In 1974, the Swedish parental insurance, which includes remuneration in the form of parental benefit, has been statutory, and has thus existed for over 40 years. The issue of parental benefit and parental leave has to a large extent been the basis for the discussion on gender equality (Försäkringskassan, 2019). The issue of gender equality is a complex political issue, which can be described in the family sphere and how gender equality lives. It is problematic that women still take out more of parental leave than men. Who should take responsibility for the care of and households entails consequences far beyond the family sphere, especially for women's opportunities in the labor market (Statens offentliga utredningar, 2014). The purpose of this study is to examine a group's mother's reflections and experiences regarding the regulation and distribution of parental benefit in the parental insurance. What negotiations and strategies are behind the own distribution of parental benefit in their family. Women's conditions and the unequal power relations in the family sphere, ties in with how work in the home is distributed, how different tasks go to different family members, based on gender, based on different roles (Giddens & Sutton, 2014). There is a picture of the family that is constantly negotiating. An explicit negotiation is an open debate with a discussion and an active and conscious decision-making, while an implicit negotiation is concealed and unspoken. The majority of everyday decisions are unspoken, implicit (Grönlund & Halleröd, 2008). The study was conducted with a qualitative interview method, in order to best capture the interviewees' subjective experiences and thoughts. Then the material has been analyzed through thematic analysis, and interpreted through the theoretical framework. The study's results showed that the distribution of parental benefit in the parental insurance among the surveyed mothers is usually based on an experience that "it just became so". Their descriptions can be interpreted as saying that the distribution has mainly been created by so-called implicit negotiations, non-decisions (Grönlund & Halleröd, 2008; Ahrne & Roman, 1997). Based on routines and rituals, learned behaviors and expectations that can often be linked to notions of gender (Grönlund & Halleröd, 2008). The most prominent problem that the study's results showed was the women's experience of being in a position of dependence on their partner, and a reluctance to do so. / 1974 lagstadgades den svenska föräldraförsäkringen som innefattar ersättning i form av föräldrapenning, den har alltså funnits i över 40 år.Frågan om föräldrapenning och föräldraledighet har i stor utsträckning kommit att ligga till grund för diskussionen om jämställdhet(Försäkringskassan, 2019).Jämställdhetsfrågan är en komplex politisk fråga, som kan börja beskrivas inom familjesfären och hur jämställt familjer lever. Det är problematiskt att kvinnor fortfarande tar ut mer av föräldraledigheten än män. Vem som ska ta ansvar för omsorg av och hushåll medför konsekvenser långt utanför familjesfären, framförallt för kvinnors möjligheter på arbetsmarknaden(Statens offentliga utredningar, 2014).Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka en grupp mammors reflektioner och upplevelser kring regleringen och fördelningen av föräldrapenningen i föräldraförsäkringen. Vilka förhandlingar och strategier som ligger bakom den egna fördelningen av föräldrapenningen i deras familj. Kvinnors villkor och de ojämlika maktrelationerna i familjesfären, knyter an till hur arbete i hemmet fördelas, hur olika uppgifter tillfaller olika familjemedlemmar, utifrån kön, utifrån olika roller (Giddens & Sutton, 2014). Det finns en bild av familjen som ständigt förhandlande. En explicit förhandling är en öppen förhandling med en diskussionoch ett aktivt och medvetet beslutsfattande, medan en implicit förhandling sker dolt och outtalat. Majoriteten av vardagliga beslut sker outtalade, implicit (Grönlund & Halleröd, 2008).Studien är genomförd med kvalitativ intervjumetod, för att på bästa sätt kunna fånga intervjupersonernas subjektiva upplevelser och tankar. Sedan har materialet analyserats genom tematisk analys, och tolkats genom det teoretiska ramverket. Studiens resultat visade att fördelningen av föräldrapenningen i föräldraförsäkringen bland det tillfrågade mammorna oftast grundar sig i en upplevelse av att ”det bara blev så”. Deras beskrivningar kan tolkas som att fördelningen framför allt har blivit till genom så kallade implicita förhandlingar, icke-beslut (Grönlund & Halleröd, 2008)(Ahrne & Roman, 1997). Som baseras på rutiner och ritualer, inlärda beteenden och förväntningar som ofta kan kopplas till föreställningar om kön (Grönlund & Halleröd, 2008). Den mest framträdande problematiken som studiens resultat visade, var kvinnornas upplevelse av att hamna i beroendeställning till sin partner, och en ovilja till det.

The aim of this thesis is to determine the degree of discrimination of mothers in the Czech labor market during employee selection. We conduct an Internet field experiment which allows us to study the effect of the different lengths of parental leave on the probability of being invited for a job interview. We test three years long parental leave, a typical length in the Czech environment, against two years long parental leave as the shortest usual length, using a mother long after parental leave as our third control group. We found a slight preference for the three years parental leave, but we cannot confirm the hypothesis of three years leave being significantly preferred to two years leave at conventional confidence levels. The most significant is the result where resume of high-quality was sent. The results about the role of social norms from a survey among hiring specialists indicate that from two opposing effects - losing knowledge and working experience the longer a mother is on parental leave, versus losing flexibility at work the younger her child is - none is of higher concern if comparing three years leave and two years leave. JEL Classification C81, C93, J71, J13, M51 Keywords discrimination, decision making, experimental economics, hiring, mothers, parental leave Author's e-mail...

This thesis deals with women going back to the labour market after maternity leave. The aim is to highlight the problems of women who return to the labor market after a long pause of working. The introduction deals with discrimination and concepts such as gender mainstreaming and anti-discrimination law. Another chapter is dedicated to family policy in the Czech Republic, concepts such as maternity and parental leave, tools how to help women returning to the labour market. The final part of my paper is dedicated to empirical research I have conducted on women, who were after maternity leave and either joined the labour market or were looking for work. In my paper, I am trying to express difficulties and issues women are encountering after finishing the parental leave and also possibilities how to prepare themselves best for return to the labour market.

Active fatherhood as a part of family policy in EU Abstract The main objective of this thesis is to explore the conditions that determine the active involvement of men in the care of children in European Union member states and to analyze the impact of active fatherhood on the economic activity of women and fertility. A part of this study is a typology of family leaves with regard to the possibilities of fulfilling nature of active fatherhood, analysis of legislative conditions connected to paternity and parental leave as well as analysis of the Eurobarometer 59.1 survey dealing with the attitudes of men to use parental leave and the circumstances of these attitudes. The relationships between the main factors that influence the decision making of men about their participation in the care of the youngest children are analyzed and there is also tested the effect of this decision. In conclusion, the study outlines the development of conditions of childcare by men and summarizes proposals of legislative changes in conjunction of the studied issue in the Czech Republic.

The purpose of this thesis is to examine the legislation of parental leave in the Czech Republic and in Sweden in particular with respect to the possibilities of work-life balance, to evaluate an actual use of the system, its impacts on the individual labour markets and gender equality, to subsequently compare these two models and to propose amendments of legislation. The topic was chosen due to its significant impact on a vast amount of people and due to its currency with respect to a progressive change of perception of single parent's roles. The thesis is divided into five chapters following the main aim of the thesis, a comparison of several legislations. The first Chapter shortly describes the main terminology which has been used within the thesis and which is the main subject matter of the paper. Maternity, parental and paternity leave are defined mainly with respect to the purposes of the individual matters. The second Chapter deals with the legislation of the European Union. The relation of the Czech and European law in this field in general is analysed at first. An overview of legal documents related to the so called "family friendly policies" follows and the core of the chapter is the description of particular legislation of maternity, parental and paternity leave based on corresponding...

The aim of this study is to examine if the Liberals interpretation of freedom affects the political party's ability to implement reforms which helps to improve the power structure between women and men. The study focus on the Liberal’s gender policy to further examine how the policy reflects liberal values to first establish the Liberal’s liberal position. Furthermore that will provide a background for the Liberals gender policy arguments which will be examined through theories of liberty, policy management and feminism. By using a qualitative idea analysis, this study aims to first distinguish the ideas behind the Liberals gender policy, and then examine if the parties gender policy actually works towards improve the power structures between women and men. The results of this study shows that there is tension between the Liberals liberal position and the general gender policy goals, which the party is allegedly working towards. The results show that the tension stems from liberal values which inhibit the Liberals to implement reforms that provides an effective protection from the power structures which systematically penalizes women.

This thesis is focused on the situation of women - mothers in the Czech labor market as a vulnerable population groups. The work comprehensively analyzes the current system of support for women on maternity leave and subsequent return to the labor market. The theoretical part provides basic concepts and institutions associated with the harmonization of work and family life of women. The analytical part is focused on the causes of insecure women, which are captured from different angles: women, employers, and experts such as sociologists and psychologists. The analysis also provides a comparison of the CR family policy with selected European countries. To better illustrate, the work included a survey that was conducted in the South Region by the questionnaire method. In conclusion this thesis, there are summarizes most important findings detected during processing of the topic.

<p>Syftet med denna studie var att ta reda på nyblivna föräldrars tankar kring främst föräldraledighet, amning, föräldrautbildning, barn- och mödravården, med tyngdpunkt på vårdens roll och pappans delaktighet. Intervjuer genomfördes med 11 föräldrar och svaren analyserades och kategoriserades i teman. Resultatet visade att de allra flesta var nöjda med vården de hade fått från både MVC och BVC, men enskilda föräldrar var missnöjda med enstaka sköterskor de träffat. Informanterna var också nöjda med bemötandet, då båda föräldrarna kände sig delaktiga i samtalet med barnmorskan. Alla föräldrar ville vara hemma med sitt barn under någon period, vilket berodde på personliga skäl och en vilja att vara med sitt barn. Hos hälften av paren tog mamman ut största delen av föräldraledigheten. Orsaken till detta var i huvudsak amningen, men även ekonomiska orsaker spelade in. Att amning är en stark aspekt för vem som är föräldraledig först gäller fortfarande, och informanterna upplevde att det var något som även vården förespråkade starkt. Angående föräldrautbildningen tyckte alla föräldraparen att studiebesöket på förlossningen var det som gav mest, samt att få träffa andra blivande föräldrar. En brist som nämndes var att informationen som gavs var sådant som de flesta redan kände till.</p> / <p>The aim of this study was to find out what new parents think about parental leave, parental education, the child welfare center and the prenatal clinic. The main focus was on what role the care system played and to what extent the father was involved. Eleven parents were interviewed and the findings were analysed and put into different themes. The result showed that most of the parents were satisfied with the care given at the child welfare center and the prenatal clinic. The participants also thought they were well treated by the nurses and midwives during the encounters. Both parents felt equaly involved while talking to the midwife. All of the parents wanted to have parental leave to some extent and the main reason was that they wanted to spend time with their child. In half of the cases mothers used the greater part of the parental leave. Both breast-feeding and economical aspects were mentioned to be reasons for this. The participants felt that the child welfare center and the prenatal clinic strongly recommended breast-feeding which contributes to the fact that breast-feeding still is a key aspect in the decision on which parent who is going to stay at home with the child during the fist period. All of the parents thought that the visit to the delivery department was the best part during the parental education, they also appreciated meeting other people in the same situation. The general information given during the regular meetings were things that many of the participants already knew and could for that reason have been more detailed.</p>

The present thesis focuses on causes and consequences of paid working hours and housework hours among women and men in Sweden and Europe. It consists of four studies. Study I investigates changes in the division of housework in Swedish couples when they become parents. The study shows that women adjust their housework hours to the number and age of children in the household, whereas men do not. Longer parental leave periods among fathers have the potential to counteract this change towards a more traditional division of housework. Study II explores the associations between psychological distress and paid working hours, housework hours and total role time in Sweden. The results suggest that women’s psychological distress decreases with increasing paid working hours and housework hours, but that a long total role time is associated with high levels of distress. The gender difference in time spent on housework accounts for 40 per cent of the gender difference in psychological distress. Study III asks whether hours spent on paid work and housework account for the European gender difference in well-being, and whether the associations between well-being and hours of paid work and housework is influenced by gender attitudes and social comparison. The results indicate that gender differences in time spent on paid work and housework account for a third of the gender difference in well-being. Gender attitudes and social comparison do not to any great extent influence the associations between well-being and paid work and housework, respectively. Study IV examines possible differences between European family policy models in the associations between well-being and hours of paid work and housework. Some model differences are found, and they are accounted for by experiences of work-family conflict among men, but not among women. For both women and men, work-family conflict appears to suppress positive aspects of paid working hours.

Syftet med denna studie var att ta reda på nyblivna föräldrars tankar kring främst föräldraledighet, amning, föräldrautbildning, barn- och mödravården, med tyngdpunkt på vårdens roll och pappans delaktighet. Intervjuer genomfördes med 11 föräldrar och svaren analyserades och kategoriserades i teman. Resultatet visade att de allra flesta var nöjda med vården de hade fått från både MVC och BVC, men enskilda föräldrar var missnöjda med enstaka sköterskor de träffat. Informanterna var också nöjda med bemötandet, då båda föräldrarna kände sig delaktiga i samtalet med barnmorskan. Alla föräldrar ville vara hemma med sitt barn under någon period, vilket berodde på personliga skäl och en vilja att vara med sitt barn. Hos hälften av paren tog mamman ut största delen av föräldraledigheten. Orsaken till detta var i huvudsak amningen, men även ekonomiska orsaker spelade in. Att amning är en stark aspekt för vem som är föräldraledig först gäller fortfarande, och informanterna upplevde att det var något som även vården förespråkade starkt. Angående föräldrautbildningen tyckte alla föräldraparen att studiebesöket på förlossningen var det som gav mest, samt att få träffa andra blivande föräldrar. En brist som nämndes var att informationen som gavs var sådant som de flesta redan kände till. / The aim of this study was to find out what new parents think about parental leave, parental education, the child welfare center and the prenatal clinic. The main focus was on what role the care system played and to what extent the father was involved. Eleven parents were interviewed and the findings were analysed and put into different themes. The result showed that most of the parents were satisfied with the care given at the child welfare center and the prenatal clinic. The participants also thought they were well treated by the nurses and midwives during the encounters. Both parents felt equaly involved while talking to the midwife. All of the parents wanted to have parental leave to some extent and the main reason was that they wanted to spend time with their child. In half of the cases mothers used the greater part of the parental leave. Both breast-feeding and economical aspects were mentioned to be reasons for this. The participants felt that the child welfare center and the prenatal clinic strongly recommended breast-feeding which contributes to the fact that breast-feeding still is a key aspect in the decision on which parent who is going to stay at home with the child during the fist period. All of the parents thought that the visit to the delivery department was the best part during the parental education, they also appreciated meeting other people in the same situation. The general information given during the regular meetings were things that many of the participants already knew and could for that reason have been more detailed.