Frei- und nebenberuflich Lehrende bilden die zahlenmäßig stärkste ‚Berufsgruppe‘ an Volkshochschulen und dennoch: Im Rahmen von Professionalität, Organisations- und Qualitätsentwicklung finden sie bis heute als eigenständige Personengruppe nur wenig Beachtung. In der Wissenschaft sind es zumeist quantitative Studien, in denen die soziale Lage der Lehrenden, ihr pädagogisches Handeln sowie ihre Organisationsge- und verbundenheit thematisiert werden. Studien, welche die Subjektperspektive in diesem Kontext gezielt in den Mittelpunkt stellen, gibt es dagegen nicht. Vor diesem Hintergrund geht es in der vorliegenden qualitativen Untersuchung explizit um die Gruppe der frei- und nebenberuflich Lehrenden. Hinterfragt wird, auf welche Weise sich nicht fest angestellte Mitarbeiter/innen mit der Organisation, für die sie arbeiten sowie mit ihrer dortigen Tätigkeit identifizieren können und wie sie sich darin begründen. Im Ergebnis werden zwei kontrastreiche Identifikationsmuster und Begründungstypen vorgestellt, die das Verhältnis der Lehrenden zu ‚ihren‘ Organisationen veranschaulichen und die erkennen lassen, welche Konsequenzen sich daraus für die Volkshochschule im Allgemeinen ergeben. / Freelance and part-time lecturers constitute the numeral biggest ‘occupational category’ in adult education centre. Nevertheless: They do not find highly attention in the context of professionalism, organizational and quality development. In science exist quantitative studies mostly, which broach the issue of social circumstances of lectures, their educational actions as well as their organizational bondage and solidarity. There are no studies, which make a point of spotlighting the subject perspective. Against this background the available qualitative research paper explicit concentrate on the group of freelance and part-time lectures. The question is, in which manner non salaried employees are able to identify with the organization they work for as well as their local practice and how they reason it. As a result two high contrasts pattern of identification and types of grounds will be presented, which visualize the relationship between lecturers and ‘their’ organizations and which show the consequences for adult education centre in general.

<p>The research findings are grouped according to the three themes identified which includes the relevance of the module, the effectiveness of the teaching and learning approaches and methods, and the integration of generic and discipline specific academic literacy. The researcher hopes this study will help illuminate perceptions of part-time students&rsquo / about the Academic Literacy for Commerce course and also how it can be improved to better serve the needs of part-time students.</p>

<p>The research findings are grouped according to the three themes identified which includes the relevance of the module, the effectiveness of the teaching and learning approaches and methods, and the integration of generic and discipline specific academic literacy. The researcher hopes this study will help illuminate perceptions of part-time students&rsquo / about the Academic Literacy for Commerce course and also how it can be improved to better serve the needs of part-time students.</p>

International studies of part-time employment have shown that most part-time workers are women, and specifically married women (Rosenfeld and Birkelund 1995; Caputo and Cianni 2001). The ability to work part-time enables women who have household commitments, such as caring for children, to maintain an attachment to the labour force and to preserve job skills while also undertaking household labour (Long and Jones 1981; Rosenfeld and Birkelund 1995). In many countries, therefore, the growth in part-time employment has constituted an important component of the increase in women’s work. However, part-time jobs are often considered to be poorly remunerated, offering little or no security, limited opportunities for career advancement and few (if any) benefits (Rosenfeld and Birkelund 1995; Rodgers 2004; Hirsch 2005; Bardasi and Gornick 2008). Although empirical research on South Africa’s labour markets has expanded significantly over the post-apartheid period, particularly with the introduction of nationally representative household surveys that capture individual employment data, little is known about the characteristics of South African part-time workers, or about the nature of the work these individuals perform. Using data from a selection of South Africa’s nationally representative household surveys, namely the October Household Surveys, the Labour Force Surveys and the Labour Force Survey Panel, this thesis aims to redress this lacuna. The thesis comprises four empirical chapters. The first chapter outlines the definition of part-time employment adopted throughout the study, and it presents gendered trends in part-time employment in South Africa from 1995 to 2006. The descriptive analysis shows that most part-time workers in South Africa are women, and further, that the growth in female part-time employment has been an important part of the feminisation of the labour force in South Africa. The second chapter compares part-time and full-time wage (salaried) employment. The main analytical question addressed in this chapter is whether women are penalised for working part-time. Although hourly wages in part-time employment are, on average, lower than in full-time employment, the study demonstrates that after controlling for differences in observable and unobservable characteristics, women in part-time employment receive a wage premium. The third chapter explores heterogeneity among part-time wage workers, distinguishing between women who choose to work part-time and women who report wanting to work longer hours. Key findings of this chapter are that a wage premium persists for women both in voluntary and in involuntary part-time work; but that involuntary part-time workers have a stronger labour force attachment than voluntary part-time workers. The fourth chapter uses the distinction between part-time and full-time employment to investigate changes in the gender wage gap in employment. The results show that the total gender gap in wages among part-time and full-time workers has fallen over the years, with the greatest reduction visible for those working part-time. The final chapter summarises the main findings of the thesis and it outlines avenues for further research on part-time employment in South Africa. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, 2009. / UKZN Economics department; Economic Research South Africa; UKZN Doctoral Scholarship Award

This thesis investigated patterns in, and perceptions of, labour force participation (LFP) amongst a group of mothers with dependent children. A mixed-methods (i.e. questionnaires, interviews and documentary evidence), single case study approach involving a series of three studies, was utilised, involving employees and ex-employees from the Queensland University of Technology. Using questionnaire data (N = 283), Study One explored the predictive value of seven structural (age of youngest child, education, childcare costs, wages, partner's income, number of children and social security payments) and four attitudinal (attitudes towards working mothers, sex-role attitudes, attitudes towards exclusive maternal care and career salience) factors, in a hierarchical logistic regression model using full-time / part-time work status as the dependent variable. Associations between these factors and hours worked, were also tested for a sub-sample of women with under school aged children (N = 112). Results showed that the factors leading to greater LFP for both samples were having older children, less access to social security payments and more liberal attitudes towards working mothers. Lower levels of partner's income also predicted full-time status for the larger sample and more liberal attitudes towards exclusive maternal care was associated with hours worked for women with under school aged children. Study Two explored the way in which women with under school aged children describe the influences, benefits and trade-offs associated with their LFP decisions. Analysis of data from interviews with a sub-sample of women from Study One, indicated four major categories of issues influenced LFP decisions and/or contributed to benefits or trade-offs following on from those decisions. These categories included financial issues, personal independence, work-related issues and value of maternal care. The salience of this issues varied across groups of at-home, part-time and full-time working mothers. The most important consideration for at-home women was the emphasis on caring for their children themselves, as opposed to using familial or formal childcare. Part-time women appeared to be the most satisfied with their work and parenting arrangements, because they could fulfil their roles as wives and mothers, but also benefit from spending autonomy and competence, by engaging in paid work. Full-time women reported greater opportunities in the workplace than part-time women, although they experienced substantial ambivalence about their full-time status. This conflict was ameliorated by the availability of flexible work and when partner's had reduced working hours. Based on the salience of work-related factors reported in Study Two, Study Three explored the degree of consistency between the espoused values evident in organisational work-family policy documentation and women's reported experiences of these policies (N = 24). For example, options such as flexible work arrangements and part-time work appear to promote values related to balance and integration of the work and family spheres. However, interview data suggests women's experiences of part-time work were inconsistent with assumptions about job commitment and career progression. The research extends the current understanding of the range of variables that influence maternal LFP and the processes by which LFP decisions are made. The findings are interpreted in light of a number of existing theoretical perspectives, as well as suggesting a preliminary model of decision-making that could be tested in other groups of women in future studies. The current research may also inform public policy on issues such as childcare and social security allowances and organisational human resource policy in terms of the implementation of work-family options.

Thesis (Ph.D.) -- La Trobe University, 2004. Submitted to the School of Social Sciences, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 283-294). Also available via the World Wide Web.

Orientador: Claudio Salvadori Dedecca / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-06T22:22:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Calvete_CassiodaSilva_D.pdf: 716978 bytes, checksum: bcfb9daca77a7a8c843924074174170a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: A tese faz uma análise econômica da Redução da Jornada de Trabalho (RJT) para o Brasil. Para tanto, foi realizada uma investigação sobre as condições da economia brasileira em assimila-la como política pública. Também foram analisados, através de um modelo econômico, o potencial dessa política como efeito multiplicador na economia e as conseqüências na geração de postos de trabalho, na massa salarial, na demanda agregada e na produção. Inicialmente, quatro questões polêmicas são examinadas, observando as particularidades existentes no País. A primeira refere-se à capacidade da RJT gerar novos postos de trabalho e de exercer um efeito multiplicador no crescimento econômico. A segunda trata da existência, ou não, de um trade-off, mediado pela jornada, entre emprego e salário. A terceira questão investiga as razões que motivariam o movimento sindical de países em desenvolvimento a lutar pela RJT, com os salários sendo tão baixos e com a constante ameaça de desemprego. E, finalmente, examina as dificuldades adicionais do Brasil para implantar a RJT e se elas são capazes de tornar sem efeito prático a adoção dessa política pública com o fim de gerar novos postos de trabalho. Posteriormente, o estudo detém-se na apreciação dos argumentos contrários à RJT, sendo os principais: a incapacidade das empresas de arcarem com o aumento de custo; a diminuição da competitividade da indústria nacional; e, no caso brasileiro, a ameaça da pressão inflacionária. O estudo conclui que a RJT não pode ser transformada numa panacéia para o combate ao desemprego; que ela pode, sim, ser um instrumento útil, se adotado em período de crescimento econômico e acompanhada de outras medidas que potencializem seus resultados; que, atualmente, seria importante para a geração de novos postos de trabalho que ela fosse significativa e acompanhada de maior limitação da utilização de horas extras, maior controle sobre a intensidade do trabalho, regras mais rígidas no banco de horas, melhoria na fiscalização pelas delegacias regionais do trabalho e maiores restrições às contratações atípicas / Abstract: The present work undertakes economical analyses of work time reduction (WTR) in Brazil. For that purpose, an investigation is made on the Brazilian economical conditions to assimilate WTR as a public policy. A macroeconomic model was used to analyze the potential of such policy to exert a multiplying effect in the economy, along with the consequences on job generation, salary impact, aggregate demand, and production. At first four polemic issues are examined by observing the particularities of the country. The first issue concerns the capacity of WTR to generate new jobs and to have a multiplying effect in economical growth. The second regards whether there is a trade-off, mediated by work time, jobs and salary. The third issue investigates the reasons which could cause the trade unions of developing countries to fight for WTR, even when wages are low and with a constant threat of unemployment. Finally, the fourt issue concerns the additional difficulties Brazil faces to enforce WTR, and whether such difficulties are bound to neutralize the adoption of this public policy. Moreover, this study focuses on the appreciation of arguments contrary to the WTR, which are: the impossibility of companies to tackle the increase in their costs; the decrease of competitivity of national industries; and the threat of a boom in inflation. The results indicate that WTR cannot be made into a panacea to fight unemployment; rather, it can be a useful tool if it is used, along with other measures which can potentialize its results, in a period of economic growth. Moreover, it would be important for it to generate new jobs if it were coupled by a major limitation in the use of extra time, as well as by stricter rules in the bank of hours. Finally, an improvement in the enforcement of WTR in the Labour Councils and higher constraints to the hiring of atypical hiring of workforce can also contribute for the success of adopting such a measure / Doutorado / Economia Social e do Trabalho / Doutor em Economia Aplicada

Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka huruvida och på vilket sätt unga individer med behovs- och deltidsanställning upplever att deras anställningsform påverkar deras hälsa, livssituation och vardagsliv. I uppsatsen beskrivs behovs- och deltidsanställningar som otrygga då de i många fall innebär ett oförutsägbart schema och en oförutsägbar inkomst. Studien är kvalitativ och bygger på fem intervjuer med unga individer mellan 20–30 år som alla har, eller under de senaste sex månaderna har haft, en behovs- eller deltidsanställning som huvudsaklig sysselsättning. Det insamlade datamaterialet analyseras med hjälp av fyra sociologiska teorier, dessa är flexibilitet på arbetsmarknaden, krav- och kontrollmodellen, ekonomi-skam och ekonomi-sociala band modellen samt psykologiska kontrakt. De slutsatser som dras är att en otrygg anställningsform leder till psykiska påfrestningar hos de anställda, som i stor utsträckning upplever stress och oro inför framtiden. Konsekvenserna grundas till stor del i en ostabil och oförutsägbar ekonomi. Av resultatet framgår även att de sociala relationerna med både chef och kollegor spelar stor roll för upplevelsen av den otrygga anställningsformen. Om arbetstagaren har en god relation med chef och kollegor upplever denne i större utsträckning anställningsformen och dess medföljande villkor som bättre. / The purpose of this essay is to gain further knowledge of how young adults with temporary and part time employment experience the consequences of their employment regarding health, life situation and everyday life. In this study temporary and part time employment is described as insecure employment because of their often unpredictable schedule and income. The study is built on five qualitative interviews with young adults between the age of 20–30 years old. They all have, or within the last six months have had, a part time or temporary employment as their main occupation. The result is analysed with the help of four sociological theories. These include flexibility on the labour market, the demand and control model, the economy-shame and economy- social bonds model and the theory of psychological contracts. The conclusions made are that an insecure employment leads to psychological tension. The individual tends to experience a lot of stress and worries for the future because of increased psychological tension. These are consequences that are based on an unpredictable and unstable personal economy. The result also shows that the experience of an insecure employment can depend on the individual's relationship with manager and co-workers. If the individual has a good relationship with manager and co-workers, it is more likely to experience the form of employment and its accompanying terms as better.

Myndigheten för samhälle och beredskap (MSB) är den myndighet som på central nivå ska verka för och utveckla förmågan till effektiva räddningsinsatser. I dess uppgift ingår att stödja räddningstjänsterna med information, utbildning och övningsverksamhet. På kommunal nivå svarar kommunerna inom sitt geografiska område och insatserna utförs av räddningstjänsten. Anställda inom räddningstjänsten består av både heltidsanställda brandmän och räddningspersonal i beredskap (RiB), det som tidigare kallades för deltidsbrandmän. RiB är den vanligaste typen av anställningar på mindre tätorter. Att rekrytera in RiB har blivit ett problem och en utmaning för kommunerna då människor inte längre bor och arbetar på samma ort. Kan kommunerna inte rekrytera in personal får de svårt att upprätthålla den beredskap som de enligt lag är skyldiga att ha. De personer som väljer att bli RiB är beroende av att huvudarbetsgivare godkänner detta. Här kan man se att det skett en minskning inte bara bland de privata företagarna utan även bland de offentliga arbetsgivarna. Syftet med vår undersökning är att få RiB:s perspektiv på hur kompetensförsörjningen till räddningstjänsten ska se ut i framtiden. Vi har valt att använda oss av en kvalitativ undersökning i form av intervjuer. Våra respondenter är 13 RiB-anställda som har arbetat i räddningstjänsten mellan 1 och 30 år och är i åldrarna 20-58 år. De arbetar på fyra olika brandstationer någonstans i Sverige och det gemensamma för alla fyra stationer är att de är belägna på mindre orter. Vi har analyserat vårt intervjumaterial och kopplat det till våra teorier. Resultatet visar att respondenterna är medvetna om problemet med att bemanna upp brandstationer på mindre orter och de har många idéer kring en möjlig lösning på problemet. De ser dock fortfarande ljust på framtiden, att RiB på ett eller annat sätt kommer att finnas kvar. / The Swedish Rescue Agency is the central authority body that shall promote and develop the capacity for effective emergency and rescue work. Within its responsibility is support to the rescue crews with information, education and training development. The council is responsible for rescue and emergency services within council boundaries. Employees with emergency services consist of both of full-time firemen and standby rescue crew. They used to be called part-time firemen and are known today as standby rescue crew. The standby crews are most commonly employed in smaller villages.  Recruiting standby rescue crew has always been a problem and a challenge for small councils due to the fact that there are less people to choose from that work and live in the same place. This creates a problem of having enough staff there required by law. People who choose to become part-time firemen are dependent on their main employees to approve their needs as part-time firemen. Due to private and public employees being less tolerant to the needs required to be part-time firemen there has been a reduction in their numbers. Our main purpose is to get the standby rescue crews perspective on how the emergency services can recruit employees in the future.  We have chosen to use a qualitative study in the form of interviews. Our respondents are 13 part-time firemen that have worked as rescue crews between 1 and 30 years and are aged between 20 to 58. They work in four different fire stations throughout Sweden and have in common that they are all placed in small communities. We have analyzed our interviews and linked them to our theories. The result shows that the respondents are aware of the problems of having enough crew at the stations in smaller communities and they have many ideas for a possible solution to the problems. They are feeling positive that standby crews will be around in the future in one form or another.

M.Bibl. / Information is an important and powerful resource in the modern society. The so-called information explosion leads to certain manpower issues in the library and information profession. The question arises whether married women with family obligations can contribute to the alleviation of library and information workforce problems? Can other librarians, e.g. post graduate students or librarians reaching retirement age, contribute to the library and information profession on a basis other than that which is traditionally accepted (i.e. working approximately forty hours per week in a library?) To what extent does the university library use this potential workforce? What are the career opportunities for this latent workforce? The following non-traditional career patterns were included in this study: part-time work, flex(i)time, dual appointments, free-lance information brokers. job sharing, librarianship, staff rotation, consultants and Following a literature survey a questionnaire was sent to 22 South African University Librarians. Another questionnaire was sent to 122 non-traditional library and information professionals at nine university libraries. Although the study was limited to only a few university libraries, it was found that the current non-traditional university library workforce consists mainly of part-time employees. The majority are female, married, Afrikaans-speaking, have children at school and have stopped working full-time because of family obligations. The largest percentage (25%) of the respondents are between the ages of 36 and 40 years. Their responsibilities are primarily professional. 50% of the respondents are employed in the Cataloguing Department. Respondents also maintained that they were more productive in their current positions, than when they had been employed full-time. This corresponds with statements made by the employers in the first questionnaire, as well as with those made by several authors in the literature survey.