La Provence n’est pas une destination traditionnellement associée avec la peinture allemande. Pourtant, cette région attire les peintres déjà au siècle des Lumières. Les vestiges romains et le souvenir de Pétrarque en font une étape du Grand Tour ainsi que du Kavalierstour. Les artistes allemands, si nombreux à aller en Italie, commencent aussi à remarquer le sud de la France. Les raisons qui les poussent à entreprendre ce voyage sont variées : pour les peintres au XVIIIe siècle, comme Jakob Philipp Hackert, il s’agit d’une escale en route vers l’Italie qui donne déjà un avant-goût de la péninsule. Johann Georg von Dillis et Ludwig Richter se rendent en Provence au début du XIXe siècle dans le cadre d’un voyage princier. Puis, au milieu du siècle, Johann Wilhelm Schirmer choisit consciemment de parcourir le sud de la France et découvre alors une nature différente de celle de l’Italie. Cette étude a pour but d’établir un corpus d’œuvre, permettant à la fois de documenter la présence d’artistes allemands en Provence, mais aussi de dégager les motivations derrière le voyage, et de montrer comment leur perception de la nature provençale évolue du XVIIIe au XIXe siècle. Ce travail propose une analyse de la place de cette région dans l’histoire artistique, culturelle et littéraire et examine les sources littéraires et visuelles dont les artistes allemands avaient pu avoir connaissance. Les différents cas d’artistes étudiés montrent l’évolution du regard artistique allemand sur la Provence et illustrent la difficulté de faire entrer ce territoire dans les canons de l’époque ce qui s’exprime particulièrement dans la peinture allemande. / Provence is not a destination traditionally associated with German painting. Yet, this region has attracted painters from the eighteenth century onwards. Roman remains and the memory of Petrarch make it a stop on the Grand Tour and on the Kavalierstour. German artists, who were going to Italy in large numbers, paid increasing attention to the South of France by the end of the eighteenth century. The reasons that motivated them to undertake such a voyage were varied: for painters such as Jakob Philip Hackert, it is a station on the way to Italy that gives them a foretaste of the peninsula. Johann Georg von Dillis and Ludwig Richter go to the South of France at the beginning of the nineteenth century as part of princely travels. Then, in the middle of the century, Johann Wilhelm Schirmer makes the conscious decision of touring Provence in search of natural scenery different from Italy’s. The present study aims to establish a body of work documenting the presence of German artists in the South of France, and also to identify what motivated the journey, in order to demonstrate how their perception of Provence evolved from the eighteenth to the nineteenth century. The aim is to analyze the place of this region in artistic, cultural and literary history, and to identify the visual and literary sources that German artists could rely on during their voyage. The different case studies serve to demonstrate the evolution of the Germanic artistic gaze on Provence, and to illustrate the difficult entry of this territory into the canons of the period, which is particularly notable in the context of German painting.

De 1726 à 1755, Jean-Baptiste Oudry (1686-1755), peintre du roi Louis XV, occupa diverses fonctions au sein des manufactures royales de tapisseries : peintre de modèles, directeur entrepreneur de Beauvais, surinspecteur des Gobelins. Selon Louis Gougenot (1761), son biographe de l’Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture, ces nominations lui apportèrent réputation et fortune. La production de Beauvais était destinée pour les riches aristocrates et bourgeois ; celle des Gobelins, pour le roi. La conséquence de cette différenciation peut se percevoir non seulement sur le plan administratif, mais aussi sur le plan artistique. Aussi, les œuvres produites n’avaient pas la même valeur économique et artistique. Par ricochets, la réception des modèles réalisés par Oudry ne fut pas la même. La tenture des Chasses royales tissée à Paris était considérée comme une œuvre majeure de sa carrière. Par ailleurs, son biographe louait les soins et la vigilance que le peintre apporta aux établissements en vue de « faire des tapisseries de première beauté » (Oudry). Dans divers mémoires administratifs, le peintre exprimait ses vues générales en matière d’art des lisses et expliquait les moyens à mettre en œuvre pour perfectionner et « donner aux ouvrages tout l’esprit et toute l’intelligence des tableaux » des maîtres. Or, la réception des tapisseries ne pas fit pas l’unanimité parmi les historiens de l’art au cours des XIXe et XXe siècles. Oudry fut en effet jugé acteur de la décadence de cet art textile décrit comme asservi à la peinture. C’est pourquoi il nous faut comprendre le contexte d’élaboration des principes artistiques développés par le peintre. C’est l’objet de cette étude. / From 1726 to 1755, Jean-Baptiste Oudry (1686-1755), painter of the king Louis the XVth, was appointed for different capacities at the royal manufactures of tapestries: painter of models, director of Beauvais, inspector of the Gobelins. According to Louis Gougenot (1761), his biographer at the royal Academy, these appointments gave him reputation and wealth. Tapestries from Beauvais were made for rich aristocrats and the upper middle-classes; tapestries from the Gobelins were for the king. The consequence of this hierarchy was visible not only from an administrative point of view, but also from an artistic point of view. Therefore the different productions did not have the same economical and artistic value. Indirectly, Oudry’s models weren’t considered with a similar attention. For example, the tenture of the Chasses royales woven at Paris was considered one of the most important work in his career. Furthermore, Gougenot praised Oudry for his care and attention to details at these two factories to make beautiful tapestries. In different administrative journals, Oudry expressed his general view of the art and explained the means to perfect and to bring to the tapestries, the spirit and the intelligence of masters’ paintings. Nevertheless, the reception of these tapestries were not favourably unanimous amongst the art historians 19th and 20th centuries. Oudry was indeed judged player of the degradation of this textile art described as subservient to painting. This is the reason why, it is important to understand the context of elaboration of the artistic principles that were developed by the painter. This is the purpose of this study.

In Western scholarship, eighteenth century Chinese paintings have consistently been seen as playful, eccentric, and odd. This characterization has been based on the formal qualities of some of the paintings. At the same time, Chinese scholars have written of the scholarly virtues and ambitions of the painters producing the works. The contradiction between these two interpretations is in part consistent with the Western and Chinese approaches generally. But it also stems from the mixed signals and information generated in the eighteenth century. The nature of painting, not just formally, but socially has yet to be explained in a way which takes into account some actual historical contradictions of the eighteenth century. In order to explain these historical tensions, I combine a biographical (Chinese) approach with a contextual approach (Western) in a study of two different scholar painters, Zheng Xie and Li Shan. I juxtapose biographical sources with artworks, and less official writings relating Zheng Xie and Li Shan, in order to describe the tensions involved in painting for the literatus within the merchant culture of Yangzhou. These tensions existed between the literatus' expected status and that granted him, between his ideal of the role of painting in the scholar's life and the implications of commercial painting, and between his emphasis upon poetry and his popularity as a painter. In all cases, the tensions in eighteenth century literati painting arise from the difficult relationship between the painter and patron, and between the painter and the ideas of a broader public. The lack of a clear definition of "scholar" and "scholar painting" amongst literati illustrates the literatus' loss of control over the definition of his lifestyle. / Arts, Faculty of / Art History, Visual Art and Theory, Department of / Graduate

This thesis examines the portraiture of Elisabeth Vigée-Lebrun and Adélaide Labille-Guiard within the context of their time. Analysis of specific portraits in American collections is provided, along with an examination of their careers: early education, Academic Royale membership, Salon exhibitions, and the French Revolution. Discussion includes the artists' opposing stylistic heritages, as well as the influences of their patronage, the French art academy and art criticism. This study finds that Salon critics compared their paintings, but not with the intention of creating a bitter personal and professional rivalry between them as presumed by some twentieth-century art historians. This thesis concludes those critics simply addressed their opposing artistic styles and that no such rivalry existed.

[ES] La presente investigación trata sobre la pintura de Paisaje en La Montaña. Así se conocía a la actual Comunidad Autónoma de Cantabria cuando en el siglo XIX varios artistas comenzaron a pintar Paisajes sin haber existido ningún precedente en la región que se adscribiera al género. Desde este hito social, artístico e histórico que supuso el surgimiento de la idea moderna del paisaje, la pintura de Paisaje ha persistido en el campo de la creación local, donde ha evolucionado influenciada por el desarrollo de las ideas artísticas modernas hasta la contemporaneidad. Por tanto, la pintura de Paisaje se ha mantenido vigente en cada una de las épocas posteriores, desechando la idea de que pudiera ser una moda decimonónica pasajera, gracias a las condiciones morfológicas de la geografía elegida. Para demostrar la hipótesis, en un primer capítulo se investiga sobre la semántica del paisaje como concepto, en un segundo capítulo se indaga sobre los orígenes del género del Paisaje en la pintura, desde un horizonte general hasta el marco geográfico definido, y, por último, se muestra la investigación artística realizada acerca de la idea del Paisaje Montañés junto con los resultados plásticos obtenidos. / [CA] La present investigació tracta sobre la pintura de Paisatge a la Muntanya. Així es coneixia a l'actual Comunitat Autònoma de Cantàbria quan en el segle XIX diversos artistes van començar a pintar Paisatges sense haver existit cap precedent a la regió que s'adscriguera al gènere. Des d'aquesta fita social, artístic i històric que va suposar el sorgiment de la idea moderna del paisatge, la pintura de Paisatge ha persistit en el camp de la creació local, on ha evolucionat influenciada pel desenvolupament de les idees artístiques modernes fins a la contemporaneïtat. Per tant, la pintura de Paisatge s'ha mantingut vigent en cadascuna de les èpoques posteriors, rebutjant la idea que poguera ser una moda huitcentista passatgera, gràcies a les condicions morfològiques de la geografia triada. Per a demostrar la hipòtesi, en un primer capítol s'investiga sobre la semàntica del paisatge com a concepte, en un segon capítol s'indaga sobre els orígens del gènere del Paisatge en la pintura, des d'un horitzó general fins al marc geogràfic definit, i, finalment, es mostra la investigació artística realitzada sobre la idea del Paisatge Muntanyés juntament amb els resultats plàstics obtinguts. / [EN] The present investigation deals with the painting of Landscape in the Mountain. This is how the current Autonomous Community of Cantabria was known when, in the 19th century, several artists began to paint Landscapes without having existed any precedent in the region that was ascribed to the genre. Since this social, artistic and historical milestone that led to the emergence of the modern idea of landscape, landscape painting has persisted in the field of local creation, where it has evolved influenced by the development of modern artistic ideas to the contemporary. Therefore, landscape painting has remained current in each of the subsequent periods, rejecting the idea that it could be a passing nineteenth-century fashion, thanks to the morphological conditions of the chosen geography. To demonstrate the hypothesis, in a first chapter the semantics of landscape as a concept is investigated, in a second chapter the origins of the Landscape genre in painting are investigated, from a general horizon to the defined geographical framework, and, finally, , the artistic research carried out on the idea of the Mountain Landscape is shown together with the plastic results obtained. / Alba Rodríguez, V. (2022). El Paisaje Montañés. La pintura de paisaje en Cantabria desde una aproximación contextual y personal [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/190827

This is a monograph on the South African artist Diek Grobler. The aim is to contextualise the artist‟s oeuvre up to 2009 and to explore the visual metaphors in his art. Grobler has a fascination for stories. He blends tales of traditional Western mythology, African mythology, Christian religion, folklore and magical realism into narrative artworks. Through visual metaphors the artist comments on the everyday human dramas that surround him – be they political, social, psychological or cultural. Furthermore, he adds an element of surprise to his sketches of human drama, by infusing them with irony and humour. My research reflects the diverse nature of Grobler‟s oeuvre as it investigates works from various artistic genres such as painting, sculpture, illustration, performance art, avant-garde theatre and animation. It also examines a blend of different artistic media such as ceramics, oil paint, gouache, pastels, scraperboard, earthenware, 2D computer animation, puppetry, and stop-motion animation. / Art History, Visual Arts & Musicology / M.A. (Art History)

The pictorial elements of the first six books of the Aeneid can be evidenced through an examination of its structural components. With commentaries on such literary devices as parallels and antipodes, interwoven themes, cyclic patterns, and strategic placement of words in the text, three genres of painting are treated individually in Chapter 1 to illustrate the poet's consistency of design and to prove him a craftsman of the visual arts. In the first division, "Cinematic progression," attention is directed to the language which conveys movement and frequentative action, with special emphasis placed on specific passages whose verbal components possess sculptural or third-dimensional traits and contribute to the "spiral" and "circle" motifs, the appropriate visual agents for animation. Depiction of mythological subjects comprises the second division entitled "Cameos and snapshots." Three selections, dubbed monstra, are explicated with such cross references as to illustrate the poet's use of epithets which he distributes passim to elicit verbal echoes of other passages. The final division, "The Vergilian landscape," addresses two major themes, antithetical in nature, the martial and the pastoral. Their sequential juxtaposition in the text renders a marked contrast in mood which is manifested pictorially in the transition from darkness to light. A panoramic chiaroscuro emerges which is the tapestry against which Aeneas makes his sojourn through the Underworld. It is the perfect backdrop to accompany the overriding theme of "things hidden," res latentes, which encompasses a greater part of the epic and becomes the culminant motif of the paintings which comprise the visual presentation. Chapter 2 functions as a catalogue raisonne for art inspired by the Aeneid from early antiquity up to the present day. Such examples of artistic expression provide a continuum with which to appropriate Horace's maxim, ut pictura poesis, in their evaluation. The verbal exegeses in Chapter 1 have been programmed to comport with the thematic content of the visual presentation in Chapter 3, a critique exemplifying the transposition of the verbal to the pictorial. With these canvases I have attempted to render a new perspective of Vergil's epic in the genre of abstract expressionism. / Art / D. Litt. et Phil.

The title of this thesis 'South African History Painting : Reinterpretation By Women Artists' indicated that the focus was to be on South African history painting. As the research progressed, however, it became apparent that the initial title did not encompass a broad enough spectrum. Therefore a more suitable title for this dissertation is 'A Visual Reinterpretation Of Aspects Of South African History By Women Artists: Penelope Siopis and Philippa Skotnes'. It is the intention of this dissertation to examine the way in which two contemporary South African women artists namely, Penelope Siopis (1953-) and Philippa Skotnes (1957) visually challenge in their paintings and prints respectively the conventional depictions of recorded South African history. Poststructuralism, deconstruction, new historicism and Postmodernism are among the theoretical currents upon which this research is based. It is from a Postmodern standpoint that selected works by Siopis and Skotnes will be analysed. The intention of this analysis is to examine their attempts to access the Postcolonial condition in South Africa through their visual presentations. The work of Siopis and Skotnes reflectects an interest in Postcoloniality. Furthernore, their visual imagery addresses questions of culture and power in South African visual representation. Works such as those created by Siopis and Skotnes can be seen as uncovering some of the contradictions within the process of decolonization. Nederveen, Pieterse and Parekh (1995 ) describe decolonization in the following way: 'Decolonization is a process of emancipation through mirroring, a mix of defiance and mimesis. Like colonialism itself, it is deeply preoccupied with boundaries - boundaries of territory and identity, borders of nation and state. (Nederveen, Pieterse and Parekh 1995: 11)' The focus in this dissertation is on the works of Siopis and Skotnes and their use of specific deconstructive methods to undermine prejudicial historical imagery and question established perceptions within South African history. In other words, the visual presentation of these two artists explores the boundaries or margins of established history. Both Siopis and Skotnes confront in visual terms the prejudicial representations of women and/or ethnic groups who have been subjugated by what they perceive as white, middle class, patriarchal history. The primary concern of the research is the visual imagery produced by these two artists and the effect of deconstruction on their respective art works. In the first chapter selected works from Siopis's 'History Painting' (1980s) series are to be analysed. In the second chapter the focus is on Skotnes's etchings in 'Sound From The Thinking Strings' (1993) exhibition. The investigation then moves to a project entitled 'Miscast' (1996). Skotnes was the curator of the 'Miscast' exhibition. It does not contain original art works by Skotnes. It is however an extension of the ideas which her prints embody and is therefore relevant to this dissertation. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 1996.

This is a monograph on the South African artist Diek Grobler. The aim is to contextualise the artist‟s oeuvre up to 2009 and to explore the visual metaphors in his art. Grobler has a fascination for stories. He blends tales of traditional Western mythology, African mythology, Christian religion, folklore and magical realism into narrative artworks. Through visual metaphors the artist comments on the everyday human dramas that surround him – be they political, social, psychological or cultural. Furthermore, he adds an element of surprise to his sketches of human drama, by infusing them with irony and humour. My research reflects the diverse nature of Grobler‟s oeuvre as it investigates works from various artistic genres such as painting, sculpture, illustration, performance art, avant-garde theatre and animation. It also examines a blend of different artistic media such as ceramics, oil paint, gouache, pastels, scraperboard, earthenware, 2D computer animation, puppetry, and stop-motion animation. / Art History, Visual Arts and Musicology / M.A. (Art History)

The pictorial elements of the first six books of the Aeneid can be evidenced through an examination of its structural components. With commentaries on such literary devices as parallels and antipodes, interwoven themes, cyclic patterns, and strategic placement of words in the text, three genres of painting are treated individually in Chapter 1 to illustrate the poet's consistency of design and to prove him a craftsman of the visual arts. In the first division, "Cinematic progression," attention is directed to the language which conveys movement and frequentative action, with special emphasis placed on specific passages whose verbal components possess sculptural or third-dimensional traits and contribute to the "spiral" and "circle" motifs, the appropriate visual agents for animation. Depiction of mythological subjects comprises the second division entitled "Cameos and snapshots." Three selections, dubbed monstra, are explicated with such cross references as to illustrate the poet's use of epithets which he distributes passim to elicit verbal echoes of other passages. The final division, "The Vergilian landscape," addresses two major themes, antithetical in nature, the martial and the pastoral. Their sequential juxtaposition in the text renders a marked contrast in mood which is manifested pictorially in the transition from darkness to light. A panoramic chiaroscuro emerges which is the tapestry against which Aeneas makes his sojourn through the Underworld. It is the perfect backdrop to accompany the overriding theme of "things hidden," res latentes, which encompasses a greater part of the epic and becomes the culminant motif of the paintings which comprise the visual presentation. Chapter 2 functions as a catalogue raisonne for art inspired by the Aeneid from early antiquity up to the present day. Such examples of artistic expression provide a continuum with which to appropriate Horace's maxim, ut pictura poesis, in their evaluation. The verbal exegeses in Chapter 1 have been programmed to comport with the thematic content of the visual presentation in Chapter 3, a critique exemplifying the transposition of the verbal to the pictorial. With these canvases I have attempted to render a new perspective of Vergil's epic in the genre of abstract expressionism. / Art / D. Litt. et Phil.