Parental death has the potential to deteriorate various outcomes of children in the developing world. One of such outcomes is education: when a parent dies, resources are reduced, psychological distress increased, so is the necessity to replace the parent in some of their duties. Literature commonly distinguishes impacts of maternal and paternal death on education of children. Nevertheless, no papers focus directly on the interaction between gender of the deceased parent and of the orphaned child. This thesis tests empirically the hypothesis that maternal death is more important for girls and paternal death for boys. The reasoning is that mothers typically spend more time caring about little children and about household generally, so after maternal death it is necessary to find a substitute for this role and it is more likely to find one among the daughters than among the sons. Subsequently, the daughter is at a higher risk of dropping out of school due to higher responsibilities at home. Fathers, on the contrary, are primarily income-earners, so after paternal death it becomes more likely that one of the sons replaces the deceased father on labour market than one of the daughters. The son then becomes more likely to stop attending school than any of the daughters. Using cross-sectional data from...

Bakgrund: Drygt 3 % av alla barn i Sverige drabbas av att en förälder dör innan de fyllt 18 år. Det innebär ca 3500 barn per år och i 600-650 fall av dem sker det plötsligt och oväntat. Barn som närstående glöms ofta bort eller hamnar i skymundan. De barn som förlorar en förälder förväntat genom sjukdom får stöd utifrån nationella riktlinjer.  Dock saknar de flesta regionerna i Sverige riktlinjer för vilket stöd barn skall få när dödsfallet sker plötsligt och oväntat. Händelser som involverar barn upplevs som kompetenskrävande och emotionellt påfrestande för ambulanssjuksköterskor.   Syfte: Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur barn påverkas när en förälder plötsligt och oväntat avlider.   Metod: Studien utfördes genom en integrativ litteraturstudie. Studien inkluderar sjutton artiklar som bedöms ha måttlig till hög kvalitet. Analysen utfördes utifrån Whittemore & Knafls (2005) metod.   Resultat: Barn som förlorat en förälder ställs inför stora svårigheter i sin framtid. Resultatet delas upp i teman; Lidande med start i barndomen, Hanteringens svåra konst och Anpassning till det nya livet. Genom dessa teman kan man se att psykisk ohälsa är vanligt förekommande och det framkom svårigheter i att hantera sin sorg på ett bra sätt   Konklusion: Det behövs kunskapsutveckling gällande mötet och den vårdande relationen med barn i sorg samt riktlinjer för hur dessa barn skall fångas upp snarast efter dödsfallet. För att fånga upp barnen behöver vi se vården ur ett helhetsperspektiv. Det behövs mer forskning om hur detta stöd bör utformas för att bäst hjälpa barnen till en ljusare framtid. / Background: Approximately 3% of the children in Sweden experience the death of a parent before their 18th birthday. This is about 3500 children and  600-650 of the deaths happens suddenly and unexpected. Children as relatives are usually forgotten or unnoticed. Children who lose a parent expected through disease receive support accordingly to national guidelines. However the county council in Sweden lack or don't have guidelines to the same extent for what support the child should receive when the parent dies suddenly and unexpected. Events that involve children are experienced as strenuous both on their competence and emotionally for the ambulance nurses.   Aim: The aim of this study was to examine how children are affected when a parent dies suddenly and unexpected.   Method: This study was performed by an integrative literature review. The study include seventeen articles witch assessed to have moderate to high quality. Whittemore and Knafl (2005) method were used for the analysis.      Results: Children who lose a parent face great difficulties in their future. The result were divided into themes: Distress with start in childhood, The management difficult art and Adaption to the new life. These themes revealed that mental illness is common and it also emerge difficulties in managing the gries in an effective way.   Conclusion: There is need for more knowledge about the meeting with and the caring relationship to children with grief and guidelines for how these children should be identified shortly after the death. To identify these children the healthcare must see the care from a system theoretic point of view. Further research about how the support should be framed to best help the children so that they may get a brighter future is needed.

The author contends that narratives, shaped not only by events but also by socioeconomic and geographic factors, are narratives that require exploration and analysis because these narratives build the lives in which individuals exist. By understanding narratives passed down with which they have built their lives, individuals can come to greater understanding of the narratives in which they live. To understand the narratives, he created and continues to craft about his life, the author needed to understand his narrative inheritance. When a proposed thesis study imploded, the focus of the study shifted to exploring the circumstances of a single interview with the author’s father. By examining methodology as originally intended and subsequently executed, setting the narrative in the proper historical context, and exploring relevant literature on oral history and autoethnography, the author crafted an evocative autoethnographical account of a complex father-son relationship.

This doctoral thesis provides a set of studies of social influences on fertility timing. Swedish register data are used to link individuals to their parents and siblings, thereby allowing the study of impacts of family of origin, social background, and parental death on fertility. The Swedish Medical Birth Register is used to investigate the effect of mode of delivery on higher order births. The thesis consists of an introductory chapter with an overview of the consequences and predictors of the timing of childbearing, and a theoretical framework to explain these relationships. This chapter also includes a section where the contribution to existing knowledge, the relation of the findings to life course theory, and suggestion for further research are discussed. This chapter is followed by four original empirical studies. The first study applies sister and brother correlations to investigate and estimate the impact of family of origin on fertility. It shows that family of origin matters for fertility timing and final family size. The study also shows that the overall importance of family of origin has not changed over the approximately twenty birth cohorts that were studied. The second study introduces three dimensions of social background - occupational class, status, and education - into fertility research. It suggests that social background, independent of individuals’ own characteristics, matters for the timing of first birth and the risk of childlessness. The study also shows that different dimensions of social background should not be used interchangeably. The third study uses the Swedish Medical Birth Register to investigate the effect of mode of delivery on the propensity and birth interval of subsequent childbearing. It demonstrates that mode of delivery has an impact on the progression to the second and third births but that a first delivery by vacuum extraction does not reduce the propensity of subsequent childbearing to the same extent as a first delivery by emergency or elective caesarean section. The fourth study explores the effects of parental death on adult children's fertility. The findings reveal that parental death during reproductive ages can affect children’s fertility. The effects are moderated by the gender of the child and when in the life course bereavement occurs. The combined output of these four studies provides evidence that human fertility behavior is embedded in social relationships with kin and friends throughout life. Family of origin, social background, an older sibling's birth, and bereavement following parental death influence the adult child's fertility. These findings add knowledge to previous research on intergenerational and social network influences in fertility.

<p>The purpose of this study has been to investigate how psychosocial support for families where a parent suffers from a life threatening illness can be constructed. The intent was also to explore how the child's perspective is protected and what barriers and opportunities there are for family oriented support. The study has a qualitative approach and includes interviews with four social workers. The interviews were analyzed with a systems theory and attachment theory. The conclusions are that the whole family suffers psychological and social pressures when a parent is sick. The psychosocial support is given individually and to the family as a unit to help them deal with their changed life situation and facilitate subsequent grieving. An important aspect of the support is psycho education to parents and children, which aims to increase the understanding of the situation, their individual and each others' reactions. The social workers stress that it’s important to establish contacts in the family’s private network and support agencies in the community.</p><p>It falls under the medical mission to offer support to relatives and it includes a responsibility to inform and support the child based on individual circumstances. However, there seems to exist a variation and uncertainty about its nature and extent. Therefore professionals need to be aware of the importance of highlighting the child’s needs and support families.</p>

The purpose of this study has been to investigate how psychosocial support for families where a parent suffers from a life threatening illness can be constructed. The intent was also to explore how the child's perspective is protected and what barriers and opportunities there are for family oriented support. The study has a qualitative approach and includes interviews with four social workers. The interviews were analyzed with a systems theory and attachment theory. The conclusions are that the whole family suffers psychological and social pressures when a parent is sick. The psychosocial support is given individually and to the family as a unit to help them deal with their changed life situation and facilitate subsequent grieving. An important aspect of the support is psycho education to parents and children, which aims to increase the understanding of the situation, their individual and each others' reactions. The social workers stress that it’s important to establish contacts in the family’s private network and support agencies in the community. It falls under the medical mission to offer support to relatives and it includes a responsibility to inform and support the child based on individual circumstances. However, there seems to exist a variation and uncertainty about its nature and extent. Therefore professionals need to be aware of the importance of highlighting the child’s needs and support families.

Ce travail se propose d’examiner les conséquences du décès parental précoce sur la trajectoire biographique des enfants, dans un régime de mortalité où la principale perturbation n’est pas le VIH/SIDA, mais une grave crise socio-politique. Le Burundi est l’un des épicentres du conflit traversé dans les années 90 par la région des Grands Lacs. A l’aide des données de l’Enquête Socio-Démographique et de Santé de la Reproduction (ESDSR) menée au Burundi en 2002, nous analysons l’impact du décès parental précoce sur un grand nombre de dimensions du parcours de vie des enfants burundais: mortalité, violence et exploitation sexuelle, séparation des membres de la fratrie, scolarité, entrée précoce dans le travail, ressources, conditions de l’héritage, entrée dans la vie reproductive et familiale. Ces analyses sont menées selon l’âge de l’enfant au moment du décès d’au moins un de ses parents, tout en cherchant à évaluer l’effet de la cause de décès des parents (crise/autre cause) sur les résultats obtenus. On montre que la perturbation du parcours de vie des enfants ayant précocement vécu le décès de leur père est mineure. A l’inverse l’expérience précoce de la mère ou du dernier parent survivant affecte la plupart des dimensions de la trajectoire biographique des enfants. La crise burundaise amplifie et, dans certains cas, transforme voire renverse la relation entre l’expérience précoce du décès d’au moins un parent et la trajectoire des enfants. L’orphelin à cause des massacres de masse de 1993 est un orphelin « politique » dont la protection et le soutien par les instances politiques, militaires, administratives et humanitaires est devenu un enjeu de la crise elle-même. / The aim of this paper is to analyze lifetime effects of parental death during childhood, in a country context where HIV/AIDS isn’t the main cause of death among young adults but deaths caused by a major socio-political crisis. During the 90’s, Burundi hosted the cradle of the regional conflict in the Great Lakes. A 2002 demographic, social and reproductive health survey in Burundi (ESDSR) will provide us the information required to analyze impact of early parental death, on a complex panel of life perspectives for children: mortality, violence and sexual abuse, separation of siblings, schooling, working at early age, resources, heritage, early marriage and age at first birth. These analyses are led by child age at early parental death, along with an attempt to estimate the effect from the cause of this death (crisis or other) on results. The strength of leading conclusions is consolidated by the mean of exchanging results, these results being derived from several analysis methods: bivariate and multivariate logistic models adapted or not to clustered data (standard, multilevel, marginal and fixed-effects logistic regressions).We bring lights on the minor effect of early father loss on child life trajectory. On the contrary, early mother or last living parent death experience affects almost every child life trajectory. Burundi crisis emphases but in some cases, reverses those effects from negative to positive. 1993 mass slaughters orphans are “political” orphans. Their political, military, administrative and humanitarian protections became part of the main goals, in the crisis itself.

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