Darbo tikslas. Įvertinti N ligoninės gydytojų nuomonę apie klinikinius vaistinių preparatų tyrimus. Darbo uždaviniai. Įvertinti veiksnius veikiančius, gydytojų motyvaciją vykdyti klinikinius vaistinių preparatų tyrimus bei veiksnius, kurie kliudo gydytojams įsitraukti į juos Įvertinti gydytojų požiūrį į klinikinius vaistinių preparatų tyrimus. Palyginti dalyvavusių ir nedalyvavusių klinikiniuose vaistinių preparatų tyrimuose gydytojų požiūrį į juos. Tyrimo metodika. Buvo atlikta vienos iš Lietuvos ligoninės gydytojų anoniminė anketinė apklausa (n=133, atsako dažnis - 78 proc.). Duomenys buvo analizuojami naudojant SPSS statistinį duomenų analizės paketą bei Excel duomenų analizės paketą. Atskirų kokybinių rodiklių tarpusavio ryšys buvo vertinamas naudojant duomenų Chi kvadrato (χ2) testą. Ryšys buvo laikomas statistiškai reikšmingu, jei paklaidos tikimybė buvo p<0,05. Rezultatai. Pagal atliktą apklausą, klinikinius tyrimus vykdė 61, nevykdė 72 gydytojai. Beveik 46 proc. gydytojų, tiek vykdžiusių tiek nevykdžiusių klinikinius tyrimus, užteko turimų žinių apie juos, tačiau norėtų žinoti daugiau. Vidutiniškai su įstatymine klinikinių tyrimų baze buvo susipažinę 45,9 proc gydytojų kurie vykdė klinikinius tyrimus ir šiek tiek susipažinę 47,2 proc. gydytojų, kurie jų nevykdė. Reikalingumą mokyti studentus atskiros disciplinos apie klinikinius tyrimus jautė 59 proc. vykdžiusių ir 63,9 proc. nevykdžiusių klinikinių tyrimų gydytojų. Kad klinikiniai tyrimai duoda profesinės naudos manė... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Aim of the research. To evaluate the physicians‘ of N Hospital opinion on clinical trials of medicinal products. Objectives. To evaluate the factors affecting physicians' motivation to perform clinical trials of medicinal products as well as those that prevent the physicians getting involved in the trials. To assess physicians' attitude towards clinical trials of medicinal products. To compare the opinions of physicians who have and have’nt participated in clinical trials. Methods of research. An anonymous questionnaire survey of the physicians of one Lithuanian Hospital has been carried out (n = 133, response rate - 78%). The data were analyzed using SPSS statistical package and Excel data analysis package. Relations between qualitative indicators were assessed using the chi-squared (χ2) test. The association was considered to be statistically significant if p <0.05. Results. According to the survey, 61 physicians have conducted clinical trials and 72 physicians haven’t. Almost 46% of all physicians had sufficient knowledge about them, but would have liked to know more. On the average, 45.9% of those, who have conducted clinical trials, were familiar with their statutory basis and 47.2% of physicians, who haven’t conducted them, were somewhat familiar. The need to teach students about clinical trials as an individual discipline was implied by 59% of physicians who have conducted clinical trials and 63.9% of those who haven’t. Professional benefit from clinical trials... [to full text]

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karolinska institutet, 2006. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Children with disabilities need physical activity in order to promote development and health, and this can be fulfilled in their physical education lessons. However, adapting lessons for children with disabilities can be a very complicated task as there are many factors that affect, both positively and negatively, the child´s general self-efficacy, their self-efficacy in their physical education lesson and their aptitude to participate. In a previous descriptive quantitative study teachers self-rated teacher skill were positively correlated to self-efficacy for students with high grades but negatively correlated to self-efficacy for students with disabilities. Therefore, the aim of the study is to test two hypothesis concerning the relations between teacher´s teaching skills, environmental prerequisites and climate and the student´s general self-efficacy, self-efficacy in physical education and aptitude to participate for with high grades and with disabilities respectively. With the help of a quantitative study with questionnaire data the hypotheses were tested for children with disabilities and children with high grades within PE lessons in regular Swedish mainstream schools. The results show that teaching skills are negatively correlated to general self-efficacy, self-efficacy in physical education and aptitude to participate for children with disabilities. For children with high grades the same relations were positive. Regarding prerequisites for physical education and climate in class both were positively related to general selfefficacy, self-efficacy in physical education and aptitude to participate for both children with high grades and children with disabilities. The importance of having an individually adapted lesson planning and grading criteria are discussed.

The follow study analyses and identifies the strategies of human resources about the implementation of the productions concept called Modular Conception, in the Resendes trucks and buses plant. The general hypothesis is that both the management equity and the organizational justice were determinant in these strategies. So that was realized a literature revision involving the theories of motivation and organizational justice, associated to the compromisement of the employee. To comprove the studys main hypothesis was realized a survey of descriptive nature among the companies of the Modular Conception. The instrument of data collection was a questionnaire composed by twenty affirmations, with levels of disagreement and agreement. The main conclusions were the follow: the employees believe that the fact of the benefits and remuneration system are equal consolidate the sense of management equity; the organizational justice is one of the main points of the organization, since that the employees believe that they have an equal treatment to all, independent of social position, color, and credo. Besides the employees believe in the rules and procedures and, in case they came to be treated without justice, they will get justice through open channels in the organization. Analyzing the indicators of human resources verifies it that the absenteeism, turnover and workers lawsuits are the lowest of the Volkswagens group plant. All these factors converge to the most representatives answers of the employees: 80.9% are motivated to work in the company and 90.2% agree that the organization is a good place to work. Therefore, confirming the basic hypothesis rose: management equity and organizational justice lead the employees to have pleasure in belonging and not only being tied to the Modular Conception. / O presente estudo analisa e identifica as práticas de recursos humanos quando da implementação do conceito de produção denominado Consórcio Modular, na fábrica de caminhões e ônibus da Volkswagen em Resende. A hipótese geral é que as práticas administrativas, especialmente, eqüidade administrativa e distribuição de justiça, implementadas por recursos humanos na fábrica de caminhões e ônibus em Resende, são fonte de satisfação por parte dos empregados. Dessa forma, foi realizada uma revisão da literatura envolvendo as teorias de motivação e justiça organizacional associada ao comprometimento do empregado e gestão de clima organizacional. Para comprovar a hipótese central do estudo foi realizada uma pesquisa de clima organizacional de natureza descritiva dentro das empresas do Consórcio Modular. O instrumento de coleta de dados foi um questionário composto de vinte afirmações, com níveis de discordância e concordância. As principais conclusões foram as seguintes: os empregados acreditam que o fato de os benefícios e sistema de remuneração serem iguais consolidou o sentido de eqüidade administrativa; a justiça organizacional é um dos pontos fortes da organização, visto que os empregados acreditam que há um tratamento justo a todos independentemente de posição social, cor, credo. Além disso, os empregados acreditam nas normas e procedimentos e, caso venham a ser tratados com injustiça, a obterão por meio dos canais abertos na organização. Quando se analisam os indicadores de recursos humanos constata-se que o absenteísmo, rotatividade de mão-de-obra e processos trabalhistas são os mais baixos das fábricas do grupo Volkswagen. Todos esses fatores convergem para as mais representativas respostas dos empregados: 80,9% estão motivados na empresa e 90,2% entendem que a organização é um bom lugar para se trabalhar. Portanto, comprovando a hipótese básica levantada: eqüidade administrativa e justiça organizacional levam os empregados a terem prazer em pertencerem e não somente estarem vinculados ao Consórcio Modular.

The aim of this thesis is to propose new ways of communication of the self-help group focused on people suffering from social phobia. The theoretical part deals with perspectives of self- help groups and participation model taking into account socio-demographic profile, barriers to participation and motivation to participate as factors influencing participation. In the empirical part the reasons for the selection of questionnaires and interviews as data collection methods are described. In the part "results and discussion" I present the results of the analysis of external communication, the characteristics of the target group, the motivation to participate in the self-help group, barriers to participation in the self-help group and I propose new ways of communication adapted to the target group.

摘要 本篇論文的討論起點來自柏拉圖如何面對靈魂能夠認知真理的這個可能性。柏拉圖設立那與變動的感覺現象完全分離的「不變動的『相』」作為知識得以成立的條件，這個歷史緣由可從亞里士多德的記載當中知道：一方面，柏拉圖認同克拉梯樓斯與赫拉克利圖學派所主張的感覺現象的永遠流動、無一停留，並因此認為絕不可能有關於感覺現象的知識，然而，另一方面，那致力於倫理事物研究的蘇格拉底則堅持必定有那可被定義的知識對象得以被思考與認知；由於受到這兩方所堅持的信念，柏拉圖則在為了拯救現象並使思考與知識得以可能的情況下，他設立了那必須與變動的感覺現象完全分離的相來作為感覺現象之所以如此存在的原因，並在透過那分有相的感覺現象當中，靈魂得以思考並回憶起關於相的知識，而由此拯救現象並保全靈魂得以思考且獲得知識的可能性。 然而，柏拉圖的分離相論卻有可能引發諸多困難，這主要可由《巴曼尼德斯篇》裡的少年蘇格拉底所遭遇到的三個困境所表現出來：○1少年蘇格拉底對於是否有卑下者的相的存在，顯得猶疑不定；○2由於無法回答相與現象之間到底是如何分有，以致於分有成為不可能；○3更進一步地，正是由於相與現象彼此的完全分離，以致於原本肩負拯救現象這使命的相，到頭來卻反而根本無法拯救現象，而且也面臨無法為人所知的這個最大困境。 這三個困境其實正是柏拉圖真理之路---愛智者如何能擁有那與現象完全分離的相的知識？---所蘊含的兩個一體兩面的論題：第一，思考與知識的可能性如何成立？也就是，相如何拯救現象？第二，愛智者要以什麼樣的方法才能正確地獲得相的知識以成為真正的哲學家？關於第一個論題，筆者認為，柏拉圖在《巴曼尼德斯篇》第二部分的八組推論當中提出一種具有數特徵的存有論，這個存有論綿密、細緻地論說《蒂邁歐篇》裡的宇宙生成論以及「未成書研究」裡的原理論，在這當中，相拯救現象的可能性乃在於---神以其意願與叡智將相形塑於這個數存有的世界並因此使那些在場域裡生滅變化的現象獲得一致性，如此，神的意願（i.e.善）乃作為相得以拯救現象的最具統馭力的原因與原理；關於第二個論題，那能使少年蘇格拉底獲得真理以成為哲學家的訓練，正是那以合理論說所掌握的相為對象的訓練，筆者認為，柏拉圖在這個訓練當中，試圖透過假設法的運用，使得愛智者能緊守在對「是」（i.e.相）的追求上，並得以在一步步的往上探求當中，在最後能以最終的決定性原因---善---來束縛住所有的相，如此，當愛智者能在「善」的指導下以合理論說來正確地指出每個相的真實本質時，這個愛智者也就成為真正的哲學家。 在這樣的解決方式當中，柏拉圖證成了靈魂能夠認知真理的可能性，為自己的真理之路尋得一個合理的立足點。柏拉圖在這當中所奮力搏鬥的，主要並不是亞里士多德在《物理學以後諸篇》A 6.987a33-b10所提及的這些哲學家，而是歷史上的這位伊利亞哲學家---巴曼尼德斯：柏拉圖分離相論的核心來自巴曼尼德斯其毫無生滅變動的「完滿的是」，然而，柏拉圖拯救現象以及保全思考與知識的可能性的這個企圖，卻又是必須對巴曼尼德斯的「完滿的是」提出批判。而在柏拉圖藉由這兩個假設與八組推論來與巴曼尼德斯奮力搏鬥當中，柏拉圖所完成的不僅僅只是解決分離相論所可能引來的困境，而更是走上一條不同於巴曼尼德斯的真理之路，因為現象的拯救是柏拉圖所主要異於巴曼尼德斯的地方，而那使得現象得以被相所拯救的最具統馭力的原因與原理乃在於---宇宙父親的意願與叡智，而這乃作為柏拉圖自己的真理之路的最終磐石。 關鍵詞：相論，分離，分有，善，假設法，柏拉圖，巴曼尼德斯，〈未成書研究〉，《巴曼尼德斯篇》，《蒂邁歐篇》。 / Abstract The aim of this thesis is to show that how Plato might deal with the possibility for soul of knowing the truth. The historical reason for Plato positing the invariable Forms, which are totally apart from the variable sensible things, is remarked by Aristotle that: on the one hand, having been agreed with Cratylus and the Heracllitean doctrines that all sensible things are always in a state of flux and that no science of them exists, yet on the other hand, taking into account the Socrates’ efforts to find general definitions of ethical terms, Plato, having been inspired by both views, thinks that there must be some invariable things, i.e. Forms, which are totally apart from the variable sensible things and could only be thought with logos（or reasonable account）, as the causes of the sensible things. Therefore, the soul could recollect and think of Forms by perceiving these sensible things, which participate in the corresponding Forms. Hence, Plato saves the phenomena and secures the possibility for soul of thinking and knowing the truth by his theory of Forms. However, there might be many problems that arisen from Plato’s theory of Forms. These problems are shown mainly by the three perplexities, which are encountered by the young Socrates in the Parmenides. First, the young Socrates is undecided about whether the base things could have their Forms, second, having been unable to solve the problem of the sharing between the sensible things and Forms, the young Socrates finally has to accept the impossibility of sharing, third, further, just owing to this totally separation that is between the sensible things and Forms, Forms finally could not save the phenomena and could not be known by anyone. Actually, the three perplexities are the two topics of Plato’s way of truth, which is that how the lover of wisdom could know the Forms that are totally separate from the sensible things. The first topic is that, in what way the possibility of thinking and acquiring knowledge could be secured. That is, how the phenomena could be saved by Forms? The second topic is that, in what way the lover of wisdom could acquire the truth and becomes the real philosopher. As for the first, I think that Plato claims a kind of ontology, which has numerical character, in the second part of the Parmenides. This ontology provides deliberately the cosmogony of the Timaeus and the theory of the Principles in the Unwritten Doctrines that could justify the possibility of the phenomena that are saved by Forms. This possibility lies in the god’s nous and will, i.e. the world that has numerical character is fashioned by the god with Forms as model, and then the becoming phenomena that cling to the receptacle are saved and intelligible. Therefore, the god’s will is the supremely valid cause and principle of this possibility. As for the second, this exercise that can make the young Socrates as a real philosopher if he takes it into practice is the training, which takes Forms as its objects and be practiced in hypothetical method. I think the reason for Plato of using the hypothetical method is that this hypothetical method can make the lover of wisdom to cling to Forms when he is putting this exercise into practice, and in this upward process systematically, finally, he can fasten all the Forms with the final cause, i.e. the good. Therefore, when the lover of wisdom could show the real essence of each Form with reasonable account under the guidance of the good, he at that time is a real philosopher. Under this solution, Plato justifies the possibility for soul of knowing the truth, and makes his way of truth possible. In this fighting, those with whom Plato fights are not those philosophers that are remarked by Aristotle in Metaphysics A 6.987a33-b10, but the philosopher of Elea, Parmenides. On the one hand, the key point of Plato’s theory of Forms is coming from Parmenides’ concept of Being, which is ungenerated and imperishable, yet on the other hand, the attempt for the possibility of saving the phenomena and for soul to know the truth is urging Plato to put Parmenides’ claim to the question. Then what Plato has done in this fighting, which mainly occurs in the second part of the Parmenides, is that as he is solving these perplexities, he at the same time is stepping upon another way of truth, which is different from Parmenides. In this fighting, saving phenomena is the main difference between Plato and Parmenides. The god’s nous and will is the supremely valid cause and principle of the saved phenomena and this most supreme cause is the coping-stone for Plato’s way of truth. Keywords: Plato’s theory of Forms, separate, participate, the good, the hypothetical method, Plato, Parmenides, the Unwritten Doctrines, the Parmenides, the Timaeus.

Includes bibliographical references (leaves 206-239) / The primary aim of the study was to develop a psychosocial assessment tool for determining willingness to participate in child-centred safety promotion interventions, specifically in a low-income community in South Africa. The secondary aim was to determine the factors associated with willingness to participate. The study employed a mixed methods approach to develop the measure, and included content validation, item writing and initial validation processes. Nominal Group Technique discussions were conducted with various role-players in the relevant communities to inform the development of the instrument, while participatory methodologies were utilised to conceptualise the instrument in relation to psycho-social factors associated with intervention participation, with these categorised according to core dimensions. A Delphi method utilising an expert panel reviewed items for relevance, difficulty and ambiguity, with items subsequently amended or removed. Item selection procedures were conducted on the English version of the instrument and these results were applied to the Afrikaans version. A pilot study was conducted as part of the initial validation in order to test the items and format the questionnaire. The instrument was then administered to Afrikaans speaking individuals in a community in the Western Cape. Iterative exploratory factor analysis was conducted at both the item and scale levels to select and reassign items and scales in order to determine the final composition of the questionnaire. The findings indicate that the instrument measures seven factors, namely incentives; priorities and community needs; perceived benefits; social approval; accessibility and values; altruistic capital; and community cohesion. These factors are explained in terms of the Process-Person-Context-Time model and the Theory of Planned Behaviour, considered within a participatory framework. The study findings indicate that the seven factors represent salient dimensions of the construct willingness to participate in interventions. The questionnaire and its subscales displayed acceptable to good reliability, with Cronbach’s α ranging from 0.55 to 0.80. Since willingness precedes actual participation, it is argued that insight into the factors that relate to willingness to participate provides an avenue for motivating actual participation. / Psychology / Ph. D. (Psychology)

(in English): The subject of my dissertation is the decision of the subjects to participate in the early phase of clinical trial. The aim of this disseration is to detect and understand the ethical aspects of decision making of subjects with oncological diseases to participate in the early phase of clinical trial. In the theoretical part of my dissertation, I define the field of clinical research, describe the phases of clinical research and ethical codes important for clinical research. The current ethical dilemmas related to the participation of subjects in the early phase of clinical trial, which are being discussed by the professional public, are presented. The research part contains the results of interviews with seventeen respondents whose content correlates with the aim of the research part and it is to understand the decision- making of subjects to participate in the early phase of clinical trial in terms of subjectively constructed realities, which are different for individual respondents. The results of the research show that fourteen respondents identified one of the most important aspects of the decision-making to participate in the early phase of clinical trial of the recommendation of principal investigator and trust in a physician. Twelve respondents stated the most frequent reason...

(in English): The subject of my dissertation is the decision of the subjects to participate in the early phase of clinical trial. The aim of this disseration is to detect and understand the ethical aspects of decision making of subjects with oncological diseases to participate in the early phase of clinical trial. In the theoretical part of my dissertation, I define the field of clinical research, describe the phases of clinical research and ethical codes important for clinical research. The current ethical dilemmas related to the participation of subjects in the early phase of clinical trial, which are being discussed by the professional public, are presented. The research part contains the results of interviews with seventeen respondents whose content correlates with the aim of the research part and it is to understand the decision- making of subjects to participate in the early phase of clinical trial in terms of subjectively constructed realities, which are different for individual respondents. The results of the research show that fourteen respondents identified one of the most important aspects of the decision-making to participate in the early phase of clinical trial of the recommendation of principal investigator and trust in a physician. Twelve respondents stated the most frequent reason...

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