Long term supporting schemes for photovoltaic (PV) system installation have led to accommodating large numbers of PV systems within load pockets in distribution grids. High penetrations of PV systems can cause new technical challenges, such as voltage rise due to reverse power flow during light load and high PV generation conditions. Therefore, new strategies are required to address the associated challenges. Moreover, due to these changes in distribution grids, a different response behavior of the distribution grid on the transmission side can be expected. Hence, a new equivalent model of distribution grids with high penetration of PV systems is needed to be addressed for future power system studies. The thesis contributions lie in three parts. The first part of the thesis copes with the PV modelling. A non-proprietary PV model of a three-phase, single stage PV system is developed in PSCAD/EMTDC and PowerFactory. Three different reactive power regulation strategies are incorporated into the models and their behavior are investigated in both simulation platforms using a distribution system with PV systems. In the second part of the thesis, the voltage rise problem is remedied by use of reactive power. On the other hand, considering large numbers of PV systems in grids, unnecessary reactive power consumption by PV systems first increases total line losses, and second it may also jeopardize the stability of the network in the case of contingencies in conventional power plants, which supply reactive power. Thus, this thesis investigates and develops the novel schemes to reduce reactive power flows while still keeping voltage within designated limits via three different approaches: decentralized voltage control to the pre-defined set-points developing a coordinated active power dependent (APD) voltage regulation Q(P)using local signals developing a multi-objective coordinated droop-based voltage (DBV) regulation Q(V) using local signals   In the third part of the thesis, furthermore, a gray-box load modeling is used to develop a new static equivalent model of a complex distribution grid with large numbers of PV systems embedded with voltage support schemes. In the proposed model, variations of voltage at the connection point simulate variations of the model’s active and reactive power. This model can simply be integrated intoload-flow programs and replace the complex distribution grid, while still keepingthe overall accuracy high. The thesis results, in conclusion, demonstrate: i) using rms-based simulations in PowerFactory can provide us with quite similar results using the time domain instantaneous values in PSCAD platform; ii) decentralized voltage control to specific set-points through the PV systems in the distribution grid is fundamentally impossible dueto the high level voltage control interaction and directionality among the PV systems; iii) the proposed APD method can regulate the voltage under the steady-state voltagelimit and consume less total reactive power in contrast to the standard characteristicCosφ(P)proposed by German Grid Codes; iv) the proposed optimized DBV method can directly address voltage and successfully regulate it to the upper steady-state voltage limit by causing minimum reactive power consumption as well as line losses; v) it is beneficial to address PV systems as a separate entity in the equivalencing of distribution grids with high density of PV systems. / <p>The Doctoral Degrees issued upon completion of the programme are issued by Comillas Pontifical University, Delft University of Technology and KTH Royal Institute of Technology. The invested degrees are official in Spain, the Netherlands and Sweden, respectively. QC 20141028</p>

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-31T13:33:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RomeniaGV_DISSERT.pdf: 3190598 bytes, checksum: 478a0cda7a4c2391088f6946ab2c42c1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-15 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The photovoltaics energy has been explored as one of the solutions to the decline in oil production, and environmental worries. However, generating electric energy throw the sun is still considered uncompetitive when considering other sources, because it shows low efficiency and high production costs. Trying to turn it more attractive to the financial point view, sun trackers are been used to increase the photovoltaics system efficiency. Considering it, this work aims to perform a comparative study between a static photovoltaic solar panel and a one axis mobile panel, both installed in Mossoró/RN. The city is located on northeast semi-arid, under high levels of solar radiation, on dry and hot climate regions, achieving high temperatures during day. Initially are discussed concepts related to solar photovoltaics energy, and tracking technologies. Then, are described the control components, sensing and structures used on the photovoltaics systems proposed. Lastly, the analyses about the functioning and comparing study about the performance of the static and mobile system were realized, allowing to conclude that the sun tracker panel showed low gain on the generated power when compared to the static panel / A energia solar fotovoltaica vem sendo explorada como uma das soluções energéticas ao declínio da produção de petróleo, e preocupações ambientais. No entanto, geração de energia elétrica através do sol ainda é considerada pouco competitiva frete à outras fontes, por apresentar baixo rendimento e alto custo de produção. Na tentativa de torna-la mais atrativa do ponto de vista financeiro, rastreadores solares têm sido utilizados a fim de aumentar o rendimento dos sistemas fotovoltaicos. Neste sentido, o presente trabalho tem por objetivo realizar um estudo comparativo entre um painel solar fotovoltaico estático e um painel com mobilidade em um eixo, instalados na cidade de Mossoró/RN. O município em questão está localizado no semiárido nordestino, sob altos índices de radiação solar, em uma região de clima seco e quente, atingindo elevadas temperaturas durante o dia. Inicialmente são abordados conceitos relativos à energia solar fotovoltaica, e tecnologias de rastreamento do sol. Em seguida, descreve-se os componentes de controle, sensoriamento e estruturas utilizadas nos sistemas fotovoltaicos propostos. Por fim, foram realizadas as análises de funcionamento e o estudo comparativo de desempenho do sistema estático e do móvel, que permitiram concluir o que painel com rastreio do sol apresentou baixo ganho médio na potência gerada em relação ao painel fixo

Because of the increasing demand for the provision of energy worldwide and the numerous damages caused by a major use of fossil sources, the contribution of renewable energies has been increasing significantly in the global energy mix with the aim at moving towards a more sustainable development. In this context, this work aims at the development of a general methodology for designing PV systems based on ecodesign principles and taking into account simultaneously both techno-economic and environmental considerations. In order to evaluate the environmental performance of PV systems, an environmental assessment technique was used based on Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). The environmental model was successfully coupled with the design stage model of a PV grid-connected system (PVGCS). The PVGCS design model was then developed involving the estimation of solar radiation received in a specific geographic location, the calculation of the annual energy generated from the solar radiation received, the characteristics of the different components and the evaluation of the techno-economic criteria through Energy PayBack Time (EPBT) and PayBack Time (PBT). The performance model was then embedded in an outer multi-objective genetic algorithm optimization loop based on a variant of NSGA-II. A set of Pareto solutions was generated representing the optimal trade-off between the objectives considered in the analysis. A multi-variable statistical method (i.e., Principal Componet Analysis, PCA) was then applied to detect and omit redundant objectives that could be left out of the analysis without disturbing the main features of the solution space. Finally, a decision-making tool based on M-TOPSIS was used to select the alternative that provided a better compromise among all the objective functions that have been investigated. The results showed that while the PV modules based on c-Si have a better performance in energy generation, the environmental aspect is what makes them fall to the last positions. TF PV modules present the best trade-off in all scenarios under consideration. A special attention was paid to recycling process of PV module even if there is not yet enough information currently available for all the technologies evaluated. The main cause of this lack of information is the lifetime of PV modules. The data relative to the recycling processes for m-Si and CdTe PV technologies were introduced in the optimization procedure for ecodesign. By considering energy production and EPBT as optimization criteria into a bi-objective optimization cases, the importance of the benefits of PV modules end-of-life management was confirmed. An economic study of the recycling strategy must be investigated in order to have a more comprehensive view for decision making.

The aim of this study is to investigate, analyse and evaluate the installed off-grid PV system in Mavuno girls’ secondary school that is located in a rural area in northwest Tanzania. The original motivation behind this study was the rapid degradation of the installed battery bank within less than 3 years. The PV system was installed before the actual operation of the school, so the study aimed to answer a very pressing question which is "What is the actual load profiles in the school?". There was a high need to identify the actual school load profiles to enable several concerned social actors to evaluate the system and to decide for future extensions. Therefore, the study aimed to analyse the implementation of electricity in the school by creating actual load profiles, analysing the system performance versus the users’ needs and evaluating the sustainability and utilization of implementation. The study followed a multi-disciplinary approach combining the social and technical aspects of PV systems implementation to seek further understanding of the users’ consumption behaviours. It thus included a 1-month of field work in June 2018 during which participant observations and semi-structured interviews together with load measurements were carried out so as to create load profiles that are considering the patterns and deviations in users’ behaviours. During the field work, 2/3 of the students were in holidays so the taken measurements corresponded to the school at 30 % capacity. That is why the study also included 4 days of inverter data logging after the 1-month field work by the technical head of the school to overcome the limitations in held measurements. The observations showed that the actual installed system was slightly different from the documentation. In addition, the local installation practices are not fully appropriate from the technical point of view, and are affected by local social norms, as will be discussed. Besides, the participant observations and held interviews with relevant social actors showed that the daily behaviours of energy users do not exactly follow the school daily routine. Consequently, the social study was important to create actual effective load profiles. The observations and responses from interviews together with measurements were used to categorize the school loads into 29 different units. Those units can be used for current load prioritizations and for future load extrapolations. The created load profiles also represent a useful addition to load databases used by energy researchers who work on similar rural electrification projects. After the field work, several characteristics were calculated by Microsoft Excel such as apparent power consumptions, active power consumptions, battery bank state of charge, load power factor and PV generated energy. The characteristics were used in calculations evaluating the energy balance in the system. The results of held calculations showed that lighting during dark hours accounted for on around 78 % of the logged daily apparent energy use, as it has a low a low average power factor of 0.28. It also showed that some loads if time-bounded, they will significantly decrease the daily energy consumption. The calculations were also used to run PVSyst simulations to evaluate the system sizing which resulted in the recommendation that either the array size should be doubled, or the apparent energy consumption should be decreased to half. The study included suggestions for possible improvements such as decreasing the reactive consumed energy by either replacing the currently used light bulbs with ones that have higher power factor ( ≥0.8 for example) or by installing a capacitive compensation for power factor correction. In addition, it was recommended to quantify the school loads according to their priority or importance and to regulate observed time-unbounded loads such as "pumping water" and "ironing". Lastly, the study discussed how generated electricity is utilized in the school and what opportunities for women empowerment have become potentially possible with the provision of electricity.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-07-27T14:50:55Z No. of bitstreams: 1 carolinaventuripinheiro.pdf: 2690052 bytes, checksum: 1d8da177ba05614f2f5b1f876bebdaa4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-07-27T15:51:51Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 carolinaventuripinheiro.pdf: 2690052 bytes, checksum: 1d8da177ba05614f2f5b1f876bebdaa4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-27T15:51:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 carolinaventuripinheiro.pdf: 2690052 bytes, checksum: 1d8da177ba05614f2f5b1f876bebdaa4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-07 / FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / Uma questão importante para a inserção da geração distribuída (GD) é a confiabilidade e a qualidade de energia fornecida aos consumidores. Este trabalho visa analisar a conexão de um sistema fotovoltaico (PV) e seus efeitos na rede elétrica utilizando simulação em tempo real. O sistema de simulação implementado consiste de sistemas fotovoltaicos, conversores de energia, carga variável e rede elétrica, implementados em um Real Time Digital Simulator (RTDS), enquanto que o controle é executado a partir da plataforma dSPACE, caracterizando uma sistema de simulação do tipo Hardware In the Loop (HIL). Os modelos de carga foram desenvolvidos com base em perfis de demanda reais, a partir de três alimentadores de distribuição diferentes da cidade de Leopoldina, no estado de Minas Gerais. Os dados de medição dos alimentadores foram tomados com um intervalo de 15 minutos, totalizando um tempo de medição de 24 horas. Dados de radiação solar usadas nos modelos PV foi medido no Labsolar - Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, também por um período de 24 horas. O propósito deste estudo é executar uma simulação HIL, combinando RTDS e dSPACE, que é um controlador digital. Com o tempo real é possível investigar o comportamento do sistema com a potência injetada pelo sistema PV, incluindo o controle do inversor utilizado para acoplar os diferentes sistemas fotovoltaicos à rede, em uma modelagem que se aproxima da realidade, com menores custos de implementação e maior segurança. Os resultados mostram uma comparação entre a potência ativa e reativa injetada pelos sistemas fotovoltaicos e a rede, e a energia consumida pelas cargas, validando a estratégia de controle implementada. / An important issue for the integration of Distributed Generation (DG) is the reliability and quality of energy supplied to consumers. This work aims at analyzing the grid connection of a photovoltaic (PV) system and its effects on the electrical network using realtime simulation. The implemented simulation system consists of photovoltaic systems, power converters, variable load and electrical grid, implemented in Real Time Digital Simulator (RTDS) while the control is run from the dSPACE controller, creating a Hardware In the Loop (HIL) platform. The load models were developed based on actual demand profile from three different distribution feeders of the city of Leopoldina, in the state of Minas Gerais. The feeders’ measurement data was taken with an interval of 15 minutes, with a total measurement time of 24 hours. Solar radiation data used in the PV models has been measured at the Solar Laboratory – Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, also for a 24-hour period. The purpose of this study is to perform a HIL simulation, combining RTDS and dSPACE, which is a digital controller. With real-time/ HIL simulation, it is possible to investigate the behavior of the system with the power injected by the PV system, including inverter control used to attach the different photovoltaic systems to the grid, in a model which approaches reality, with low implementation cost and higher safety. Results show a comparison between the active and reactive power injected by the photovoltaic system and network, and the power consumed by the loads, verifying the implemented control strategy.

The grid-connected photo-voltaic (PV) system is one of the most promising renewable energy solutions which offers many benefits to both the end user and the utility network and thus it has gained the popularity over the last few decades. However, due to the very nature of its invariability and weather dependencies, the large scale integration of this type of distributed generation has created challenges for the network operator while maintaining the quality of the power supply and also for reliable and safe operations of the grids. In this study, the behavioral impact of large scale PV system integration which are both steady and dynamic in nature was studied.  An aggregate PV model suited to study the impacts was built using MATLAB/Simulink.  The integration impacts of PV power to existing grids were studied with focus on the low voltage residential distribution grids of Mälarenergi Elnät AB (10/0.4 kV). The steady state impacts were related to voltage profile, network loss. It was found that the PV generation at the load end undisputedly improves the voltage profile of the grid especially for the load buses which are situated at farther end of the grid. Further, with regard to the overvoltage issue, which is generally a concern during the low load demand period it was concluded that, at a 50% PV penetration level, the voltage level for the load buses is within the limit of 103% as prescribed by the regulator excepting for few load buses. The voltage level for load buses which deviate from the regulatory requirement are located at distance of 1200 meter or further away from the substation. The dynamic impact studied were for voltage unbalancing in the grid, which was found to have greater impact at the load buses which is located farther compared to a bus located nearer to the substation. With respect to impact study related to introduction of harmonics to the grid due to PV system integration, it was found that amount of harmonic content which was measured as total harmonic distortion (THD) multiplies with integration of more number of PV system. For a 50 % penetration level of PV, the introduced harmonics into the representative network is very minimal. Also, it was observed from the simulation study that THD content are be less when the grid operates at low load condition with high solar irradiance compared to lower irradiance and high load condition.

Solcellstekniken har funnits sedan lång tid tillbaka och har med en kontinuerlig utveckling vuxit fram till att bli ett rimligt alternativ för kraftförsörjning. Fördelen med solpaneler är dess installationsmöjligheter vilket tillåter installation på outnyttjade ytor så som fasader och tak. Västlänken är ett stort pågående projekt i Göteborg, projektet innefattar byggnation av nya tågstationer och förläggning av ny järnväg. Detta innebär upprättning av nya teknikhus i anslutning till järnvägen. I samband med detta väcker Sweco Sverige frågan om hur takytorna bäst kan användas på dessa teknikhus. Syftet med arbetet är att tillsammans med Sweco undersöka vilken effekt som kan genereras av en solcellsanläggning som installeras på teknikhus som är belägna i Göteborg, huruvida installation av ett PV-system är möjlig med den befintliga utrustningen som finns i ett teknikhus och hur stor del av utrustningen i ett teknikhus som kan drivas av den genererade effekten från PV-systemet. För beräknandet av potentiell uteffekt från PV-system användes ett simuleringsprogram framtaget av Energiforsk AB. Gällande installationsmöjligheter fördes direktkontakt med företaget som levererar rectiverters till Trafikverket. Resultatet visar att effekten från ett PV-system är direkt beroende av installationsytan samt verkningsgraden på solcellsmodulerna där uteffekten varierar från 0,10 kW vid lägst verkningsgrad och minst installationsyta till 1,62 kW vid högst verkningsgrad och störst installationsyta. Installation av ett PV-system är ej genomförbar till den befintliga utrustningen i teknikhusen utan måste kompletteras med tilläggsmoduler och solladdare för att systemet ska fungera på ett tillfredställande sätt. Med resultatet kunde lasteffekten för den avbrottsfria kraften och uteffekten från PV-systemet jämföras för Scenario 1 och Scenario 2, då det var för dessa två scenarier som lasteffekten var känd. Andelen av lasteffekten för den avbrottsfria kraften som kan tillgodoses av ett PV-system beräknades till 1,6 % ̶ 10,1 % för Scenario 1 och 2,3 % ̶ 18,2 % för Scenario 2. / Solar cell technology has been around for a long time and has with continuous development grown to become a viable alternative for power supply. The advantage of solar panels comes with the possibilities for installations on surfaces such as facades and roofs. Västlänken is a large ongoing project in Gothenburg, the project includes the construction of new train stations and the construction of a new railway. This includes the establishment of new signal boxes along the railway. In conjunction with this, Sweco Sweden has raised the question of how to best utilize the roof of these signal boxes. The purpose of this thesis is, in cooperation with Sweco Sweden, to investigate the potential output power that can be generated by a photovoltaic system once installed on the signal boxes located in Gothenburg, whether installation of a PV system is possible with the existing equipment in a signal box and how much of the equipment in the signal box that can be powered by the PV-system. For the calculation of potential output power from PV-systems, a simulation program designed by Energiforsk AB was used. Regarding the installation options a direct contact with the company that supplies rectiverters to the Swedish Transport Administration was established. The results shows that the output power of PV-systems depends on the installation area and the efficiency of the photovoltaic modules. The output power varies from 0.10 kW at the lowest efficiency and the smallest installation area to 1,62 kW at the highest efficiency and largest installation area. Installation of a PV-system is not feasible with the existing equipment in the signal boxes as additional modules and solar chargers are needed for a working system. With the result, the load for the uninterruptible power and the output power from the PV system could be compared for Scenario 1 and Scenario 2, as the load was known for just these two. The part of the load that can be met by the PV-system was calculated to be 1,6 % ̶ 10,1 % for Scenario 1 and 2,3 % ̶ 18,2 % for Scenario 2

Solar photovoltaic (PV) parks have proliferated all over the world as a result of the growing demand for electricity, and especially electricity from renewables. As these parks become larger and complex, it becomes increasingly important to develop accurate and efficient mathematical models that can be used to predict their performance and optimize their design. The inverter is an essential component of a solar PV system that converts the DC power generated by the solar panels into AC power that can be used by the grid or by local loads. This research paper presents a comparative study between a pre-existing reference model and a mathematical model, developed specifically for predicting the AC power output of photovoltaic systems. In addition, a hybrid model is included for comparative analysis. The performance of each model was evaluated using real-world data installed at Glava Energy Centre in Hillringsberg, Sweden. The reference and hybrid models showed similar trends in their calculated versus actual values, but the hybrid model outperformed the reference model slightly. The actual power values were found to be similar to the simulated values in all three models. However, the mathematical model was more specific and sensitive to the inverter under consideration, resulting in a comprehensive and accurate representation of the inverter's behaviour. The models take into account the inverter's characteristics, as well as environmental elements like temperature and solar irradiance that affect its performance. The results showed that the mathematical model outperformed the other models in terms of accuracy and reliability, achieving an R2 score of 0.9226, 0.9936, 0.9789, and 0.9736 for the months of February, April, July, and October, respectively. The mathematical model also had the lowest root mean square error (RMSE) and mean absolute error (MAE) values compared to the other models. The results of this study demonstrate the value of mathematical modelling in the design and optimization of solar PV parks and provide a framework for the development of more complex models in the future.

Bifacial photovoltaic (PV) modules have greater energy yield than traditional monofacial modules because they convert front and rear incident irradiance to electrical energy. Single-axis tracking systems can further increase energy yield and reduce the levelized cost of energy by rotating the modules throughout the day. However, racking elements in tracking systems introduce both shade and reflections on the rear face, increasing irradiance nonuniformity and fostering further electrical mismatch that reduces module power. The impact of racking, particularly that of the torque tube which spans the middle of the rear collector surface, must be accurately quantified in energy yield predictions to increase stakeholder confidence, and hasten the adoption of tracked bifacial modules. Isolating the torque-tube-reflected irradiance incident on the modules is crucial for this work. This is achieved by implementing arbitrary two-dimensional (2D) irradiance sampling on a module under test in bifacial_radiance, a ray tracing bifacial PV model, and taking the difference in rear irradiance profiles for simulations with a reflective and an absorptive torque tube at each timestamp. We calculate the TT reflection for the central one-in-portrait (1P) and two-in-portrait (2P) modules on horizontal single-axis trackers over hourly timestamps in a typical meteorological year in Livermore, California, USA. We introduce the TT reflection 2D irradiance profiles as additional light sources in DUET to quantify the TT reflection's impact on irradiance, electrical mismatch, and energy yield, as well as an incidence angle modifier's impact on TT reflection. We analyze the TT reflection based on sun zenith and diffuse fraction to group consistent illumination conditions across the year. We identify that TT reflection reduces electrical mismatch by partially offsetting TT shading, and increases annual energy yield by 0.11% and 0.18% in our particular 1P and 2P systems. While the overall impact of TT reflection is greater in the 2P system due to direct beam light incident on the TT, the TT reflection's greatest instantaneous relative contribution to total energy yield is larger for the 1P system, at high diffuse fractions and sun zeniths. For future work, we recommend validating simulation results with and without TT reflection against experimental data. The simulation method used for isolating the TT reflection may also be repurposed to help inform new TT designs that minimize electrical mismatch. Finally, instead of relying on bifacial_radiance to isolate the TT reflection, we recommend incorporating the TT as a Lambertian reflective surface in 3D view factor models with detailed shading for further TT reflection simulations.

The grid connected solar PV system with battery storage is one of the promising alternativeenergy solutions for electricity consumers. The Local System Operator (LSO) will be a newactor to operate its own energy system by integrating PV and battery system with other technicalsolutions. This thesis investigates the technical and economic viability of a grid connected PVsystem with battery storage in behind-the-meter approach for aggregated residential load toassess the LSO model for the present conditions in Sweden.The system model is developed using the System Advisory Model (SAM) – a simulationsoftware for renewable energy system analysis. The PV system model is designed using solarirradiation profile and fifty multi-dwelling aggregated residential load data from Sweden. Theappropriate design inputs of solar PV module, inverter and system loss are taken from previousstudies. The electricity price is analysed from the comparative study of Nord-pool wholesaleprice, market retail price and distribution grid tariffs. The financial metrics such as discountrate, inflation rate, system cost and currently available PV incentives are considered to make anaccurate model. To help with the assessment, three cases are formed; the first case representsonly the PV system and the other cases include storage - using a lithium-ion or lead-acid battery.This comparative study helps to determine the optimum PV and battery size at two differentlocations in Sweden.The optimum net present value (NPV) and profitability index (PI) is found at the 40 kW PVand 3 kWh battery system at Karlstad, Sweden. The optimum case is considered for furtherinvestigation to evaluate the system life time energy profile, electricity bill saving capabilityand battery performance. The system peak shaving potential is investigated by making twoother scenarios with higher battery capacity. Sensitivity analysis is also performed to assess thesystem’s technical and financial input parameters. The system capacity factor at the site locationis found as an influential parameter to the annual production and profitability. The optimumsize of PV system with a lithium-ion battery investment is found feasible for the LSO realimplementation only considering the current PV incentives and electricity price in Sweden. Thereport concludes with the assessment, the technical and economic feasibility of the studied PVand battery storage system profitability depends on the system site location, residential loadsize, consumer electricity cost and available PV incentives. / solcellsystem (PV) med batterilagring är en lovande alternativenergilösning förslutkonsumenten. Den 'local system operator', LSO, blir en ny aktör som driver egetenergisystem genom att integrera PV- och batterisystem med andra tekniska lösningar. Dennaavhandling undersöker det tekniska och ekonomiska genomförbarhetet i ett nätanslutet PVsystem med batterilagring i 'bakom mätaren' scenario för aggregerade bostäder i ettflerbostadshus, för att urvärdera LSO modellen.Systemmodellen är utvecklat med 'system advisory model' (rådgivande modell), SAM, ettsimuleringsprogram för förnybara energisystem. PV systemparametrarna beräknas med hänsyntill väderprofiler och lastdata från Sverige. Lämpliga parametrar för solcellsmoduler, omriktareoch systemförluster tas från tidigare studier. Slutkonsumenternas elpriser analyseras frånjämförande studie av NordPool grosshandelspris, konsumentpris och distributionnätstariffer.Finansiella mått såsom system kostnad, rabatt och inflationstakten och tillgängliga incitamentför PV investeringar används för att göra modellen noggrannare. Tre fall undersöks; det förstarepresenterar systemet med bara PV, och de övriga fallen lägger till lagring, genom antingenlitiumjon eller bly-syre batterier. Denna jämförande studie är ett underlag för att bestämma denoptimala PV och batteristorleken för anläggninar på två olika område i Sverige.Den optimala netto nuvarande värde (NPV) och lönsamhet index (PI) är på 40 kW PV systemetoch 3 kWh batteri på Karlstad, Sverige. Ytterligare undersökning av detta fall används för attutvärdera energiprofilen under systemets livstid, möjlighet till minskad elräkning, och batterietsprestanda. Potential för utjämning av systemets topplast utreds genom att skapa två andrascenarier med högre batterikapacitet. Känslighetsanalys utförs också för att bedöma de tekniskaoch ekonomiska parametrarna. Den optimuma storleken på PV system med ett litium-jonbatterifinns rimligt för LSO riktiga genomförande med tanke på incitamenten. Simuleringsresultatenoch systemkonsekvenserna av LSO modellen diskuteras. Rapporten visar att den tekniska ochekonomiska genomförbarheten av det studerade PV systemet med litium-jon batteri beror påslutkonsumentelpriset, PV incitament och globala trender i kostnaderna försystemkomponenter, samt på valet av lämplig plats med en effektiv analys av väder profil ochsystemetförluster.