de difficultés. En effet les modèles inquisitoire et accusatoire de justice pénale, de par leurs spécificités, ne paraissent se prêter que difficilement à une telle étude comparée. Cependant cette affirmation n’est plus à l’heure actuelle, en raison notamment de la construction européenne, entièrement exacte. Les modèles de justice pénale dans la plupart des Etats de droit ne répondent plus à la dichotomie initialement posée et tendent progressivement à converger vers un modèle commun au sein de procédures pénales mixtes fondées essentiellement sur les principes du contradictoire et du procès équitable. C’est dans ce contexte qu’il convient de se pencher sur la notion de reconnaissance préalable de culpabilité. Celle-ci tend à s’affirmer au gré des réformes législatives, devenant ainsi un véritable outil de politique criminelle visant à davantage d’efficacité de la procédure pénale, par une plus grande célérité dans le traitement des affaires pénales. Toutefois, en France comme en Angleterre, le recours croissant aux procédures de reconnaissance préalable de culpabilité nécessite une modification structurelle et organisationnelle de la justice pénale. En conséquence et s’agissant de l’évolution globale des systèmes de justice pénale, une tendance générale se profile érigeant l’autorité des poursuites au rang de pivot central du processus judiciaire. Des garanties doivent donc être offertes afin de conserver une procédure pénale d’équilibre, à la fois efficace et légitime. / The analysis of guilty plea procedures, in French and English laws, seems, on a prima facie ground, to raise some issues. The inquisitorial and the accusatorial model of criminal justice do not, due to their respective specificities, easily leave a breathing space for any comparative study. Yet, taking into account the European expansion, this assertion does not remain, nowadays, entirely true. Models of criminal justice, in most States governed by the rule of law, do not longer meet the initial dichotomy and gradually tend to be unified towards a standard model within “mixed” criminal justice systems essentially based on the adversarial and fair trial principles. In this perspective, the notion of pre guilty plea needs to be clarified. This notion asserts itself alongside with legislative reforms, thus becoming a genuine tool of criminal policy aiming at a better efficiency in the criminal process through a more prompt handling of criminal offences. Nevertheless, both in France and in England, the increasing resort to pre-guilty plea procedures requires a structural and organisational modification of criminal justice. As a consequence and regarding the global evolution of criminal justice systems, a general tendency has emerged introducing Public Prosecution authorities as the linchpin of the process. Safeguards should be provided in order to maintain a well-balanced criminal justice process, both efficient and legitimate.

During the 1990s Yugoslavia and Rwanda were swept by wars accompanied by serious violations of international humanitarian law. Grave and severe crimes wiped away lives and destroyed properties. The United Nations Security Council determined that the violations committed constituted threats to international peace and security, declaring itself empowered to take action. It established international ad hoc criminal tribunals for Yugoslavia and Rwanda with the mandate of prosecuting individuals responsible for those crimes as an enforcement measure under Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter. Investigating the tribunals’ effectiveness enables one to assess whether they achieved the anticipated outcomes based on the tribunals’ mission, goals, and objectives without creating other problems. The research relies on naturalism and positivism to put the tribunals in a moral and ethical perspective. By examining how the tribunals were established, their objectives, the investigation and prosecution processes, the reliance on guilty plea and judicial notice and the imputation of criminal responsibility by applying joint criminal enterprise and command responsibility doctrines; the study argues that prosecution has not been an effective tool as contemplated by the Security Council. An analytical and comparative review of various domestic and international legal resources helped to provide an insightful approach for an effective prosecution of international crimes. Credible, legitimate and legal judicial institutions in which professional judges and prosecutors discharge their function independently, impartially and are accountable may achieve justice for the victims of international crimes. Ad hoc tribunals failed to thoroughly investigate and assume the dual role of prosecution. They conveniently used legal procedural tools that fit petty domestic crimes; unfortunately demeaning the magnitude of international crimes of concern. Criminal responsibility was mostly imputed without properly scrutinising the legality, extent, actual participation and guilty mind of the alleged perpetrators. Effectiveness should be a value assessment. Imposed and overburdened ad hoc tribunals are inappropriate and should be abandoned. / Public, Constitutional, & International / LLD