The thesis aimed to identify fracture strain for multiaxial loading for laminate material of Al and LDPE that is mostly used in the food packing technology specially in liquid packaging industry. These materials are thin and flexible which make it difficult to handle and test it. The investigation was through applying new Nakajima test setup on such a material by designing a custom setup and 3D printing the Nakajima setup prototype to be able to use it in this study. DIC technique was used to get the results from the Nakajima test and the software used to apply the DIC technique is GOM correlate. As a validation for measurement from such a technique, a tensile test has been done and measured strains were compared with those from the specimen from the Nakajima that has smallest width as it was close to a uniaxial loading. One more validation technique was by creating a FE-model using (Abaqus software) for the biaxial loading and comparing it to the biaxial loading results that obtained from the DIC analysis.

Cette recherche a pour objectif d’étudier l’influence de la complexité visuelle du packaging, opérationnalisée par le nombre d’informations figurant sur le facing, sur les réactions des consommateurs et plus précisément sur l’attention consacrée au packaging et à la marque, sur l’attitude envers le produit et le choix du produit ainsi que sur la mémorisation. Les éventuels effets médiateur de l’attention portée au packaging et modérateur de l’âge sur ces relations ont également été investigués.Pour ce faire, une expérimentation eye-tracking regroupant les données de plus de cent participants a été réalisée. Cette expérimentation a mis en jeu quatre packagings dans chacune de quatre catégories de produits, chaque packaging présentant deux degrés de complexité visuelle : un packaging simple présentant quatre unités d’information en plus de la marque et de l’image et un packaging complexe présentant neuf unités d’information en plus de la marque et de l’image. Deux tâches ont, en outre, été effectuées par chaque participant : une tâche d’évaluation des produits, lors de laquelle les packagings étaient présentés un par un, et une tâche de choix, lors de laquelle les packagings étaient présentés ensemble sur un set de choix.Les résultats ont montré un effet positif de la complexité visuelle du packaging sur l’attention portée au packaging et un effet opposé, selon la tâche/modalité de présentation des packagings, sur l’attention à la marque. La complexité visuelle a également eu un effet positif sur l’attitude envers le produit et sur le choix du produit, l’effet positif sur le choix étant médiatisé par l’attention : les packagings complexes ont été évalués plus positivement que les packagings simples et ils ont également été davantage regardés, ce qui explique qu’ils ont été plus choisis. En ce qui concerne les mesures explicites de mémorisation, les résultats ont été plus divers. La complexité n’a pas eu d’effet sur la reconnaissance exacte des marques. En revanche, concernant les packagings, les résultats ont été non concordants entre les tâches/modalités de présentation des packagings. En tâche d’évaluation (packagings présentés un par un), une absence d’effet de la complexité a ainsi été constatée alors qu’en tâche de choix de produit (packagings présentés par quatre), un effet positif de la complexité sur la reconnaissance exacte des packagings, effet médiatisé par l’attention, et un effet positif de la complexité sur la fausse reconnaissance des packagings ont été constatés. Par ailleurs, de façon surprenante, dans une très large majorité des cas l’âge n’a pas eu d’effet sur l’attention portée, ni au packaging ni à la marque. Les résultats ont par contre confirmé l’effet négatif de l’âge sur les mesures explicites de mémorisation. / The goal of this research is to study the influence of product package visual complexity, operationalized as the number of information items displayed on the package front, upon consumers’ reactions, and more specifically attention devoted to the product package and to the brand, attitude toward the product, product choice and memorization. The possible mediating and moderating effects of attention devoted to the product package and consumers’ age will also be investigated.To achieve this aim, an eye-tracking experiment including data of more than a hundred participants was conducted. This experiment involved four product packages of four product categories, and two levels of visual complexity were designed for each product package: a simple package displaying four information items, in addition to the brand and the image, and a complex package displaying nine information items in addition to the brand and the image, were designed. Besides, two tasks were completed by each participant: a product evaluation task, during which product packages were presented one by one, and a choice task, during wich four product packages were presented at the same time on a choice set.The findings showed a positive effect of the package visual complexity upon attention devoted to the package, and an opposite effect, depending on the task/product presentation, upon attention devoted to the brand. Visual complexity was further found to have a positive effect upon attitude toward the product, and product choice, attention having a mediating effect on product choice: complex package fronts were preferred to simple package fronts, and they were also looked at more, and were therefore more chosen.Regarding explicit measures of memorization, results were mixed. Complexity had no impact upon accurate recognition of the brands. However, regarding product packages, results were once more inconsistent between the tasks/product presentations: no effect was found in the evaluation task (packages displayed one by one); and complexity had a positive effect –mediated by attention – upon accurate recognition of the package fronts, and a positive effect upon false recognition of the package fronts in the choice task (four packages displayed .at the same time). Surprinsingly, consumers’ age had no impact upon attention devoted to the package nor to the brand in most cases. The findings further confirm the negative effect of age upon explicit measures of memorization.

Thesis (MPH.) -- University of Limpopo, 2019 / Virological failure occurs when the viral load fails to supress to undetectable limit and immunological failure is when the immune system fails to improve with the CD4 count remaining low on clients on antiretroviral drugs. These being markers of poor adherence to antiretroviral drugs or treatment failure. Upon routine blood-monitoring of students on antiretroviral drugs, the researcher noticed that some students’ viralload levels were not suppressing and their immune system was not improving. The purpose of the study was to identify the experiences of those students whose viral load is not suppressing and their immune system not improving. The objective was to identify and describe the experiences of students with immunological and virological failure on antiretroviral drugs at the University of Limpopo. A qualitative, explorative and descriptive study design was used. Convenience purposive sampling method was adopted. Using a semi-structured interview guide, face-toface interviews were conducted on 10 students on antiretroviral drugs at the Student Health and Wellness Centre, University of Limpopo. Techs’ method was used to analyse data. Guba’s model for establishing trustworthiness was used. The study yielded the following themes: Disclosure, stigma, antiretroviral drugs packaging, side effects of antiretroviral drugs and service delivery. The study concluded that students are afraid to take their treatment for fear of stigmatisation and disclosure is still a problem. Students tend to forfeit taking drugs when studying for examinations due to side effects of the drugs. It is recommended that service delivery and antiretroviral drugs packaging be user friendly. Key words: Disclosure, stigma, side effects, antiretroviral drugs packaging and antiretroviral drugs.

Effizienz kann auch bei Maschinen als ein spezieller Faktor der Optimierung angesehen werden. Effiziente Maschinen und Prozesse arbeiten optimiert bezüglich der Kosten oder auch der Zeit. In einer Verpackungsmaschine trifft dies sowohl für den eigentlichen Prozess des Verpackens von Gütern, als auch für die Warenflüsse vor und nach dem Verpacken zu. Doch auch während der Planungsphase, der Erstellung und der Einrichtung einer Maschine, spielt Effizienz häufig in Form von Zeitersparnis eine gewisse Rolle. [... aus dem Text]

In this study we investigate the synergistic effect of low frequency ultrasonication (14, 22, and 47 kHz) on antimicrobial activity of Cecropin P1 against Escherichia coli. The hypothesis was tested by comparing three different treatments (1) ultrasonication only (2) Cecropin P1 only (3) combination of both. The results showed that the combined treatment deactivate E. coli more efficiently by six order of magnitude. The mechanism of membrane permeabilization due to Cecropin P1 is also investigated using dye leakage experiment. The result indicated pore formation and carpet mechanism. Finally, a mathematical modeling is proposed to explain the synergistic effect, allowing us to make better prediction for cell deactivation.

En los últimos años, el mercado de bebidas alcohólicas “ready to drink” ha crecido a pasos agigantados siendo el segmento dentro de la categoría de bebidas alcohólicas que mayor crecimiento ha tenido. Las empresas y emprendedores han notado esto y quieren ser participes del éxito de las “ready to drink”. Actualmente el mercado lo lideran las marcas Piscano y Smirnoff; sin embargo, las marcas más pequeñas pueden ganar terreno en el punto de venta si usan adecuadamente su etiqueta para comunicar el posicionamiento de la marca y llegar a su público objetivo. Según los expertos y los propios consumidores, el diseño de las etiquetas tiene un margen de mejora en el mercado peruano. Por ello es que se realiza la siguiente investigación, con el fin de conocer los lineamientos a tomar en cuenta para el diseño del packaging y de esta manera hacer más competitivo el mercado “ready to drink” en el Perú. La presente investigación busca relacionar la comunicación del posicionamiento en las etiquetas con la intención de compra. Para ello, se utilizaron técnicas de recolección de datos cuantitativos y cualitativos que luego de ser analizados se ha logrado obtener lineamientos a tomar en cuenta a la hora del diseño de la etiqueta como, los elementos más relevantes de la etiqueta, su influencia con en el consumidor y la intención de compra. / In recent years, the “ready to drink” alcoholic beverage market has grown by leaps and bounds, being the segment within the category of alcoholic beverages that has grown the most. Companies and entrepreneurs have noticed this and want to be part of the success of "ready to drink". The market is currently led by the Piscano and Smirnoff brands; however, smaller brands can gain ground at the point of sale if they properly use their label to communicate brand positioning and reach their target audience. According to experts and consumers, the design of the labels has a margin of improvement in the Peruvian market. That is why the following research is carried out, in order to know the guidelines to be taken into account for the design of the packaging and thus make the “ready to drink” market in Peru more competitive. The present investigation seeks to relate the communication of the positioning in the labels with the intention of purchase. For this, quantitative and qualitative data collection techniques were used that after being analyzed, it has been possible to obtain guidelines to be taken into account when designing the label as, the most relevant elements of the label, its influence with the consumer and the intention of purchase. / Trabajo de investigación

Growing pressure on the packaging design to enhance the environmental and logistics performance of a packaging system stresses the packaging designers to search new design strategies that not only fulfill logistics requirements in the supply chain, but also reduce the CO 2emissions during the packaging life cycle. This thesis focuses on the packaging design process and suggests some improvements by considering its logistics performance and CO 2emissions. A Green packaging development model was proposed for corrugated box design to explore the inter-dependencies that exist among compressive strength, waste and CO2emissions. The verification of the proposed model unveils the significance of a holistic view of the packaging system in the packaging design process and reveals the importance of packaging design decisions on the logistics performance and CO 2 emissions. The thesis finally concluded that the packaging logistics performance should be considered in a packaging design process to explore the Green packaging design solution.

In the business of packaging engineering, a large consumption of time is placed on evaluating new materials to provide cost savings to a company. This evaluation is made by using test methods such as those found in ASTM D4169-16, which helps to simulate shipping and distribution conditions. A key problem is that this test method can take up to multiple months, and sometimes years to complete. The apparatus created in this study allows for a comparison to be made between currently used films and prospective films in approximately ten hours. This allows for a prescreening of new films to be done before completing full ASTM shipment and distribution testing.This study focuses on coextruded multilayer polymer films and the damage brought upon them in forms of puncture and abrasion through shipment and distribution.

Background: In our world of growing consumption and waste generation, shopping at packaging-free stores can be a step towards sustainable consumption and minimizing our environmental impact. Purpose: The aim of this paper is to evaluate the main predictors of Hungarian consumers’ intention to shop at packaging-free stores using a TBP approach. Method: A quantitative, descriptive study was conducted, during which primary data were collected through an online survey with 208 responses and analysed using descriptive statistics, correlation analysis and multiple regression. Conclusion: The empirical findings suggest that Attitude and Perceived Behavioural Control are strong predictors of purchase intention in the context of shopping at packaging-free stores.

Objective: Nowadays, the increasing pressure pushes companies to behave more environmentally friendly. Indeed, packaging made from recycled fibres can represent an essential advantage for firms in the packaging industry if it is designed in a way that appeals to consumers. The purpose of this thesis is to examine the graphic, structural and informative packaging elements and their effect on consumers’ preferences. Methodology/approach: Purposefully modified packaging designs were sent to the respondents via an online questionnaire using convenience sampling. The research analyses Slovak consumers due to their below-average environmental performance index (EPI) within the Europe. Out of 529 questionnaires collected, 483 responses were further examined and analysed by the chi-square test in SPSS. Findings: Our findings suggest that typography, colour contrast, pattern, image, shape and recyclability claims influence the preference of Slovak consumers. On the other hand, consumers did not prefer a particular layout and certificate. Furthermore, gender and age played a substantial role in the chosen recycled paper-based package, while education did not affect consumers preference in Slovakia. Practical implications: This work provides more in-depth knowledge of specific consumer preferences of packaging elements across different demographic groups, representing a valuable framework for companies’ marketing strategies. Moreover, it can serve as an inspiration for graphic designers for more innovative sustainable packaging solutions. Originality/value: Drawing upon previous research, it is evident that specific solutions for recycled paper-based packaging are lacking. This research provides new knowledge about consumer preferences for individual packaging elements. Thus, it is not only a contribution to the businesses but also a contribution to more sustainable consumption in accordance with Agenda 2030 policies.