This study explores fatherhood in contemporary Canadian society by drawing on the experiences of nine full-time care-giving fathers in Vancouver, Canada. Using a social constructionist epistemology, the study explored how fathers who are primary caregivers to their young children construct masculinity, how they enact primary care-giving, and how they can be better supported within communities. Fathers were recruited through posters in community centres and through snowball sampling and volunteered to participate in interviews lasting between one and three hours. Interviews were audio-taped, transcribed and analysed using pragmatic thematic analysis. Three key themes were constructed to represent the fathers’ self-reported experiences: fathers’ enactment of primary care-giving; fathers’ constructions of masculinity within dominant discourses of masculinity and care; and father’s support needs. Findings suggest that for these primary care-giving fathers, care-giving is active and adventurous, and egalitarian beliefs and roles regarding child care and domestic responsibility predominate within their co-parenting relationship. Traditional Euro-western masculine ideology tends to give way to a “hybrid” ideology that emphasizes affection, emotional intelligence, and caring for one’s family as a whole. Fathers indicated a preference for supports that are self-sought such as the internet and support from partners, and informal supports such as community events and time with peers to structured supports provided by community programs. Fathers who reported benefits from formal community programs offered insight into father-friendly practices. Stigma about primary care-giving by fathers was a significant theme constructed from the data. Implications for community programs for families and primary care-giving fathers in particular are discussed. / Graduate

Thesis (Ph.D.) - Carleton University, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 294-319). Also available in electronic format on the Internet.

This essay is aiming to examine distribution of the unpaid domestic work from a male perspective. Qualitative interviews with three men from three different generations has been implemented to get a subjective image of what these men belives are the factors behind the division of domestic work in there homes. The study shows that changes have taken place, men take a bigger responsibility in domestic work and children care today compared to 50 years ago. A reason for this is for instance womens increasing degree of gainful employment. Despite the changes- or because of them, the discussion of division of domestic work is most current, though differences still remains.

The thesis contains a description of the current situation in combining work and family. Principally, the work focuses on women with small children who are recipients of parental allowance or maternity pay and on the system of family support, in particular, the new three-speed systém of parentel allowance. It also addresses issues faced by mothers upon their re-entry on the labour market. The work´s aim was to establish the extent to which patente take advantage of the option to select the period for which they would benefit from parental allowance and the factors influencing their choice. In order to obtain the data required, women on maternity or parental leave and allowance specialists of the state social support department at the Labour Office in Beroun have been interviewed. Quantitative as well as qualitative research methods have been used. Mothers provided information in questionnaires filled in independently by respondents, semi-controlled interviews with individual specialists have been used to obtain information from the allowance specialists at the Labour Office. The finding that resulted from the work is that, out of the three possible alternatives, the three-year alternativ eis the most frequent choice and the two-year alternative is selected by the lowest number of women. The employability of women and the number of children they take care of are the most important criteria affecting thein choice. Low interest in the two-year-olds. Therefore, predominantly women planning another child in the upcoming period who will have to resolve the situation during their next parental leave opt for the two-year alternative. The influence of the mother´s education on the choice of an alternative has not been confirmed. In order to allow mothers with small children to make full use of the new three-speed system and to accomplish the desired effect, i.e. increase in female employment rates, I would recommend, first of all, regulating the ``nurseries`` in a new way, introducing part-time jobs and shared job positions. Without these measures, the new system cannot work efficiently.

Sweden is known to have one of the world's most generous parental insurances, both inlength and flexibility which has led to a high maternity rate and more women in paidwork. The political work on equality in Sweden has the goal that women and men shallhave the same power to shape society and their own lives. This has led to legislationaimed at getting fathers to stay more at home with their children. There has been plenty ofresearch on this subject so this study goes off the main track and looks at how legislationaround parenthood works for same-sex couples and if paternal leave is shared moreequally between same-sex parents than heterosexual parents. Discourse analysis of thelegislation and a survey with same-sex families followed by interviews indicate that samesexcouples share parental leave more equally than heterosexual couples. Legislationworks well for most same-sex families except for the process of related adoption. Reasonsfor more equal sharing of parental leave is hard to find but could depend on the fact thatsame-sex couples have been couples for a longer time, than heterosexual couples, beforedeciding to have children. Wage gap between men and women is a reason whyheterosexual couples do not share equally and it could be vice versa for same-sex couples.

This thesis Stress in mothers on parental leave in connection with the risk of job loss deals with the issues of stress and unemployment phenomenon, as well as on the topic of employment of women, pregnant women and mothers, also on equal opportunities for women and men in the labor market, the systems of social security and on topics related to the return of mothers after maternity leave to the labor market. This work consists of two main parts - the theoretical and the research (empirical). The theoretical part deals with the above-mentioned problems and issues. The empirical part is focused on the research and descriptions of its results, where quantitative methods of data collection were use. For the purpose of this work the main target is a group of mothers on maternity leave. The data from respondents were collected using a questionnaire method. Collected data was then quantified using descriptive statistics. Two research questions and three hypotheses in total were defined. Hypotheses were statistically tested using statistical methods - ANOVA. The total number of 320 questionnaires from the target group was collected. To achieve the validity of the collected data and homogeneity of the sample, data collection was aimed exclusively at women, i.e. mothers on maternity leave from only the South Region. Aim of the work was to determine which group of mothers on parental leave more is more stressed mothers with a strong economic background or mothers with less strong economic background. Using a Likert scale was measured the extent of stress in mothers, who are not assured of having their job after returning from maternity leave. Using the above mentioned scale also was measured the stress in mothers on parental leave regarding their return to job and related duties, or finding a completely new job. Related to the results and testing, in the first hypothesis testing we found that mothers who do not receive any social security benefits, are more stressed than those mothers who receive benefits. Second hypothesis testing showed that mothers living with partners are less stressed than mothers who do not live with a partner. The third hypothesis testing found out that mothers on maternity leave, who are not assured of having their jobs after the maternity leave, are more stressed than mothers who have such certainty. From the results of the collected data was found out that most respondents are women aged twenty-five to thirty years, and women from thirty-one to thirty-five years. Mostly with the secondary school education (with graduation) and with university education. A large number of women working full-time and women cohabiting with a partner. A large majority of those mothers receives social security benefits. Also, a large number of women planned a combined parental leave with three years of geting the social security benefits. A considerable part of the interviewed mothers but also answered that along with the parental leave they do not have any another job. The results also showed that almost 80 % of respondents were not working at a leader position. Over 60 % of respondents are currently on parental leave with a child, a smaller part of the respondents with a second or third child. An interesting result is the fact that almost a half of respondents is planning another motherhood and nearly 60 % of them plan the second motherhood following the first one. The results of this research may lead to a consideration on the facts determined. For example, why most of the women do not work in a leader position despite their education. Or if women do really have such strong economic background to be able to continue with another parental leave. This work may help the women themselves, whether those planning to be a mother, expecting a child or having it already. Work can be as a basis or a handbook with an overview of the benefits of social security systems.

This thesis examines how couples, aiming for a gender equal division of parental leave, experience the interrelated character and process of workplace attitudes and division of parental leave. The data comes from an interview study with twenty couples, of which thirteen are included in this study. The interviews are conducted in 2009 before their first child was born and again in 2010 or 2011, about a year and a half after their child was born. The interviews are a part of the project Between dream and reality. International and national studies of parenthood and work from a gender perspective [1](principal investigator Marie Evertsson) and was financed by The Swedish Research Council. The interviews have been analyzed from an Expectation States Theory and Doing Gender perspective with an aim to examine which mechanisms differ between the couples that were able to realize their planned division of parental leave and the couples that were not. The results show that the men working in workplaces where attitudes towards them taking a relatively long parental leave were positive also took a relatively long parental leave. On the other hand, many of the women who reported being in a workplace where attitudes to parental leave were positive, took a fairly short parental leave. The workplace support resulted in different outcomes for the men and the women, a relatively long parental leave for men and a relatively short parental leave for women. This could be explained by the different expectations society has on men and women, women are assumed to take a bigger part of the leave than men are. This can indicate that support is more important when breaking the traditional norm than it is when following it. The couples that divided their leave equally were very determined about their division. The couples that did not share their leave equally, were generally not as determined and therefore generally more open to the opinions and attitudes of prevalence at the workplace. The women that took a bigger part of the leave than their partners had a hard time returning to work after their parental leave, they often felt down-prioritized at the work place. The men that took a smaller part and the couples that divided their leave equally did not have a hard time returning to work. [1] Mellan dröm och verklighet. Internationella och nationella studier av föräldraskap och arbete ur ett genusperspektiv

Orientadores: Rosana de Fátima Possobon, Sérgio Tadeu Martins Marba / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T07:08:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Brasileiro_AlineAlves_D.pdf: 1384904 bytes, checksum: 98b76dece849beed0b8a5bc76ebc6acd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar os fatores que influenciam o aleitamento materno em uma população que retorna ao trabalho e em outra que não, recebendo ou não apoio para manutenção da amamentação. Foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo de coorte, por meio de inquérito com mães que voltaram a trabalhar após o parto e com mães que não tinham uma atividade profissional, participantes e não participantes de um programa de incentivo ao aleitamento materno. A amostra foi constituída por 400 díades mãe-lactente com idade entre 6 e 12 meses de vida. Para as análises bivariadas foram utilizados os testes de quiquadrado e Exato de Fisher. Na ajustada, o modelo de regressão múltipla de Poisson com variância robusta e análise de regressão logística múltipla pelo procedimento stepwise forward. A maior parte da população foi composta por primíparas, por mulheres que fizeram parto tipo cesárea, que iniciaram a amamentação em menos de 4 horas após o parto e que permaneceram com seu filho em alojamento conjunto. Pela análise de regressão logística múltipla das variáveis relacionadas ao desmame, pôde-se observar que as mães não participantes do programa de incentivo têm 3,04 (IC95% 1,35-6,85) vezes mais chance de parar a amamentação antes do quarto mês. As mães que não têm intervalo de 30 minutos durante a jornada de trabalho têm 4,10 (IC95% 1,81-9,26) vezes mais chances de parar a amamentação antes do 4º mês. As crianças que utilizam chupeta têm 2,68 (IC95% 1,23-5,83) vezes mais chance de parar a amamentação antes do quarto mês. As crianças que utilizam mamadeira têm 14,47 (IC95% 1,85-113,24) vezes mais chance de parar a amamentação antes do quarto mês. Pela analise de Poisson das variáveis relacionadas ao desmame, interromperam o aleitamento antes do 4º mês às mães, que não receberam apoio (p<0,0001), que trabalhavam (p=0,0224), que não ficaram em alojamento conjunto (p=0,0443) e que ofereciam mamadeira (p<0,0001) a seus filhos. As mães que não participavam do programa de incentivo ao aleitamento apresentaram prevalência 1,20 vezes maior de desmame antes do 4º mês (p=0,0004). Este estudo aponta para a importância de oferecer apoio e informações sobre o manejo da lactação e sobre os direitos das lactantes garantidos por lei / Abstract: The objective of this study was to investigate the factors that influence breastfeeding in a population that returns to work and another not, or not receiving support to maintain breastfeeding. We conducted a retrospective cohort study, through a survey of mothers returning to work after childbirth and mothers who had no professional activity, participants and non participants of a program to encourage breastfeeding. The sample consisted of 400 mothers and their infants aged between 6 and 12 months of life. For the bivariate analysis was performed using the chi-square and Fisher's exact. In the adjusted model Poisson multiple regression with robust variance and multiple logistic regression analysis by stepwise forward procedure. Most of the population consisted of primiparous women who had a cesarean delivery type, who started breastfeeding within 4 hours after delivery and remained with his son to stay together. By multiple logistic regression analysis of variables related to weaning, it was observed that mothers not participating in the incentive program are 3.04 (95% CI 1.35 to 6.85) times more likely to stop breastfeeding before the fourth months. Mothers who do not have 30-minute break during the working hours are 4.10 (95% CI 1.81 to 9.26) times more likely to stop breastfeeding before the 4th month. Children who use pacifiers are 2.68 (95% CI 1.23 to 5.83) times more likely to stop breastfeeding before the fourth month. Children using bottles are 14.47 (95% CI 1.85 to 113.24) times more likely to stop breastfeeding before the fourth month. For the Poisson analysis of variables related to weaning, stop breastfeeding before the 4th month to mothers who received no support (p <0.0001), working (p = 0.0224), which were not able to stay together (p = 0.0443) and offering a bottle (p <0.0001) to their children. Mothers who did not participate in the program to encourage breastfeeding had a prevalence 1.20 times higher weaning before 4 months (p = 0.0004). This study highlights the importance of offering support and information about breastfeeding management and the rights of breastfeeding women guaranteed by law / Doutorado / Saude da Criança e do Adolescente / Doutora em Saúde da Criança e do Adolescente

I Sverige är det fortfarande en ojämn fördelning av uttaget av föräldradagar hos nyblivna föräldrar där mammorna tar ut den största delen.  Syfte:. Att undersöka hur föräldrar resonerar kring föräldraledighet, hur de väljer att fördela dagarna, vilka är anledningen till det och vad skulle få dem att resonera annorlunda. Metod: En explorativ studie med kvalitativ ansats. 12 semi-strukturerade intervjuer genomfördes med sex föräldrapar i åldern 25-42år som fått barn de senasta två åren, föräldrarna intervjuades enskilt. Analysering gjordes med en omarbetad version av Lundman &amp; Hällgren-Graneheims (2008) innehållsanalys. Resultat: Fyra kategorier identifierades; planering av föräldraledigheten, självklara val för familjen, föräldrar är inte insatta i reglerna och föräldrar nöjda i sina roller. Studien visar att mamman oftast är den som är hemma den första tiden med barnet och att pappan sedan tar ut dagar därefter som det passar. Föräldrarna var överlag positivt inställda till en mer jämlik fördelning av föräldraledigheten. I de fall där mamman tog ut de flesta dagarna var de avgörande orsakerna oftast relaterade till ekonomi eller arbets-/ skolsituation. Slutsats: Bland föräldrar fanns en tydlig önskan om mer information kring föräldraledigheten från både försäkringskassan och mödravårdscentralens håll. / In Sweden there still are an uneven sharing of the parental leave-days among newly-fledged parents where the mothers still use more days than the fathers. Objective: To examine how newly fledged parents deliberate around parental leave, how they choose to share the days between themselves, what their reasons are and things that could have made them think differently. Method: An explorative studdy with qualitative approach. Twelve semi-structured interviews were caried out. Results: Four categories were identified; the planning of the parental leave, the obvious choices for the family, the parents are not satisfied with the regulations and that parents are happy in their roles. The studdy shows that the mother is the one who in most cases stays at home the first months, and the father than uses his days of parental leave how it works out best for him and is most practical. The parents were, overall, open-minded to have a more equal sharing of the parental leave. In the cases were the mother used most of the days, the main reasons were related to economical factors, work or school situation. Conclusion: There was a distinct wish for more information regarding the regulations of the parental leave among the parents, both from Försäkringskassan and from the maternity clinics parenting groups.

This thesis focuses on the welfare system of women during maternity and parental leave, primarily for specific benefits, which are in maternity and parenthood provided. System of state social support to women subject to conditions childbirth, child benefits and parental pay. For the childbirth, the work highlights specific situations that may arise in life. They are taking a child into permanent parental care, surrogate motherhood and the death of a child. For child benefits is given consideration above its level and subsequently at the parental pay instance of fraudulent conduct involving the unauthorized receipt of benefits or readers are informed on the progress of the amendment to the law on state social support. Sickness insurance system is provided benefit maternity pay, for example, which analysed the possible claim women on maternity benefits in specific situations (pregnant student, pregnant person exercising custodial sentence, etc.). For each benefit is each explained the general conditions for entitlement to, and also its amount. Although the work is devoted mainly to women, and a separate section of this paper deals with the men and their opportunities to take the place of women and care for the child. Of course it mentioned welfare system in this period. Even though the work is mainly...