Submitted by Ana Maria Fiscina Sampaio (fiscina@bahia.fiocruz.br) on 2013-11-06T17:30:24Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Felipe Miranda Santos Potencial terapeutico das S-nitroglutationa-.pdf: 5390094 bytes, checksum: 048e66640081905e53e87d3353d7c25c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-11-06T17:30:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Felipe Miranda Santos Potencial terapeutico das S-nitroglutationa-.pdf: 5390094 bytes, checksum: 048e66640081905e53e87d3353d7c25c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisa Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, BA, Brasil / Universidade Federal da Bahia. Faculdade de Farmácia. Salvador, BA, Brasil / A intoxicação pelo paracetamol é a principal causa de insuficiência hepática aguda (IHA) em vários países do ocidente. A hepatotoxicidade é mediada por um metabólito intermediário reativo que depleta as reservas do antioxidante endógeno glutationa (GSH). O tratamento precoce com n-acetilcisteína (NAC) é recomendado para restabelecer a concentração fisiológica de GSH. A snitrosoglutationa (GSNO) é uma molécula antioxidante derivada do GSH capaz de reduzir o estresse oxidativo em diversos sistemas celulares e modelos experimentais. OBJETIVO: Avaliar se GSNO é capaz de reduzir a taxa de mortalidade, extensão da necrose hepática, manifestações bioquímicas e comparar sua eficácia com NAC e GSH no tratamento da IHA experimental induzida por paracetamol. METODOLOGIA: Camundongos isogênicos machos da linhagem C57Bl/6 foram tratados por três semanas com água suplementada com etanol a 10%. Os animais foram divididos em cinco grupos. O grupo 1 (controle negativo) recebeu solução salina 0,9%. Os demais grupos receberam 300 mg/Kg de paracetamol para indução de IHA. Após 3 horas, o grupo 2 (controle positivo) foi tratado com salina tamponada com fosfato (PBS) e os grupos 3, 4 e 5 foram tratados, respectivamente, com 600 Umol/kg de NAC, GSH e GSNO. A eutanásia foi feita 12 horas após a indução de IHA. A extensão da necrose hepática foi avaliada por morfometria através do software IMAGEPRO-PLUS. Os níveis séricos de transaminases e fosfatase alcalina foram avaliados como marcadores bioquímicos de lesão hepática. A taxa de mortalidade foi avaliada em um experimento independente, após uma dose de 350 mg/Kg de paracetamol. RESULTADOS: O tratamento com GSNO 600 Umol/kg aumentou a taxa de sobrevida em relação aos grupos tratados com NAC ou PBS. Entretanto, não houve diferença de mortalidade entre os grupos GSNO e GSH. A avaliação morfométrica revelou menor extensão de necrose hepática nos animais tratados com GSNO em comparação com NAC e PBS. Houve redução de atividade sérica de ALT, mas não de AST no grupo GSNO em comparação com PBS e NAC. Os níveis séricos de fosfatase alcalina, albumina, ureia e creatinina não apresentaram diferenças entre os diversos grupos. CONCLUSÃO: O tratamento com GSNO aumenta a taxa de sobrevida e reduz a extensão de necrose hepática na IHA experimental por paracetamol. O GSNO apresenta eficácia superior à NAC e idêntica ao GSH em dose equimolar. Estes achados sugerem que o efeito protetor do GSNO parece independer da porção nitroso da molécula. Possíveis mecanismos de proteção extra-hepáticos merecem ser investigados / Paracetamol overdose is the main cause of acute liver failure (ALF) in western countries. The hepatotoxicity is mediated by a reactive metabolite that depletes the pool of glutathione (GSH), an endogenous antioxidant molecule. Early treatment with n-acetylcysteine (NAC) is recommended to replenish the pool of GSH. S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) is a potent antioxidant molecule that reduces oxidative stress in several cellular systems and experimental models. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate if GSNO reduces the mortality rate, the hepatocelular necrosis extension and to compare its therapeutic efficacy with NAC and GSH in experimental ALF induced by paracetamol. METHODS: Male mice were treated for three weeks with alcohol 10% orally. The animals were divided in five groups. Group 1 (negative control) received saline 0.9%. All the other groups received 300 mg/Kg paracetamol for induction of ALF. After 3 hours, group 2 (positive control) received phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and groups 3, 4 and 5 were treated respectively with 600 Umol/kg of NAC, GSH and GSNO. The animals were sacrificed after 12 hours of induction of ALF. The area of liver necrosis was evaluated by morphometric analysis with the software IMAGEPRO. Transaminases and alkaline phosfatase were determined as markers of liver injury. Mortality rate was evaluated in an independent experiment after a dose of 350 mg/Kg of paracetamol. RESULTS: GSNO treatment (600 Umol/kg) significantly improved the survival rate compared to PBS and NAC treatments. There was no statistical difference in survival rate between GSNO and GSH groups. In addition, GSNO attenuated the area of liver necrosis in comparison to NAC and PBS, but not to GSH. GSNO reduced the serum ALT, but not AST activity in comparison to PBS and NAC. There was no statistical difference in alkaline phosphatase, urea, creatinine and albumin among the groups that received paracetamol. CONCLUSION: GSNO treatment augmented survival rate and reduced the area of liver necrosis in comparison to NAC, but was equally as effective as GSH. These findings suggest that the hepatoprotector effect of GSNO is independent of the nitroso moiety of the molecule. Potential extra-hepatic mechanisms remain to be evaluated.

O presente trabalho estuda a remoção dos fármacos amoxicilina (AMX), diclofenaco sódico (DCF) e paracetamol (PAR) em solução aquosa pelos processos de adsorção em batelada e coluna de leito fixo utilizando o carvão ativado granulado (CAG) como adsorvente. Os experimentos foram realizados para cada fármaco de forma independente. Na adsorção em batelada foram avaliadas as influências do pH (2 – 10), concentração de adsorvente (5 – 20 g L-1) e tempo de contato (5 – 350 min). Foi realizada a investigação da cinética de adsorção e também do equilíbrio de adsorção através de isotermas nas temperaturas de 25, 35 e 45 ºC. A adsorção em leito fixo foi estudada através de planejamentos experimentais, onde foram avaliados os efeitos da concentração inicial do poluente (C0: 20 – 100 mg L-1), massa do leito (W: 0,5 – 1,5 g) e vazão (Q: 3 – 5 mL min-1) sobre o tempo de saturação (tsat) e a quantidade adsorvida (qsat). Os modelos de Thomas, Bohart-Adams e Yan, além de um modelo desenvolvido no software EMSO foram utilizados para análise das curvas de ruptura. O CAG utilizado apresentou área BET de 463 m² g-1 e maior volume de microporos, de 0,20 cm³ g-1. Os experimentos em batelada mostraram que o pH não teve influência significativa sobre a remoção dos três fármacos. O equilíbrio de adsorção da AMX e do DCF foi atingido após 150 min e do PAR após 180 min. O modelo de PSO foi o que melhor representou a cinética de adsorção dos três fármacos. A isoterma de Langmuir descreveu o equilíbrio da AMX a 25 e 35 ºC, e o modelo de Sips a 45 ºC. Já a adsorção do DCF foi representada pela isoterma de Freundlich e o PAR pela de Redlich-Peterson. O estudo termodinâmico indicou que a adsorção dos três fármacos foi espontânea e favorável, além de aumentar com o aumento da temperatura. Na adsorção em leito fixo, foi observado menores valores de tsat com o aumento de C0 e de Q e diminuição de W. Foi verificado que qsat aumentou com o aumento de C0 e diminuição da Q para o planejamento do PAR, onde essa variável foi significativa. Já o aumento de W aumentou qsat no planejamento do PAR e diminuiu nos casos da AMX e DCF. A AMX foi o poluente que apresentou os menores tempos de saturação, seguido do DCF e do PAR, na adsorção em leito fixo. Foi constatado que o modelo de Yan foi o que melhor reproduziu o comportamento das curvas de ruptura para os três fármacos, na comparação com os outros modelos analíticos e com o modelo numérico proposto no software EMSO. De forma geral, foi verificado que os processos de adsorção tanto em batelada quanto em leito fixo apresentam potencial de aplicação como alternativa de tratamento avançado de água e efluentes que contenham fármacos. / The present work studies the removal of amoxicillin (AMX), sodium diclofenac (DCF), and paracetamol (PAR) from water by adsorption onto granular activated carbon in batch process and fixed bed column. Batch adsorption experiments were performed to evaluate the influence of pH (2 – 10), adsorbent concentration (5 – 20 g L-1) and contact time (5 – 350 min). Pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order and intraparticle diffusion models were evaluated in the kinetics investigation. Equilibrium adsorption was investigated using Langmuir, Freundlich, Sips and Redlich-Peterson equations. Fixed bed adsorption was studied through experimental design to evaluate initial contaminant concentration (C0, 20 – 100 mg L-1), amount of adsorbent (W, 0.5 – 1.5 g) and feed flow rate (Q, 3 – 5 mL min-1) effects. The analytical models of Thomas, Bohart-Adams and Yan were selected to investigate the breakthrough curves behavior. In addition, a numerical model was developed and solved using EMSO software. The granular activated carbon (GAC) used had BET surface area of 463 m² g-1 and volume of 0.20 cm³ g-1 of micropores. The pH had no significant effect on the adsorption removal of the three drugs. Adsorption equilibrium of AMX and DCF was reached after 150 min and 180 min for PAR. Pseudo second order model best represented kinetic adsorption of the three compounds. At best conditions in batch process, adsorbent concentration was 12.5 g L-1 for AMX and DCF and 10 g L-1 for PAR. Langmuir isotherm best described AMX adsorption equilibrium at 25 and 35 ºC, and Sips model at 45 ºC. DCF and PAR adsorption followed the Freundlich isotherm and Redlich-Peterson model, respectively. Thermodynamic study indicated that the three drugs adsorption were spontaneous and favorable processes. In addition, adsorption increased at higher temperatures. In fixed bed adsorption experiments, saturation time (tsat) decreased with the increase of initial concentration and flow rate for both drugs. W had positive effect on tsat. The amount adsorbed (qsat) was enhanced at higher C0 and lower Q. qsat was higher at higher Q for AMX and DCF and lower Q for PAR adsorption. Yan model best reproduced breakthrough curves behavior for all drugs among the analytical models and the numerical model developed on EMSO software. Thus, adsorption processes in batch mode and fixed bed column showed to be effective for the removal of drugs of different therapeutic classes from water.

Acetaminophen, known as paracetamol in the UK and Tylenol in the United States, is a widespread and commonly used painkiller all over the world. Taken in large enough doses, however, it can cause fatal liver damage. In the U.S., 56000 people are admitted to hospital each year due to acetaminophen overdose and its related effects, at great cost to healthcare services. In this thesis we present a number of different models of acetaminophen metabolism and toxicity. Previously, models of acetaminophen toxicity have been complex and due to this complexity, do not lend themselves well to more advanced mathematical analysis such as the perturbation analysis presented later in this thesis. We begin with a simple model of acetaminophen metabolism, studying a single liver cell and performing numerical and sensitivity analysis to further understand the most important mechanisms and pathways of the model. Through this we identify key parameters that affect the total toxicity in our model. We then proceed to perform singular perturbation analysis, studying the behaviour of the model over different timescales, finding a number of key timescales for the depletion and subsequent recovery of various cofactors as well as critical dose above which we see toxicity occurring. Later in the thesis, this model is used to model metabolism in a spheroid cell culture, examining the difference spatial effects have on metabolism across a 3D cell culture. We then present a more complex model, examining the difference the addition of an adaptive response to acetaminophen overdose from the Nrf2 signalling pathway, has on our results. We aim to reproduce an unexplained result in the experimental data of our colleagues, and so analyse the steady states of our model when subjected to an infused dose, rather than a bolus one. We identify another critical dose which leads to GSH depletion in the infused dose case and find that Nrf2 adaptation decreases toxicity and model sensitivity. This model is then used as part of a whole-body PBPK model, exploring the effects that the distribution of the drug across the bloodstream and different organs has. We explore the affects of that a delay in up-regulation from the Nrf2 pathway has on the model, and find that with rescaled parameters we can qualitatively reproduce the results of our collaborators. Finally, we present the results of in vitro work that we have undertaken, the aim of which was to find new parameters for the model in human hepatocytes, rather than from rodent models, and find a new value for a parameter in our model from human cell lines.

Operações de revestimento são amplamente utilizadas em diversos setores industriais, tais como químico, agrícola, alimentício e farmacêutico. Dentre as principais razões para a aplicação de revestimento em partículas destacam-se fatores estéticos, proteção e o controle da taxa de dissolução de substâncias químicas. Este trabalho teve por objetivo investigar o revestimento de sólidos farmacêuticos em leito fluidizado. Inicialmente foram realizados ensaios fluidodinâmicos visando à definição de parâmetros operacionais nos quais ocorre uma operação estável do sistema. Definidas condições de operação estável, realizaram-se ensaios de revestimento de grânulos contendo um fármaco modelo (paracetamol), empregando-se uma composição à base de Eugradit RS30D. Nesta etapa investigou-se a influência da vazão de ar de fluidização, do diâmetro das partículas, da temperatura do ar de fluidização e da vazão de suspensão de revestimento na fração revestida, Wrt; na eficiência do revestimento, ; e no índice de aglomeração, Agl. Ensaios de liberação in vitro foram realizados no sentido de se avaliar a alteração das propriedades de liberação do fármaco devido ao revestimento aplicado. Os resultados obtidos evidenciaram que um tempo maior de processo levou à formação de um filme de revestimento mais espesso, modificando o perfil de dissolução do fármaco. Amostras de grânulos revestidos em condições selecionadas foram submetidas a um tratamento térmico, que consistiu na armazenagem do produto em estufa à 40 oC por intervalos de tempo que variaram de 1 a 96 horas sendo, posteriormente, realizados ensaios de dissolução. Verificouse que, nas condições experimentais utilizadas, o tratamento térmico do grânulo revestido não influenciou na velocidade liberação do fármaco, independentemente do período de armazenagem. / Coating operations are widely used in several industrial sectors, such as the chemical, agricultural, food and pharmaceutical. Among the reasons for particle coating application, the aesthetic, protection against the environment and the control of the dissolution rate of chemical substances are prominent. The aim of this work was to investigate the fluidized bed coating of pharmaceutical solids. Initially, hydrodynamic tests were carried out in order to define the operating parameters which lead to a stable system operation. After selection of the conditions of stable operation, coating experiments of granules containing a model drug (acetaminophen), with a coating composition based on Eudragit RS30D were started. In this stage, it was investigated the effects of the flow rate of the fluidizing air, mean particle diameter, inlet temperature of the fluidizing air, and the feed flow rate of the coating suspension on the coating fraction, Wrt; on coating efficiency, ; and on agglomerating index, Agl. In vitro dissolution tests were performed to evaluate the modification of the drug release properties due to the coating application. The results showed that the thickness of the coating layer is dependent of the processing time, leading to a modification on drug release profiles. Samples of the coated granules obtained at selected conditions were submitted to a thermal treatment, which consisted of the product storage in an air circulated oven at 40 oC during 1 to 96 hours time intervals. After the thermal treatment the granules were submitted to dissolution tests. It was verified, in the experimental conditions used, that the thermal treatment of the coated granules do not influenced the drug release rate, independently of the storage period.

CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / Esse trabalho mostra a síntese de nanocompósitos entre o óxido de grafeno reduzido eletroquimicamente (OGre) e hexacianoferratos de cobre e prata (HCFAg e HCFCu). A síntese inicia-se por meio da preparação de filmes OGre/Ag e OGre/Cu, partindo de uma dispersão de óxido de grafeno (OG) e os respectivos sais de prata e cobre, empregando voltametria cíclica. A segunda etapa da síntese consiste na utilização dos filmes preparados anteriormente, também através de voltametria cíclica, para preparação, através de uma reação heterogênea com o ferricianeto de potássio em solução, dos respectivos hexacianoferratos. O estudo de valor de pH do eletrólito, empregado nos filmes OGre/HCFAg e OGre/HCFCu, através de voltametria cíclica (VC) revelou que as melhores respostas relacionadas a estabilidade e intensidade de corrente são em pH= 2 e 4, respectivamente. A partir dos estudos do efeito da velocidade de varredura, realizados também por VC, foi verificado o caráter quase-reversível do OGre/HCFAg e reversível do HCFCu, além de revelar que o processo de difusão de íons K+ controla os processos redox envolvidos em ambos os filmes. A eficácia da redução do OG foi verificada por DRX. Os espectros Raman foram obtidos para avaliar a redução do OG e a presença dos hexacianoferratos. A morfologia dos materiais foi estudada por MEV, a qual mostrou a presença de nanopartículas de HCFAg da ordem de 250 nm e para o HCFCu, nanocubos com tamanho médio de 120 nm. O estudo voltamétrico dos filmes para detecção de captopril (CAP) e paracetamol (PA) foi realizado e revela a potencialidade da aplicação dos filmes como sensores. A detecção cronoamperométrica de CAP e PA foi conduzida em um sistema de injeção em batelada (BIA) com o uso de OGre/HCFAg. Para o PA foi encontado um valor de LD = 2,77 μmol L-1, LQ= 8,30 μmol L-1 e sensibilidade de 0,063 μA μmol L-1. A detecção de CAP possui duas faixas lineares, sendo a primeira no intervalo de25-100 μmol L-1 com LD= 2,8 μmol L-1, LQ= 8,5 μmol L-1 e sensibilidade de 0,0157 μA μmol L-1. A segunda faixa linear varia de 250 a 500 μmol L -1. / This work shows the electrochemical synthesis of electrochemically reduced graphene oxide (erGO) and copper and silver hexacyanoferrates (CuHCF and AgHCF) through a dispersion of graphene oxide (GO) and Ag and Cu salts, using cyclic voltammetry. The second step of synthesis is also performed by cyclic voltammetry and aims at the deposition of hexacyanoferrate in the films described above. The study of pH of the electrolyte used in the films showed that the best responses regarding stability and current intensity for erGO/AgHCF and erGO/CuHCF are at pH 2 and 4, respectively. Through the studies of the effect of scan rate, the quasi-reversible character of erGO/AgHCF and reversible erGO/CuHCF was verified, in addition to revealing that the K + diffusion process controls the redox activity involved in both films. The efficacy of GO reduction was verified by XRD. Raman spectra were obtained to evaluate the reduction of GO and the presence of the hexacyanoferrates.The morphology of the materials was evaluated by SEM images, which showed for erGO/AgHCF nanoparticles in order of 250 nm and for erGO/CuHCF nanocubes of 120 nm in size. The voltammetric study of the films for the detection of captopril (CAP) and paracetamol (PA) was conducted and revealed the potential of the films as sensors. The chronoamperometric detection of CAP and PA was conducted in a batch injection analysis (BIA) system with the use of erGO/AgHCF. For PA was found a value of LD= 2.77 μmol L-1, LQ = 8.30 μmol L-1 and sensitivity of 0.063 μA L μmol -1.The detection of CAP presented two linear ranges, the first in the concentration range of 25-100 μmol L-1 with LD= 2.8 μmol L-1, LQ= 8.5 μmol L-1 and sensitivity of 0.0157 μA L μmol -1. The second linear range varies from 250 to 500 μmol L -1. / Dissertação (Mestrado)

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Novos fÃrmacos antiinflamatÃrios nÃo esteroidais, inibidores especÃficos de COX-2, tÃm chegado ao mercado com grande aceitaÃÃo por parte de clÃnicos e pacientes. Este trabalho testou a eficÃcia terapÃutica e o custo do tratamento do rofecoxibe 50 mg/dia,V.O. comparativamente com o diclofenaco sÃdico 50 mg, V.O., de 8 em 8 horas, no controle da dor, edema e do trismo pÃs-operatÃrio da exodontia de terceiros molares inferiores em 59 pacientes, 30 no grupo rofecoxibe e 29 no grupo diclofenaco sÃdico. As avaliaÃÃes foram feitas nos momentos do prÃ-operatÃrio, 30 minutos do pÃs-operatÃrio que coincidia com a administraÃÃo dos fÃrmacos e 0,5; 1,0; 2,0; 24; 48; 72 e 192 h pÃs-administraÃÃo. O rofecoxibe ofereceu um analgesia superior ao diclofenaco quando avaliado o sintoma dor por uma escala categorizada. Proporcionalmente, os pacientes que relataram analgesia completa nos intervalos de 1 e 2 h chegaram a 50 e 60,71% no grupo rofecoxibe, e 14,28 e 25,92% no grupo diclofenaco respectivamente. Essa diferenÃa foi estatisticamente significante (p<0,05). Quando a avaliaÃÃo feita foi pela escala visual analÃgica EVA, os escores de dor para o grupo diclofenaco foram superiores ao rofecoxibe nos momentos de 1 e 2 horas, sendo essa diferenÃa estatisticamente significante (p<0,05). O consumo de medicaÃÃo de resgate no grupo rofecoxibe foi significantemente menor nas primeiras 24 h do pÃs-operatÃrio em relaÃÃo ao diclofenaco (p<0,05.) Rofecoxibe, quando comparado ao diclofenaco, apresentou maiores mÃdias do edema, essa diferenÃa foi estatisticamente significante (p<0,05) no pico de 48 h do pÃs-operatÃrio. NÃo existiu diferenÃa estatisticamente significante no controle do trismo entre os medicamentos. Rofecoxibe apresentou um custo maior de 257,49% sobre o tratamento com o diclofenaco sÃdico genÃrico e de 73,06% sobre o VoltarenÂ. Quando indicado um protetor gÃstrico, associado ao diclofenaco o rofecoxibe pode ser a opÃÃo mais econÃmica isoladamente. / New selective COX-2 inhibitors non-steroidal antiinflammatory agents have been used with great approval by clinicians and patients. This work evaluated the therapeutic efficacy and the costs of the rofecoxib 50 mg/day, p.o. treatment compared to diclofenac sodium 50 mg, p.o 8/8h in the control of pain, swelling and trismus during the postoperative of the third lower molar exodontia in 59 patients, 30 in the rofecoxib group and 29 in the diclofenac sodium group. The assessment were made during the preoperative, 30 minutes after the surgical procedure, which corresponded with the administration of the drugs, and 0.5; 1.0; 2.0; 24; 48; 72 and 192h after the drugs administration. The rofecoxib provided a higher analgesia than diclofenac when the symptom pain was evaluated by a distinguished scale. In proportion, after the intervals of 1 and 2 hours, 50 and 60.71% of the patients in the rofecoxib group and 14.28 and 25.92% in the diclofenac group, respectively, referred complete analgesia. This difference was statistically significant (p<0.05). When the assessment was made by the EVA analogical visual scale, the diclofenac group pain scores were higher than rofecoxib after 1 and 2 hours. This difference was also statistically significant (p<0.05). The use of the rescue medication in the rofecoxib was significative lower compared with diclofenaco group (p<0.05). When Rofecoxib was compared to diclofenac, presented higher averages of swelling. This difference was statistically (p<0.05) 48h after the surgical procedure. There was no statistically significant difference in the trismus control with the use of the medications. Rofecoxib presents a higher cost of 257.49% if compared to the treatment of generic diclofenac and 73.06% if compared to Voltaren. When indicated a gastric protector associated to diclofenac, the rofecoxib is the most economic option isolated.

Residuos de fármacos estão presentes em diversas matrizes ambientais e estudos focados na determinação destes tem ganhado grande importância nos últimos anos, devido ao aumento do consumo de medicamentos pela população. A questão do controle de resíduos de compostos farmacologicamente ativos no meio ambiente aquático foi reconhecida como uma das questões emergentes na Química Ambiental, e tem-se dado maior importância visto que os fármacos são encontrados em matrizes em estudos em concentrações de &mu;gL-1 e ngL-1. Nesta pesquisa estudou-se três fármacos antiflamatórios que são amplamente consumidos pela população: diclofenaco, nimesulida e paracetamol. O método analítico foi desenvolvido e validado para a determinação destes fármacos em amostras de águas superficiais da cidade de São Carlos (SP). Inicialmente foi feita a validação do método proposto segundo a Resolução DOQ-CGCRE-008 do INMETRO. Os limites de detecção, e de quantificação e inferior de quantificação do método para a determinação do diclofenaco, nimesulida e paracetamol, foram, respectivamente, 0,5; 1,1 e 1,1 &mu;gL-1. A linearidade, desvio-padrão relativo, exatidão e recuperação média para o diclofenaco foram, respectivamente, R de 0,99, 3,03%, 100,55% e 97,94%. Para a nimesulida, os valores de linearidade, desvio-padrão relativo, exatidão e recuperação, foram, R de 0,98, 2,43%, 101,46% e 100,67%. Já para o paracetamol obteve-se os seguintes valores para linearidade, desvio-padrão relativo, exatidão e recuperação, R de 0,99, 3,50%, 97,94% e 93,17%, respectivamente. Na segunda etapa deste estudo aplicou-se o método validado na análise de amostras de águas coletadas na cidade de São Carlos (SP). Para o método de extração utilizou-se a extração em fase sólida (SPE) e como técnica analítica utilizou-se o HPLC/DAD. Os resultados não indicaram a presença dos fármacos diclofenaco, nimesulida e paracetamol até o limite de detecção do método empregado. / Residues of drugs are present in various environmental matrices and studies focused on the determination of these have gained in importance in recent years, due to increased drug consumption by the population. The issue of control of residues of pharmacologically active compounds in the aquatic environment was recognized as one of the emerging issues in environmental chemistry, and has given greater importance since the drugs are found in studies in matrices at concentrations &mu;gL-1 and ngL-1. In this study was studied three drugs that are widely consumed by the population: diclofenac, nimesulide and acetaminophen. The analytical method was developed for the determination of these drugs in surface water samples from São Carlos (SP). Initially, made a validation of the method proposed second resolution DOQ-008-CGCRE INMETRO. The detection, quantification and lower quantification limits of method for determining of diclofenac, nimesulide and paracetamol were 0.5, 1.1 and 1.1 &mu;gL-1, respectively. The linearity, relative standard , accuracy and average recovery of the method for diclofenac were, respectively, R equal to 0.99, 3.03%, 100.55% and 97.94%. For nimesulide, the values of linearity, relative standard, accuracy and recovery were R equal to 0.98, and 2.43%, 101.46% and 100.67%. For acetaminophen obtained the following values for linearity, relative standard, accuracy and recovery, R equal to 0.99, 3.50%, 97.94% and 93.17% respectively. In the second stage of the study applied the validated method in the analysis of water samples collected in the São Carlos (SP). For extracting the drugs, SPE cartridges were used followed by HPLC / DAD. The results indicate the absense of the studied drugs diclofenac, nimesulide and acetaminophen down to the detection limits of the method employed.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-06-21T11:23:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 sabrineteixeiraferrazgrunewald.pdf: 2196276 bytes, checksum: a35b4952461b11218a691a57ab770375 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-08-07T19:03:56Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 sabrineteixeiraferrazgrunewald.pdf: 2196276 bytes, checksum: a35b4952461b11218a691a57ab770375 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-07T19:03:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 sabrineteixeiraferrazgrunewald.pdf: 2196276 bytes, checksum: a35b4952461b11218a691a57ab770375 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-11-27 / O baço apresenta várias funções, como fagocitose de microrganismos, produção de imunoglobulinas e filtração do sangue. O baço também possui relação anatômica e funcional com o fígado, embora existam poucas pesquisas sobre esse aspecto. O modelo da esplenectomia seguida de implante esplênico autógeno é baseado na capacidade regenerativa do baço, sendo utilizado para estudo de suas funções. Já o modelo da injúria hepática química consiste na indução de lesão hepatocelular para avaliação da função hepática. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a função de filtração do baço no modelo de implante autógeno, e estudar sua relação funcional com o fígado no modelo de injúria hepática química. Cinquenta e dois camundongos BALB/C fêmeas foram randomizados nos grupos: operação simulada, esplenectomia total, esplenectomia e implante autógeno do baço em omento maior, e grupo controle. Após 7, 14 e 28 dias da cirurgia, a filtração esplênica foi avaliada com da contagem de corpúsculos de Howell-Jolly e eritrócitos com indentações. No 28º dia, os animais receberam paracetamol 400mg/kg por gavagem, sendo eutanasiados após 12 ou 24 horas. Realizou-se dosagem de transaminases hepáticas, e avaliação histológica do fígado e baço. Quanto a função de filtração, o grupo esplenectomizado demonstrou filtração insuficiente em todas as análises, enquanto o grupo do implante autógeno evoluiu com recuperação progressiva da função após o 14º dia. A avaliação histológica dos implantes mostrou, no 28º dia após a cirurgia, aspecto morfológico similar ao baço normal. A dosagem de transaminases após a injúria medicamentosa não permitiu uma definição quanto a influência do baço sobre as mesmas. A histopatologia hepática mostrou agravamento temporal da lesão, com necrose centrolobular mais intensa no grupo esplenectomizado que nos demais, sugerindo um papel protetor do baço nesse modelo de injúria. Assim, os implantes esplênicos apresentaram recuperação estrutural e funcional, demonstrando a capacidade do implante autógeno de resgatar a função de filtração do baço íntegro. De forma inédita, foi demonstrado que a integridade da função esplênica pode estar associada à função hepática, uma vez que a presença do baço ou do implante esplênico amenizou os efeitos da lesão hepática induzida quimicamente. / The spleen presents various functions such as phagocytosis of microorganisms, production of immunoglobulins, and blood filtration. The spleen has also an anatomical and functional relationship with the liver, although there are few studies on this topic. The model of splenectomy and autogenous implant of splenic tissue is based on the regenerative capacity of the spleen, being useful to study their functions. The chemical liver injury model consists of the induction of hepatocellular injury for assessment of liver function. The aim of this study was to assess the spleen filtering function of the splenic model, and to evaluate their functional relationship with the liver on the chemical liver injury model. Fifty-two BALB/C mice were randomized into groups: sham operated, total splenectomy, splenectomy and autologous implant of the spleen in the greater omentum, and control. After 7, 14 and 28 days after surgery, splenic filtration was assessed by counting Howell-Jolly corpuscles and erythrocytes with indentations. On day 28, animals received paracetamol at 400mg/kg by gavage and were euthanized after 12 or 24 hours for dosage of liver transaminases and histology of liver and spleen. Regarding the filtering function, the splenectomized group demonstrated insufficient filtration in all analyzes, while the autologous implant group developed progressive recovery of function after the 14th day. Histology of the implants showed, on the 28th day after surgery, morphological similarity to the normal spleen. The assessment of transaminases after drug injury did not allow a definition as to the influence of the spleen on liver function. Liver histology evaluation showed an exacerbation of the injury with time, with more intense centrilobular necrosis in the splenectomized group than in the other, suggesting a protective role of the spleen in liver injury model. Thus, splenic implants showed structural and functional recovery, demonstrating the ability of the autologous implant to revive the filtering function of the intact spleen. Furthermore, the integrity of splenic function may be associated with liver function, since the presence of the spleen or spleen implantation mitigated the effects of chemically induced liver injury.

Le vieillesse conduit à une perte de masse et de fonctionnalité musculaire : la sarcopénie. Ce phénomène physiologique est reconnu comme une cause directe de fragilité et ces deux syndromes gériatriques ont été reliés à de nombreux facteurs dont le statut nutritionnel et la médication. Cependant, les interactions médication-muscle n'ont été que peu étudiées notamment au cours du vieillissement. Le médicament le plus prescrit et consommé est le paracétamol dont la détoxification hépatique nécessite un nutriment : la cystéine (Cys)[...]Sous réserve de la validité de ces résultats chez l'homme, les données obtenues indiquent qu'il serait d'intérêt de mettre en place des recommandations nutritionnelles basées sur une augmentation en Cys au cours des périodes de traitement.Ceci permettrait d'accroître le bénéfice /risque du paracétamol, qui est largement prescrit en première intention pour traiter les douleurs chroniques d'intensité faible à modérée chez les personnes âgées. / The age-related muscle mass and functionality loss, named sarcopenia is a physiological processknown as a direct cause of frailty. Both geriatrics syndromes have been correlated to various factorsas nutritional status and medication. However, the interactions between medication and muscle havenot being deeply investigated, especially in elderly. Using this model, we have highlighted a 12% loss of muscle mass in old rat under repeatedparacetamol cures. This loss was associated with paracetamol-induced sulfur amino acid disturbancesleading to altered glutathione (GSH a Cys containing tripeptide) status and circulating Cys. All together, these results emphasize that muscle mass loss induced by repeated cures withparacetamol in old rats arise from the increased protein and more specifically Cys requirements. Therelevance of these results for older persons needs to be further evaluated before considering whetherit it could be of interest to develop nutritional recommendations aimed to optimized protein intake orCys supplementation during cures with paracetamol. That could further increase the benefit/risk ratioof paracetamol which is widely prescribed for pain relief, especially in older people.

Le paracétamol est sujet à controverse depuis sa découverte. Que ce soit son mécanisme d’action, ses effets indésirables ou son efficacité, de nombreuses études ont été réalisées et parfois se contredisent. Parfois critiqué pour son efficacité limitée, il n’a pourtant rien à envier aux autres antalgiques : il soulage les douleurs faibles à modérées sans effets indésirables aux doses thérapeutiques. Cela en fait un médicament de premier recours chez la femme enceinte, le nourrisson et l’enfant. D’après un rapport de l’ANSM, sur les 30 substances actives les plus vendues en France en 2013 (montant total 1,15 milliard de boîtes), le paracétamol domine très largement (plus de 500 millions de boîtes). C'est l’antalgique et l’antipyrétique le plus consommé au monde. La pharmacopée des antalgiques est vieillissante, l’évolution de l’arsenal thérapeutique depuis 50 ans est limitée. Ce constat amène à réévaluer les stratégies de recherche. Maintenant, notre intérêt serait de comprendre les mécanismes et les cibles de ces antalgiques afin de développer des analogues plus affins tout en limitant leurs effets indésirables. Basée cette stratégie, le paracétamol est un parfait candidat. En effet, son mécanisme d’action n’est pas parfaitement connu mais son efficacité n’est plus à prouver. L’objectif de ces travaux est d’élucider le mystère qui entoure son mécanisme d’action et de découvrir ses cibles. Les dernières études redéfinissent le paracétamol comme un précurseur métabolique à l’origine d’un dérivé lipidique actif, nommé AM404. Ce dernier serait synthétisé dans certaines régions cérébrales exprimant l’enzyme FAAH capable de catalyser cette réaction. Le mécanisme alors mis en jeu montre que le paracétamol, via l’AM404, activerait les récepteurs TRPV1 centraux et indirectement les récepteurs CB1 pour renforcer un mécanisme central d’atténuation de la douleur via les voies descendantes sérotoninergiques. Cependant, le noyau cérébral concerné et le mécanisme cellulaire mis en jeu demeurent inconnus. Des données comportementales associées à une étude d’imagerie fonctionnelle ont levé le voile sur plusieurs régions cérébrales potentiellement impliquées dans l’action du paracétamol, notamment la substance grise périaqueducale. Cette dernière a suscité notre intérêt, car ce noyau exprime à la fois la triade FAAH/TRPV1/CB1, mais aussi est un carrefour des voies descendantes sérotoninergiques. Une activation dans la substance grise périaqueducale des récepteurs TRPV1 et CB1 est à même de produire un effet antinociceptif dépendant de ces contrôles descendants. Ces travaux de thèse ont conduit à conforter que l’action antalgique du paracétamol implique un mécanisme supra-spinal dépendant de l’enzyme FAAH en condition pathologique. Plus précisément, nous avons étudié le rôle de la triade FAAH/TRPV1/CB1 au niveau de la SGPA. Nous avons découvert que le paracétamol interagissait avec une voie de signalisation cellulaire mGLUR5-PLC-DAGL responsable de la production de l’endocannabinoïde 2-AG. Ce mécanisme pourrait à la fois expliquer l’étroite collaboration existant entre les récepteurs TRPV1 et CB1 dans l’effet antalgique du paracétamol et le renforcement des voies descendantes sérotoninergiques. Le paracétamol est donc un promédicament dont l’action cérébrale recruterait un ensemble de systèmes complexes pour médier son effet antalgique. Ce mécanisme séduisant ouvre la piste à de nouveaux antalgiques toujours plus efficaces avec des effets indésirables moindres, à l’image du paracétamol. / Paracetamol is since its discovery controversial. Whether with respect to the mechanism of action, its side effects or effectiveness, many studies have been performed, at times contradictory. Sometimes criticized for its limited effectiveness, it has nothing to envy in contrast to other analgesics whose effectiveness are often associated with side effects. Paracetamol has proven itself to relieve low to moderate pain without side effects at therapeutic doses. This makes it drug of choice for pregnant women, infants and children. According to a report by the ANSM of the 30 top-selling active substances in France in 2013, with a total of 1.15 billion boxes, paracetamol largely dominates this ranking as its sales are over 500 million boxes. Thus it has become the analgesic and antipyretic most consumed in the world. Today, the pharmacopoeia of analgesics is outdated; evolution of the therapeutic arsenal for 50 years is limited with few major discoveries reported. This observation leads to the need to reassess research strategies to innovate new and more effective molecules. Until now, the aim was to focus on a few molecules with high therapeutic potential in order to optimize their effectiveness without understanding their mechanisms. Now our interest is to understand the mechanisms and targets of these analgesics in order to develop more comparable molecules while limiting their adverse effects. Based on this strategy, paracetamol is a perfect candidate. Indeed, its mechanism of action is not fully known, but its effectiveness is proven. The aim of this work is to elucidate the mystery surrounding its mechanism of action and discover its targets. The latest studies redefine paracetamol as a metabolic precursor to the origin of an active lipid derivative, called AM404. The latter is synthesized in certain regions of the brain expressing the FAAH enzyme capable of catalyzing this reaction. The mechanism thus put into play shows that paracetamol, via AM404, activates TRPV1 receptors and the central CB1 receptors indirectly to reinforce a central mechanism of pain relief via serotonergic descending pathways. However, the cerebral area concerned and the cellular mechanism involved remain unknown. Behavioral data associated with a functional imaging study unveiled several brain regions potentially involved in the action of paracetamol, including the periaqueductal gray matter. The latter sparked our interest for two reasons: one because it expresses the core triad FAAH/TRPV1/CB1; and two it also represents a crossroad of descending serotonergic pathways. Activation in the periaqueductal gray matter of the TRPV1 and CB1 receptors is adapted to produce an antinociceptive effect dependent on these descendant control systems. This work of this thesis has led to re-affirm that the analgesic action induced by paracetamol involves a supra-spinal mechanism dependent on the FAAH enzyme in pathological conditions. Specifically, we investigated the role of the triad FAAH/TRPV1/CB1 in the periaqueductal gray matter. We found that paracetamol interacted with the cell signaling pathway mGluR5-PLC-DAGL responsible for production of the endocannabinoid 2-AG. This mechanism can explain both the close collaboration between the TRPV1 and CB1 receptors in the analgesic effect of paracetamol and the reinforcing of serotonergic descending pathways. Paracetamol is thus a prodrug whose cerebral action involves a set of complex systems to mediate its analgesic effect. This attractive mechanism opens the track to new painkillers ever more effective with fewer side effects, reflected paracetamol mechanism.