1 |
俄羅斯的失業問題暨就業安全制度之發展與效用(1991-2009年) / A study of Russian unemployment problems, and the development and effects of employment security system (from 1991 to 2009)尤俊雄, 無 Unknown Date (has links)
蘇聯解體後,俄羅斯從計畫經濟走向市場導向經濟體,傳統上保障俄國公民完全就業的情況不在,經濟轉型造成大量失業人口。為防止失業帶來經濟社會的負面效應,政府通過俄羅斯聯邦居民就業法,並建立俄羅斯聯邦國家就業基金,逐步建立起就業安全制度。本文為深入了解俄國失業情況與就業安全制度,將探討俄國主要失業類型與因素,以及就業安全之發展與其對緩和失業的效用。其次,俄國一九九○年代的經濟轉型衰退與千禧年後穩定成長形成強烈對比,這直接影響失業、社會狀態、政府勞動市場政策、就業安全活動資金來源與執行效率。因此,內文對於此兩階段亦進行比較。研究發現,俄羅斯失業率與投資、消費有高度反向關係,也就是說轉型時期投資與消費皆明顯不足,連帶失業率上升。勞動市場政策則以維持與創造工作機會為目標,但實際上,國家就業基金作為就業安全活動的後盾,其資金較為缺乏,且多集中在失業給付,在創造與維持工作機會等就業積極政策方面並未能有良好成果。然2001年起撤銷國家就業基金,就業安全活動改由預算撥款後,資金來源較為穩定,至2008-2009年金融危機時期俄政府尚能投入額外預算以緩和失業。此外,千禧年後,投資與消費穩定增長,失業率下降,勞動市場政策除了延續就業促進的概念外,尚注重地區平衡發展、招募外國勞動力、培養專業幹部等多元議題。故整體而言,成功被勞動安置、參與職業訓練(職業教育),以及接受失業救助的人數比例皆比轉型初期來得高,此表示俄羅斯經濟恢復成長後失業率下降外,就業安全活動成效也逐漸提高。 / Since the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, Russia had changed economic system from a planned economy to a market-oriented economy. Russia didn’t guarantee full-employment anymore like the period of Soviet Union. Economic transformation caused the massive unemployed population. In order to prevent unemployment to bring negative economic and social effects, Russian government made the Employment Act of the Russian Federation and built the National Employment Fund of Russian Federation. To understand deeply the Russian unemployment and employment security, this article will explore the types, the main factors of unemployment, development and effects of employment security. Second, it forms the striking contrast between economic decline in the 1990’s and stable growth after 2000. It directly impacts on unemployment, social status, labor market policies, source of funding and execution efficiency. Therefore, this report has two stages for this comparison. The research found that the Russian unemployment rate and the investment, the consumption have the negative relations. That is, investment and consumption during the transformation period were obviously insufficient, which resulted in high unemployment rate. The labor market policy’s goals were to maintain and create job opportunities, but in fact the National Employment Fund which supported employment security activities was the lack of funds, and most of the funds focused on unemployment benefits, therefore activities in creating and maintaining jobs couldn’t get good results. However, the National Employment Fund in 2001 was withdrawn, employment security activities were financed from the budget. The source of fund has become quite stable. In the recent financial crisis, the Russian government even could put into the extra budget to alleviate the unemployment pressure. In addition, after 2000, the unemployment rate has dropped because of steady growth in investment and consumption. Not only did the government continue to the concept of employment promotion, but it paid attention to balanced regional development, the recruitment of foreign labor and training of professional managers. In conclusion, after the economic recovery in Russia, the unemployment problems have gradually improved.
|
2 |
Ung på arbetsmarknaden : En kvalitativ studie om hur otrygga anställningsformer påverkar individenFryxå, Cecilia, Högman, Mimmi January 2017 (has links)
Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka huruvida och på vilket sätt unga individer med behovs- och deltidsanställning upplever att deras anställningsform påverkar deras hälsa, livssituation och vardagsliv. I uppsatsen beskrivs behovs- och deltidsanställningar som otrygga då de i många fall innebär ett oförutsägbart schema och en oförutsägbar inkomst. Studien är kvalitativ och bygger på fem intervjuer med unga individer mellan 20–30 år som alla har, eller under de senaste sex månaderna har haft, en behovs- eller deltidsanställning som huvudsaklig sysselsättning. Det insamlade datamaterialet analyseras med hjälp av fyra sociologiska teorier, dessa är flexibilitet på arbetsmarknaden, krav- och kontrollmodellen, ekonomi-skam och ekonomi-sociala band modellen samt psykologiska kontrakt. De slutsatser som dras är att en otrygg anställningsform leder till psykiska påfrestningar hos de anställda, som i stor utsträckning upplever stress och oro inför framtiden. Konsekvenserna grundas till stor del i en ostabil och oförutsägbar ekonomi. Av resultatet framgår även att de sociala relationerna med både chef och kollegor spelar stor roll för upplevelsen av den otrygga anställningsformen. Om arbetstagaren har en god relation med chef och kollegor upplever denne i större utsträckning anställningsformen och dess medföljande villkor som bättre. / The purpose of this essay is to gain further knowledge of how young adults with temporary and part time employment experience the consequences of their employment regarding health, life situation and everyday life. In this study temporary and part time employment is described as insecure employment because of their often unpredictable schedule and income. The study is built on five qualitative interviews with young adults between the age of 20–30 years old. They all have, or within the last six months have had, a part time or temporary employment as their main occupation. The result is analysed with the help of four sociological theories. These include flexibility on the labour market, the demand and control model, the economy-shame and economy- social bonds model and the theory of psychological contracts. The conclusions made are that an insecure employment leads to psychological tension. The individual tends to experience a lot of stress and worries for the future because of increased psychological tension. These are consequences that are based on an unpredictable and unstable personal economy. The result also shows that the experience of an insecure employment can depend on the individual's relationship with manager and co-workers. If the individual has a good relationship with manager and co-workers, it is more likely to experience the form of employment and its accompanying terms as better.
|
3 |
我國就業保險制度之研究林苑婷, Lin ,Yuan-ting Unknown Date (has links)
失業為工業社會不可避免之問題,失業不僅影響勞工個人,亦衝擊其全家生活。為了保障勞工及其撫養家屬於失業期間之基本生活,大多數國家都設有失業補償制度,如失業保險、失業救助、離職公積金、資遣費等,其中以失業保險制度為最多國家所採行。
近年來,國內失業率攀升,日益嚴重的失業問題使得各方要求建立失業保險制度之聲浪再度高漲,政府終於在民國88年開辦「勞工保險失業給付實施辦法」,將延宕多年的失業給付諸施行。而為了整合失業給付、職業訓練與就業服務體系,勞委會邀集相關單位研擬就業保險法草案,於91年立法院三讀通過,並於92年元旦實施。
本文即以我國就業保險法為研究對象,並以ILO第168號公約為基準檢視我國就業保險法、以美國及加拿大之就業保險制度做為借鏡,試圖歸納出我國就業保險法制未來改革應遵循的方向即可避免的錯誤。本文研究結果,對我國就業保險法提出以下幾點建議:
一、參照公約及美加制度,逐步擴大適用範圍。
二、請領條件方面:擴大「非自願離職」之內涵,將非因經濟、技術、結構或類似性質等特定因素之離職情況納入考量;參照公約規定,增加評估推介就業是否合理的考量因素;考量就業服務機構推介就業的效率及勞工所能承受經濟壓力的期限,訂定較符合公約要求的等待期;加強失業再認定的查核作業。
三、保險給付改採彈性給付級距制,對於低所得者給予較高之給付替代率,以確保其能維持基本生活,並達所得重分配之效果。
四、刪除提早就業獎助津貼。
五、改善職訓與就服體系,推廣單一窗口服務制度。
六、加強投保薪資之查核作業,讓給付更能符合失業勞工生活所需。
七、參照公約及美加兩國制度,採取失業給付與資遣費相互抵償之作法,讓失業給付照顧真正需要者,減少資源浪費。
|
4 |
公營事業民營化與就業安全保障之研究∼以中國石油公司為研究對象 / A Study on the Privatization of State-owner Enterprises and Protection of Employment Security : a Case Study of Chinese Petroleum Corp梁春富, Liang, Chun-Fu Unknown Date (has links)
本研究題目為「公營事業民營化與就業安全之保障∼以中國石油公司為研究對象」。內容安排:第一章緒論所提為本研究之研究背景、研究目的、研究內容、研究方向與研究範圍與限制。第二章為公營事業民營化之探討,以市場經濟觀點論公營事業民營化,對公營事業民營化做分析。也討論工會對民營化之看法,由工會對民營化之影響力及對民營化之主張、中國石油公司民營化前之措施意見,進而討論第三條路的公營事業民營化,對知識經濟,終生學習與政府提供照顧作一說明。第三章民營化員工之就業安全,在介紹就業安全之三大支柱及實施方式。同時,對國外、內成功、失敗案例介紹。以及對員工就業安全職業能力開發內容作介紹。第四章以中國石油公司為案例,探討中國石油公司在民營化前準備進行民營化之措施和對員工就業安全所採取之決策,以及員工與工會所認為應加強之措施說明。第五章本研究之結論認為公營事業民營化執行之目的在發揮市場機能、提昇事業經營效率。但是,若不實施民營化也可達成前二目的,只要政府給予真正分層授權負責,落實自由化、市場機能之實質目標。建議政府對公營事業民營化員工就業安全之保障要依法落實推動,員工才不會反對民營化,民營化目標才能達成。
|
5 |
Insurances against job loss and disability : Private and public interventions and their effects on job search and labor supplyAndersson, Josefine January 2017 (has links)
Essay I: Employment Security Agreements, which are elements of Swedish collective agreements, offer a unique opportunity to study very early job search counselling of displaced workers. These agreements provide individual job search assistance to workers who are dismissed due to redundancy, often as early as during the period of notice. Compared to traditional labor market policies, the assistance provided is earlier and more responsive to the needs of the individual worker. In this study, I investigate the effects of the individual counseling and job search assistance provided through the Employment Security Agreement for Swedish blue-collar workers on job finding and subsequent job quality. The empirical strategy is based on the rules of eligibility in a regression discontinuity framework. I estimate the effect for workers with short tenure, who are dismissed through mass-layoffs. My results do not suggest that the program has an effect on the probability of becoming unemployed, the duration of unemployment, or income. However, the results indicate that the program has a positive effect on the duration of the next job. Essay II: The well-known positive relationship between the unemployment benefit level and unemployment duration can be separated into two potential sources; a moral hazard effect, and a liquidity effect pertaining to the increased ability to smooth consumption. The latter is a socially optimal response due to credit and insurance market failures. These two effects are difficult to separate empirically, but the social optimality of an unemployment insurance policy can be evaluated by studying the effect of a non-distortionary lump-sum severance grant on unemployment durations. In this study, I evaluate the effects on unemployment duration and subsequent job quality of a lump-sum severance grant provided to displaced workers, by means of a Swedish collective agreement. I use a regression discontinuity design, based on the strict age requirement to be eligible for the grant. I find that the lump-sum grant has a positive effect on the probability of becoming unemployed and the length of the completed unemployment duration, but no effect on subsequent job quality. My analysis also indicates that spousal income is important for the consumption smoothing abilities of displaced workers, and that the grant may have a greater effect in times of more favorable labor market conditions. Essay III: Evidence from around the world suggest that individuals who are awarded disability benefits in some cases still have residual working capacity, while disability insurance systems typically involve strong disincentives for benefit recipients to work. Some countries have introduced policies to incentivize disability insurance recipients to use their residual working capacities on the labor market. One such policy is the continuous deduction program in Sweden, introduced in 2009. In this study, I investigate whether the financial incentives provided by this program induce disability insurance recipients to increase their labor supply or education level. Retroactively determined eligibility to the program with respect to time of benefit award provides a setting resembling a natural experiment, which could be used to estimate the effects of the program using a regression discontinuity design. However, a simultaneous regime change of disability insurance eligibility causes covariate differences between treated and controls, which I adjust for using a matching strategy. My results suggest that the financial incentives provided by the program have not had any effect on labor supply or educational attainment.
|
Page generated in 0.0944 seconds