Cette recherche a été initiée à partir des constats suivants : les étudiants en soins infirmiers français réussissent en majorité à achever leurs scolarités en dépit d’un vécu de stress important durant celles-ci, les conduisant parfois au burnout. Grâce à une approche exploratoire avec en premier une revue de littérature puis une enquête auprès de 30 participants à l’aide d’entretiens semi-directifs analysés de manière thématique, nous avons étudié ces phénomènes sous l’angle de la vulnérabilité et de la résilience. D’une part, les principaux résultats nous permettent de confirmer que la formation infirmière place l’individu dans une situation de vulnérabilité conjoncturelle. Les facteurs personnels de vulnérabilité soulignés sont entre autres : le processus de transformation identitaire opérant lors de la scolarité, les enjeux dus à un apprentissage durant la jeunesse (alterner formation et premier travail d’étudiant, apprendre à s’autogérer dans un premier appartement, s’éloigner pour la première fois du cocon familial, etc.) ou plus tard dans la vie adulte (revenir à un statut financier plus précaire, se faire encadrer par des plus âgés que soi, assumer son rôle de parent en plus de celui de ses travaux d’étudiants, etc.). Les principaux facteurs de vulnérabilité liés à l’environnement sont : la mesure difficile de l’écart entre l’idéal et la réalité, le vécu émotionnel durant l’apprentissage en stage auprès des patients, des encadrants sur le terrain souvent en souffrance dans leur travail et dont la relation pédagogique avec l’apprenti est détériorée. Les symptômes qui en découlent vont d’un simple stress, à des angoisses, des insomnies, ou encore une perte d’espoir par exemple. Ces symptômes sont parfois l’expression d’un syndrome de stress post-traumatique ou d’un burnout. D’autre part, l’enquête a révélé que des processus résilients peuvent être observés pendant les études. D’un point de vue des facteurs de protection, l’apprentissage en lui-même et des pédagogues soutenants favorisent le processus de mentalisation. Des mécanismes de défense sont également activés durant la formation comme l’altruisme lors de la relation d’aide ou l’affiliation au cours des nombreux temps de partage entre pairs. Des tuteurs potentiels de résilience à la disposition des étudiants ont été identifiés : les apprenants entre eux, les formateurs, les directeurs, les cadres de santé/maître de stage, les infirmiers, les aides-soignants et des psychologues. Nous avons identifié leurs caractéristiques comme la bienveillance dont ils font preuve, le rôle de garant de la loi, de l’éthique et de la déontologie… Enfin, nous avons analysé les nouveaux éléments apportés par cette recherche et nous les avons éclairés par des investigations complémentaires dans la littérature. Nous avons notamment comparé les publications internationales sur les risques de burnout des étudiants en soins infirmiers. Nous avons approfondi la principale caractéristique de leurs tuteurs de résilience qui est ressortie de notre enquête : la compassion. Enfin, nous avons envisagé le suivi pédagogique et l’analyse de pratique professionnelle comme deux séquences d’apprentissage permettant d’accompagner la résilience. / The vast majority of French nursing students succeed in their studies despite having experienced stress factors, that can often be associated or, indeed, lead to burnout. We conducted a literature review followed by a semi-structured interview of 30 nursing students. The aim was to explore the concepts of vulnerability and resilience and how nursing students use these to succeed in their studies. Our main results confirm that nursing training places students in a situation of temporary vulnerability. Personal factors of vulnerability identified were: the stakes due to learning during the youth or later in adult life and the process of identity. The main factors of vulnerability relating to the environment were; the difficulty in measuring the gap between the ideal and reality, the emotional experience with the patient during their placement and establishment of difficult relationships with supervisors, who are often suffering in their work. The main consequences observed were stress, anxiety, insomnia, or loss of hope. These symptoms are sometimes the expression of post-traumatic stress disorder or of a professional burnout.On the other hand, the survey revealed that resilient processes can be observed during the studies. The main protective factors identified in the study that gave the students resilience were ; learning in oneself and supportive teachers, which allows the mentalization process. Defense mechanisms are also activated during training. Altruism in the supportive relationship both with mentors and the camaradery formed with fellow students were particularly evident amongst the interview responses. Potential sources of resilience identified were: student groups, trainers, directors, health managers / supervisors, nurses, nursing aides and psychologists. In summary, we have analyzed the new elements that this research has shown and compared to previous studies that have been conducted about the risk of among nursing students. We identified the main characteristic of their resilience tutors that emerged from our investigation: compassion. Finally, we considered the pedagogical follow-up and the analysis of professional practice as the two sequences of learning to promote resilience.

Le sol possède un capital naturel qui lui confère la capacité à produire des services écosystémiques aussi bien culturel que de régulation ou d’approvisionnement, il est indispensable à la Vie telle que nous la connaissons et au développement des activités humaines. Cependant les activités anthropiques et les pollutions, notamment par les éléments traces métalliques (ETMs) tel que le mercure (Hg), perturbent les sols et modifient en profondeur l’organisation des écosystèmes. Face à ces enjeux, des projets de remédiation et de gestion des sites et sols pollués se sont multipliés durant les dernières décennies en vue de futures ré-exploitations de ces sols. Cette thèse s’inscrit dans le cadre des projets ANR-BIOFILTREE et EC2CO FREIDI-Hg gérés par le laboratoire Chrono-Environnement. Mes travaux ont permis l’exploration de la diversité des communautés de microorganismes associées à une plantation de peuplier sur un site contaminé par le Hg et géré par phytomanagement, via les approches combinées de séquençage à très haut débit et par l’approche culture dépendante. Ces méthodes combinées ont permis de révéler i) la diversité des communautés bactériennes et fongiques de la peupleraie ; ii) les groupes de microorganismes particulièrement résistant au Hg (Trichoderma et Pseudomonas) ; et iii) des bactéries promotrices de croissance des plantes (PGPB). Par ailleurs, la compréhension des mécanismes cellulaires liés à l’accumulation de Hg par les microorganismes a été un de mes sujets d’étude en partenariat avec le LIEC (Université de Lorraine). Les modèles eucaryotes Saccharomyces cerevisiae et Podospora anserina ont été utilisés pour tester le rôle potentiel de certains transporteurs d’ions dans l’entrée du Hg dans les cellules fongiques. Les résultats ont montré que le transporteur de magnésium Alr1 situé sur la membrane plasmique pourrait participer au transport du Hg. En outre, une approche de transcriptomique chez Saccharomyces cerevisiae après une courte exposition au Hg des souches mutantes et sauvages a été mise en œuvre. Pour conclure, ce travail de thèse ambitionne d’être un travail de référence pour les futurs projets de phytomanagement en milieux contaminé par le Hg, qui met en avant les communautés de microorganismes et leurs rôles fondamentaux. / Soil has a natural capital that gives it the capacity to produce ecosystem services, cultural as well as regulation or supply, it is essential to the Life as we know it and the development of human activities. However, anthropogenic activities and pollution, in particular by trace elements (ETs) such as mercury (Hg), disrupt the soil and modify in depth the organization of ecosystems. Facing these challenges, remediation and management projects for polluted sites and soils have emerged during the last decades with a view to future re-exploitation of these soils. This thesis is part of the ANR-BIOFILTREE and EC2CO FREIDI-Hg projects managed by the Chrono-Environnement laboratory. My Ph-D work explored the diversity of microorganism communities associated with a poplar plantation at a Hg-contaminated site managed by phytomanagement, combining approaches such as very high-throughput sequencing and conventional culture-based techniques. These combined methods revealed i) the diversity of the bacterial and fungal communities of the poplar plantation; ii) the groups of microorganisms particularly resistant to Hg (Trichoderma and Pseudomonas); and iii) plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB). In addition, understanding the cellular mechanisms related to the accumulation of Hg by microorganisms was one of my objectives carried out in collaboration with the LIEC (University of Lorraine). The eukaryotic models Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Podospora anserina were used to test the potential role of some ion transporters in the entry of Hg into fungal cells. The results showed that the magnesium transporter Alr1 located on the plasma membrane could participate in the transport of Hg. In addition, a transcriptomic approach in Saccharomyces cerevisiae after a short exposure to Hg of mutant and wild strains has been implemented. To conclude, this work aims to be a reference work for future phytomanagement projects in Hg-contaminated environments, which highlights micro-organism communities and their fundamental roles.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T18:57:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 4754.pdf: 2758448 bytes, checksum: d835472f08e0eb0186e418b47de028a5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-08-02 / The endophytic microorganisms inhabit the interior of the plants, being found in organs and tissues such as leaves, stems and roots without causing disease or producing visible external structures. The endophytic community consists mainly of bacteria and fungi that unlike pathogens, can benefit the plants, however, depending on conditions such as interaction between bacterial communities, competition for nutrients, it can become pathogenic. The endophytic community has been evaluated in many plants, especially in studies with diazotrophic bacteria. In this study, endophytic bacterial diversity of leaves, stems and roots of physic nut (Jatropha curcas) were studied using morphologic, physiological, biochemical and molecular markers, such as 16S rDNA. The samples were disinfected (removing epiphytic microorganisms), macerated and serially diluted to obtain the suspensions that were inoculated into culture media selective for diazotrophic microorganisms. The plates were incubated at 30°C for seven days. Forty-six colonie s were isolated, with 19 in the leaves, 11 in the stems and 16 in the roots. DNA of these endophytic bacteria purified was isolated, purified and the Y1-16S805 portion of the 16S rRNA gene was amplified and sequenced. Analysis of sequence identity were made by the programs BLASTn, CLUSTALW and phylogenetic analyzes by MEGA5. The roots showed greater diversity of endophytic microorganisms, with seven of the eight genera identified. In the leaves and in the stem, six genera were identified, respectively. In leaves, the exception was the genus Salmonella and Serratia. In the stem, Serratia, and in the roots more than one species of the genera Acinetobacter were found. The genera Bacillus and Burkholderia were found more frequently in all regions sampled. The genus Bacillus in the leaves, stems and roots accounted 20, 4 and 4%, respectively, of the total endophytic microorganisms identified. From the total isolates of the genus Bacillus, 73% belonged to the species B atrophaeus, B. brevis and B. sphaericus, the other 27% belonged to group B. cereus. These results suggest that the endophytic bacteria diversity of physic nut is large. Microorganisms identified in this work have potential for growth promotion, biological control and nitrogen fixation, as they were isolated in selective media with low concentration of nitrogen, in addition there are reports in the literature about the benefits of them for different plants. / Os microrganismos endofíticos habitam o interior das plantas, sendo encontrados em órgãos e tecidos como folhas, caules e raízes sem causar doenças ou produzir estruturas externas visíveis. A comunidade endofítica é constituída principalmente por bactérias e fungos que ao contrário dos patogênicos, podem beneficiar as plantas, entretanto, dependendo das condições como interação entre comunidades bacterianas, competição por nutrientes, pode se tornar patogênica. A comunidade endofítica tem sido avaliada em muitas plantas, principalmente nos estudos com bactérias diazotróficas. No presente estudo, a diversidade bacteriana endofítica de folhas, colmos e raízes do pinhão manso (Jatropha curcas) foram estudadas utilizando marcadores morfológicos, fisiológicos, bioquímicos e molecular do tipo 16S rDNA. As amostras foram desinfectadas para eliminar os microrganismos epifíticos, maceradas e diluídas em série para a obtenção das suspensões, que foram inoculadas em meios de cultura seletivos para microrganismos diazotróficos. As placas foram incubadas a 30°C por sete dias. Quarenta e seis colônias de bactérias endofíticas purificadas foram isoladas sendo 19 nas folhas, 11 no caule e 16 nas raízes. O DNA dessas estirpes foi isolado, purificado e a porção Y1-16S805 do gene 16S rRNA foi amplificada e sequenciada. Análises de identidade das sequências foram feitas pelos programas BLASTn, CLUSTALW e análises filogenéticas pelo MEGA5. As raízes apresentaram maior diversidade de microrganismos endofíticos, com sete dos oito gêneros identificados. Nas folhas e no caule foram identificados seis gêneros, respectivamente. Nas folhas, a exceção foi os gêneros Salmonella e Serratia, no caule Serratia, já nas raízes foi o gênero Acinetobacter. Os gêneros Bacillus e Burkholderia foram encontrados com maior frequência em todas as regiões amostradas. O gênero Bacillus nas folhas, caule e raízes representou 20, 4 e 4%, respectivamente, do total de microrganismos endofíticos identificados. Do total de isolados do gênero Bacillus, 73% pertenciam as espécies B atrophaeus, B. brevis e B. sphaericus, os outros 27% pertenciam ao grupo B. cereus. Esses resultados sugerem que a diversidade bactériana endofítica do pinhão manso é grande. Os organismos identificados nesse trabalho têm potencial para promoção de crescimento, controle biológico e fixação de nitrogênio, por serem isolados em meios seletivos com baixa concentração de nitrogênio, além de existirem relatos na literatura sobre os benefícios dos mesmos para diferentes plantas.

Submitted by Poliana Aparecida Leonel Rosa null (polianaleonelrosa@gmail.com) on 2017-04-04T03:34:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 VERSÃO FINAL_Poliana Ap. Leonel Rosa_Dissertação.pdf: 3347566 bytes, checksum: 9b918c91b6a4dd812d9bb8b953ccd1ce (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luiz Galeffi (luizgaleffi@gmail.com) on 2017-04-12T14:36:10Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 rosa_pal_me_ilha.pdf: 3347566 bytes, checksum: 9b918c91b6a4dd812d9bb8b953ccd1ce (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-12T14:36:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 rosa_pal_me_ilha.pdf: 3347566 bytes, checksum: 9b918c91b6a4dd812d9bb8b953ccd1ce (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-15 / Gramíneas inoculadas com Azospirillum brasilense apresentam sistema radicular mais desenvolvido o que favorece a maior absorção de nutrientes e água, dessa maneira a extração de nutrientes durante o ciclo do milho, crescimento e produtividade da cultura podem ser maiores. Porém, a resposta a esta inoculação pode variar conforme a afinidade da bactéria com o genótipo da planta. Neste sentido, objetivou-se avaliar o acúmulo de matéria seca, extração de nutrientes e o índice de clorofila foliar (ICF) em diferentes estádios fenológicos, exportação de nutrientes pelos grãos, componentes de produção e produtividade de grãos de híbridos de milho inoculados ou não com A. brasilense. O experimento foi desenvolvido em Selvíria - MS, em um Latossolo Vermelho Distrófico em sistema plantio direto. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso com 4 repetições, dispostos em um esquema fatorial 2 x 2, sendo dois híbridos de milho (DKB 390 VT PRO e DKB 350 VT PRO), inoculados ou não com A. brasilense na semente (200 mL ha-1 de inoculante líquido contendo as estirpes AbV5 e AbV6). Procedeu-se também a análise de regressão em esquema de parcela subdividida com 4 repetições, em que as parcelas foram constituídas pelos 4 tratamentos descritos acima, e as subparcelas por 6 épocas de coletas de plantas (V4, V8, R1, R2, R4 e R6), para avaliação do ICF, acúmulo de matéria seca e extração de nutrientes. A inoculação com A. brasilense propiciou maior acúmulo de matéria seca de raízes e total. O máximo acúmulo total nos híbridos de milho de N, P, Ca, Mg, S, Cu e Zn ocorre no estádio R4, de K, B, Fe e Mn entre os estádios R2 e R4 e o pico de ICF no estádio R1. Contudo, dependendo do nutriente e híbrido de milho, a inoculação com A. brasilense pode antecipar ou atrasar o máximo acúmulo do nutriente. Independemente do híbrido e da inoculação com A. brasilense, a extração de nutrientes por plantas de milho em ordem decrescente foi de N>K>Ca>P>Mg>S>Fe>Mn>Zn>Cu>B, enquanto a exportação foi N>K>P>Mg>S>Ca>Zn>Fe>Mn>Cu>B. As plantas de milho inoculadas extraíram e exportaram maiores quantidades de macronutrientes comparada as não inoculadas, com exceção do S e do Ca. Estas também extraíram maiores quantidades de Fe e Mn, e exportaram maiores quantidades de Fe, Mn e Zn. O híbrido triplo inoculado se destacou com as maiores exportações relativas de nutrientes. A inoculação com A. brasilense pode contribuir de maneira mais sustentável com a biofortificação agronômica deste cereal. Os híbridos de milho inoculados com A. brasilense foram 18% mais produtivos em grãos que os não inoculados. / Grasses inoculated with Azospirillum brasilense have root system more developed which favors the greater uptake of nutrients and water, thus the extraction of nutrients during the corn crop cycle, growth and crop productivity can be increased. However, the response to this inoculation may vary depending on the affinity of the bacterium with plant genotype. The objective of this study was to evaluate the accumulation of dry matter, nutrients extraction and foliar chlorophyll content (ICF) in different phenological stages, nutrients removal by grains, production components and grain yield of corn hybrids inoculated or not with Azospirillum brasilense. The experiment was developed in Selvíria - MS, in an Oxisol Dystrophic under no - tillage system. A randomized block experimental design was used with four replications in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement as follows, two corn hybrids (DKB 390 VT PRO and DKB 350 VT PRO), with or without seed inoculation with A. brasilense (200 mL ha-1 inoculant containing strains AbV5 and AbV6). Regression analysis was performed in a split-plot scheme with 4 replications, where the plots were constituted by the 4 treatments described above, and the sub-plots for 6 planting seasons (V4, V8, R1, R2, R4 and R6) for leaf chlorophyll index, dry matter accumulation and nutrient extraction. Inoculation with A. brasilense resulted in a greater accumulation of root dry matter (29% increase in root DM) and total dry matter. The maximum total accumulated in corn hybrids of N, P, Ca, Mg, S, Cu and Zn occurs at the R4 stage, of K, B, Fe and Mn between stages R2 and R4, and peak of ICF at R1 stage. However, depending of the nutrient and corn hybrid, inoculation with A. brasilense can anticipate or delay the maximum accumulation of nutrient. Regardless of the hybrid and the inoculation with A. brasilense, nutrient extraction by corn plants in descending order was N> K> Ca> P> Mg> S> Fe> Mn> Zn> Cu> B, while export was N> K> P> Mg> S> Ca> Zn> Fe> Mn> Cu> B. The inoculated maize plants extracted and exported larger quantities of macronutrients compared to those not inoculated, except for S and Ca. These also extracted larger amounts of Fe and Mn, and exported larger amounts of Fe, Mn and Zn. The triple inoculated hybrid stood out with the highest relative exports of nutrients. The inoculation with A. brasilense can contribute in a more sustainable way with the agronomic biofortification of this cereal. The hybrids of corn inoculated with A. brasilense were 18% more productive in grains than those not inoculated.

Submitted by CARLOS HENRIQUE BARBOSA SANTOS null (carlosufrb@hotmail.com) on 2017-10-18T12:25:03Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Carlos_Henrique_Barbosa_Santos.pdf: 953644 bytes, checksum: 56603e75ff2fec6f11d766aa8ee7d73a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luiz Galeffi (luizgaleffi@gmail.com) on 2017-10-23T17:35:43Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 santos_chb_dr_jabo.pdf: 953644 bytes, checksum: 56603e75ff2fec6f11d766aa8ee7d73a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-23T17:35:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 santos_chb_dr_jabo.pdf: 953644 bytes, checksum: 56603e75ff2fec6f11d766aa8ee7d73a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-09-05 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A utilização de microrganismos promotores do crescimento de plantas (MPCP) tem sido aceita como alternativa a redução do uso de adubos químicos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar dois métodos de encapsulamento de diferentes MPCP para verificar o estabelecimento destes microrganismos no solo e, consequentemente, o efeito do uso dos MPCP no crescimento de mudas de espécies frutíferas. O inóculo microbiano continha as seguintes espécies: Azospirillum brasilense, Burkolderia cepacia, Bacillus thuringienses, B. megaterium, B. cereus, B. subtilis, Tricoderma spp. e Isolado 411. As espécies frutíferas avaliadas foram: Myrciaria cauliflora (DC.) O. Berg (jabuticaba); Myrciaria glazioviana (Kiaersk.) G. Barros & Sobral (cabeludinha); Myrciaria dubia (Kunth) Mc Vaugh (camu-camu); Eugenia brasiliensis Lam. (grumixama); Diospyros kaki L. (caqui); Garcinia brasiliensis Mart. (bacupari); Annona muricata L. (graviola); Duguetia lanceolata A. St. – Hil. (pindaíba); Chrysophyllum cainito L. (caimito); Anacardium occidentale L. (caju); Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl. (nêspera) e Litchi chinensis Sonn. (lichia). O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado (DIC), em esquema fatorial 3 (controle, alginato de sódio e argila) x 2 (presença e ausência de inóculo microbiano) com cinco repetições (uma muda por repetição). As mudas foram mantidas em 50% de iluminação à temperatura média de 22,5°C, durante noventa dias, sendo avaliada a altura da planta, diâmetro do colo, massa seca da parte aérea e de raiz, atividade enzimática da desidrogenase, determinação do amônio e nitrato, fosfato solúvel em bicarbonato, carbono da biomassa microbiana e número total de bactérias. O diâmetro do caule para as mudas de M. dubia foi maior quando não se utilizou os MPCP, sejam eles encapsulados ou não. A presença de MPCP, independentemente do encapsulante utilizado, promoveu melhor desenvolvimento das mudas de caimito (altura, diâmetro do caule e massa seca de raiz) e de lichia (diâmetro do caule e massa seca da planta). Desta forma, os MPCP favorecem o crescimento das mudas destas espécies. A atividade microbiana no substrato não foi influenciada pela adição de microrganismos encapsulados. Os agentes encapsulantes argila e alginato de sódio, com ou sem inóculo microbiano, podem modificar a atividade enzimática da desidrogenase, o nitrogênio e o carbono da biomassa microbiana no solo, porém são dependentes da espécie frutífera cultivada. / The use of plant growth promoting microorganisms (PGPM) has been accepted as an alternative to reduce the use of chemical fertilizers. The objective of this study was to evaluate two methods of encapsulation of different PGPM to verify the establishment of these microorganisms in the soil and, consequently, the effect of PGPM on the growth of seedlings of fruit species. The microbial inoculums contained the species: Azospirillum brasilense, Burkolderia cepacia, Bacillus thuringienses, B. megaterium, B. cereus, B. subtilis, Tricoderma spp. and Isolado 411. The fruit species evaluated were: Myrciaria cauliflora (DC.) O. Berg; Myrciaria glazioviana (Kiaersk.) G. Barros & Sobral; Myrciaria dubia (Kunth) Mc Vaugh; Eugenia brasiliensis Lam.; Diospyros kaki L.; Garcinia brasiliensis Mart.; Annona muricata L.; Duguetia lanceolata A. St. – Hil.; Chrysophyllum cainito L.; Anacardium occidentale L.; Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl. and Litchi chinensis Sonn. The experimental design was a completely randomized, in a factorial arrangement 3 (control, sodium alginate and clay) x 2 (presence and absence of microbial inoculum) with five replicates (one seedling per replicate). Seedlings were maintained in 50% illumination at an average temperature of 22.5 °C for ninety days, and evaluated for plant height, diameter, root shoot and stem dry shoot, enzymatic activity of dehydrogenase, determination of ammonium and nitrate, bicarbonate soluble phosphate, carbon of the microbial biomass and total number of bacteria. The stem diameter of M. dubia seedlings was higher when PGPM was not used, either encapsulated or not. The presence of PGPM, regardless the encapsulant used, promoted a better development of C. cainito (height, stem diameter and root dry mass) and L. chinensis (stem diameter and plant dry mass) seedlings. In this way, the PGPM favor the growth of the seedlings of these species. Microbial activity in the substrate was not influenced by the addition of encapsulated microorganisms. The encapsulating agent clay and sodium alginate, with or without microbial inoculum, may modify the enzymatic activity of the dehydrogenase, the nitrogen and the carbon of the microbial biomass in the soil, but are dependent on the cultivated fruit species.

Orientador: Samia Maria Tauk-Tornisielo / Banca: Sandra Regina Ceccato Antonini / Banca: Regina Teresa Rosim Monteiro / Banca: Antonio Ismael Bassinelo / Banca: Carlos Renato Corso / Resumo: Nas usinas, no início da safra, a obtenção de matéria-prima de boa qualidade é maximizada com a aplicação de fitorreguladores, os quais aumentam o teor de sacarose da cana-de-açúcar. Em áreas onde eles são aplicados, tem se observado melhor desenvolvimento e perfilhamento das plantas. Avaliou-se aqui o efeito da aplicação dos fitorreguladores Ethrel e Moddus sobre o crescimento da cana-de-açúcar, de forma direta e indiretamente, através da modificação da microbiota rizosférica. Além disso, objetivou-se também avaliar o uso de rizobactérias, isoladas dos experimentos com fitorreguladores, para o biocontrole de doenças e seus possíveis mecanismos de ação. Os efeitos dos fitorreguladores sobre os microrganismos do solo foram avaliados em meios de cultura acrescidos de Ethrel e Moddus em concentrações de 0 a 1000 ppm. Estes fitorreguladores foram aplicados via foliar e via solo para análise do desenvolvimento da cana-de-açúcar (variedades RB72454, RB835486 e RB855156) em casa-de-vegetação, utilizando-se solo sem tratamento e tratado com brometo de metila. Após dez meses, foram avaliadas a brotação, altura e matéria seca da parte aérea e das raízes das plantas cultivadas. Rizobactérias foram isoladas dos solos contidos nos vasos e avaliadas in vitro quanto à capacidade de controle de fungos fitopatogênicos (Thielaviopsis paradoxa, Fusarium spp. e Hendersonina sacchari), e in vivo, quanto à capacidade de promoção de crescimento de plântulas de cana-de-açúcar. Alguns mecanismos de ação das rizobactérias foram também estudados, como produção de ácido indol acético, ácido cianídrico, sideróforos e solubilização de fosfato inorgânico. Constatou-se que as populações de fungos foram mais sensíveis à adição dos fitorreguladores do que outros grupos de microrganismos, com redução...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: For sugar and alcohol industries, at the start of harvesting, to obtain good quality raw material is potentially possible with the application of plant regulators, which have a role in natural sugar cane maturation, increasing sucrose content. In areas where they have been applied, better plant development and shooting have been observed. The aim here was to evaluate the application of plant regulators Ethrel and Moddus on sugar cane growth, not only in a direct way, but also indirectly, through the modification of rhizosphere microorganisms. Besides, this work also aimed the evaluation of rhizobacteria isolated from the experiments using plant regulators upon the disease biocontrol and their action mechanisms in this respect. The effects of plant regulators upon the soil microorganisms were verified in culture media where Ethrel and Moddus were added in concentrations ranging from 0 to 1000 ppm, while the effects of these substances (applied in leaves and in soil) upon the sugar cane development (varieties RB72454, RB835486 and RB855156) were surveyed in greenhouse, using soil without treatment and treated with methyl bromide. After a ten-month period, the experiments were finished, and sprouting, height and aerial part and root dry matter were analyzed. Soil samples were taken from the pots for rhizobacteria isolation, which were evaluated initially in vitro regarding their ability to control plant pathogenic fungi (Thielaviopsis paradoxa, Fusarium spp. and Hendersonina sacchari), and in vivo, regarding their ability to promote sugar cane growth. Some action mechanisms were also studied, as indol acetic acid, cyanide acid and siderophore production and inorganic phosphate solubilization. It was verified that the fungi populations were more sensitive to the addition of plant regulators than other microorganisms, reducing their colony-forming unit (CFU)...(Complete abstract, click electronic access below) / Doutor

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo, a partir do referencial teórico e metodológico da Análise do discurso e da Psicanálise, correlacionar o papel social da televisão ao funcionamento subjetivo. Para isso enfoca um dos discursos que é mais predominante na televisão: a publicidade de autopromoção. Quando a televisão brasileira surgiu ela promovia um imaginário nacional/nacionalista, evidenciado no presente texto através da análise discursiva do Hino da Televisão, executado na inauguração da TV Tupi em 1950. Análise que partiu de um paralelo entre a função ideológica do nacionalismo e a função do estádio do espelho e, consequentemente da dimensão imaginária do Eu para a constituição dos sujeitos. Atualmente, o imaginário globalizado/globalizante promovido pela televisão nacional está marcado pela trajetória do poder hegemônico da emissora que é a metáfora desse ideário: a Rede Globo. A partir de uma revisão bibliográfica fez-se o histórico do percurso que levou a Rede Globo a ser uma das principais beneficiárias do projeto de integração nacional promovido pela Ditadura Militar; bem como o desenvolvimento das pesquisas de opinião/audiência pela emissora, que impulsionaram a pesquisa de mercado e a publicidade nacionais. O trabalho propõe uma análise discursiva da publicidade de autopromoção da Rede Globo a partir dos seguintes slogans institucionais da emissora: Globo e você, tudo a ver (1991-1997), Um caso de amor com o Brasil (1998), Um caso de amor com você (1998), A gente se vê por aqui (2001-2011) e A gente se liga em você (2011-atual). Desde o início, e nos mais diferentes momentos históricos, a propaganda de autopromoção buscou propagandear as emissoras (e, por consequência, a própria televisão) como representantes do Brasil, como espelho no qual o Brasil pode (ou deveria) se reconhecer. No caso dos dois slogans utilizados durante o ano de 1998 pela Rede Globo, busca-se estabelecer uma relação tanto metafórica, quanto metonímica, entre você (telespectador) e Brasil. A análise proposta busca evidenciar o que isso pode significar para a economia psíquica do sujeito, uma vez que a metáfora e a metonímia, tal como as entende a psicanálise lacaniana, são os mecanismos pelos quais o desejo inconsciente funciona. Por fim, aprofunda-se a análise do slogan Globo, A gente se vê por aqui, propondo que esse slogan foi usado ao longo de uma década inteira porque conseguiu condensar no mesmo enunciado, por um lado, a forma como se dá a interpelação ideológica no âmbito específico de espetáculo; e por outro, a fantasia na qual os sujeitos colocam a si mesmo em sua própria transparência, vendo-se e mostrando-se uns aos outros através do espelho do espetáculo, e que fundamenta a ligação libidinal dos sujeitos nessas sociedades. O aqui, de A gente se vê por aqui visa apagar a diferença entre estar aqui e aí, como se Globo e você pudessem estar no mesmo plano. Tornando-se o semblante que ocupa o lugar do Outro nas sociedades do espetáculo, a televisão busca estratégias que (imaginariamente) eliminem a distância do sujeito em relação ao Outro, reforçando a ilusão de autonomia dos sujeitos. / The present study aims to correlate the social role of television with the subjective functioning, based on theoretical and methodological background of Discourses Analysis and Psychoanalysis. For this purpose, this work focuses on one of the most prevailing discourses in television: self-promotion advertising. When Brazilian television arrived, it used to promote a nationalist imaginary. This is highlighted in this text through discourse analysis of Hino da Televisão, performed on the inauguration of TV Tupi in 1950. Analysis are based on a parallel between nationalism and the mirror stage function and, consequently, the imaginary dimension of the Self on subject constitution. Currently, the globalized/globalizer imaginary promoted by national television is marked by the trajectory of hegemonic power of the station which is a metaphor for this ideology: Rede Globo. A historical path was traced from a review of literature, showing how Rede Globo became one of the main beneficiaries of the national integration project promoted by the military dictatorship and how the stations audience and opinion polls propelled market research and national advertising. This study proposes a discursive analysis of self-promotion advertising of Rede Globo, based on the stations institutional slogans: Globo e você, tudo a ver (Globo and you, everything in common; 1991-1997), Um caso de amor com o Brasil (A love affair with Brazil; 1998), Um caso de amor com você (A love affair with you; 1998), A gente se vê por aqui (We meet up here; 2001-2011), A gente se liga em você (We are linked to you; 2011-present). Since its beginning and in different moments in history, self-promotion advertising and, consequently, television itself intended to show the stations as Brazils representatives, as a mirror in which Brazil could (or should) recognize itself. In both slogans Rede Globo used in 1998, they intend to establish a metaphorical and metonymical relationship between you (viewer) and Brazil. The proposed analysis aims to evince what it may imply to psychical economy of the subject, once metaphor and metonymy (as lacanian psychoanalysis understands them) are the mechanisms through which the unconscious desire works. Lastly, going further on the analysis of the slogan A gente se vê por aqui (We meet up here), the study suggests it was used for a whole decade because it could condense two aspects in the same wording. On the one hand, the way ideological interpellation comes about in the specific scope of spectacle. On the other hand, the fantasy in which subjects put themselves in their own transparency (seeing and showing themselves to each other through the spectacle mirror) and that underlies libidinal bounding of subjects in these societies. The here in We see each other here intends to erase the difference of being here and there, as if Globo and you could be in the same plan. Television seeks strategies to (imaginarily) eliminate the distance of the subject in relation to the Other, becoming the face that fills the place of the Other in societies of the spectacle, thus reinforcing the illusion of subjects autonomy.

Magister Artium - MA / Language diversity continues to create a language barrier to international tourism. Tourists from non-English speaking countries face a language barrier in South Africa and this affects their experiences in the country. Measuring and understanding something of this challenge is the purpose of this study. The focus is on how the tourism industry in Cape Town uses languages to sell and promote the city internationally. The study investigates procedures, strategies, and policies adopted by the tourism industry in Cape Town to cater for tourists from across the world. In addition, the study also investigates how tourists from non-English speaking countries adapt linguistically to cope with their stay in Cape Town. The study targeted both tourism organisations and international tourists who use tourist facilities in most popular tourist areas in Cape Town. Both primary and secondary data were collected. Convenience sampling was used to select both tourism service providers and tourists. To enhance validity, reliability, and accuracy, various tools have been deployed to collect the data. Primary data were collected from both tourism service providers and international tourists using questionnaires, interviews, photographs and observations. Secondary data collection involved observations of public signage as well as analysis of electronic and printed promotional materials such as brochures, guidebooks, menus, newspapers and websites. Collected data were captured in spread sheets to enable descriptive analysis of tourists’ languages and of language use in tourism organisations in different of forms of niche tourism in Cape Town. Survey results reveal that a little more than half of all surveyed tourism organisations in Cape Town sell and promote their products using only South African languages including English whilst a minority sell and promote their products using English coupled with foreign languages. The majority of multilingual staff in those surveyed tourism organisations who have adopted multilingualism are working part-time or employed temporarily. In addition, results also indicate that English dominates other languages in public signs and printed and electronic promotional publications used by surveyed tourism organisations in Cape Town. Foreign languages are used most in tour operations and travel agencies sector whilst South African languages dominate in accommodation and restaurants sectors. On the other hand the research shows that a big proportion of foreign tourists in Cape Town were able to speak English and other foreign languages. The research shows that the majority of tourists from non-English speaking countries are more interested in learning foreign languages compared with their counterparts from English speaking countries. Only less than a quarter of all surveyed tourists from non-English speaking countries in Cape Town are monolingual in their home languages. These tourists struggle to communicate with service providers in Cape Town. Translators and gestures were used by non-English speaking tourists as a way of breaking down communication barriers in Cape Town. Contrarily, a big proportion (two thirds) of all surveyed tourists from English speaking countries in Cape Town does speak only English. Foreign tourists in Cape Town speak tourism service providers’ language rather than tourism service providers speaking tourists’ languages. The majority of tourism service providers in Cape Town are reluctant to learn foreign languages and to employ multilingual staff. This means that most tourism organisations sell and market their product in English only. Other South African languages such as Afrikaans and Xhosa are used frequently in informal communication in the ourism industry in Cape Town. Seemingly, Afrikaans dominates Xhosa in all forms of tourism except in township tourism where the majority of service providers are Xhosa-speakers. To market and promote Cape Town internationally, the tourism industry in Cape Town should employ multilingual staff who can communicate in tourists’ native languages. Multilingualism should be practised in all tourism sectors rather than in one or few sectors because all tourism sectors compliment each other in meeting customer’s satisfaction. Failure in one tourism sector may affect other tourism sectors’ performance. / South Africa

The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of a Technology Outreach Programme on Public Understanding of Science, Engineering and Technology (PUSET). The study further intended to give feedback to the management of the Tsebo Koloing Technology Outreach Programme, to assist them to make an informed decision with regard to the continuation, termination or revision of the existing programme, which represent a major investment of resources. It was also foreseen that the findings of this study could contribute towards the design and successful implementation of similar PUSET programmes elsewhere. To facilitate the understanding of the problem statement of this study, an evaluation framework based on the Context-Input-Process-Product (CIPP) model of Stufflebeam, Madaus&Kellaghan, (2000) was applied. The research was carried out at four secondary schools that were considered disadvantaged situated in townships near Pretoria, South Africa. Secondary school learners and science and technology teachers, who visited the Tsebo Koloing programme, as well as members of the executive committee of the programme, participated in the study. This study provided valuable insight into the understanding of the effects of the TK programme on learners and teachers in schools (particularly in a developing nation context) who visited the programme and how the extent to which the programme created and promoted PUSET furthermore this study emphasized the importance of programme evaluation and proper planning of S&T outreach programmes with regard to needs assessment; identification of target groups; programme design; programme development and content; as well as programme implementation and evaluation. Although valuable information was obtained from this research, there is still scope for further research on how to evaluate the effects of S&T programmes on PUSET as well as research on the effectiveness of mobile S&T programmes. / Dissertation (MEd (Assessment and Quality Assurance in Education and Training))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Curriculum Studies / MEd / unrestricted

This paper presents the proposal of healthy universities as an approach to health promotion feasible and necessary to work in higher education institutions. It exposes its definition and basic features, the steps to facilitate proper implementation and a historical review about the existing projects in universities of America and Europe. In Peru, there are several initiatives,among which the work of the Consortium of Universities and currently the start of thePUCP Healthy Program at the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru. Finally, it is done abrief review of the work implemented to date by this program. / Se presenta la propuesta de universidades saludables como un enfoque de promoción de la salud viable y necesario a trabajar en las instituciones de educación superior. Se expone su definición y características básicas, los pasos necesarios para facilitar su implementación adecuada y una reseña histórica acerca de los proyectos existentes en universidades de América y Europa. En el Perú existen varias iniciativas, entre las que destaca el trabajo realizado por el Consorcio de Universidades y, actualmente, el inicio del programa PUCP Saludable en la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Finalmente, se realiza una reseña sobre el trabajo realizado a la fecha por este programa.