As Chinese economy develops, service innovation has become a key element for which Chinese enterprises compete and upgrading of service industry all over China due to its influence on national economic competitiveness, among which the innovation of multi-agent service plays an important role in enterprises. This thesis mainly studies the concept of the Multi-agent Participate Model of Service Innovation and explores the strategic role and position of the model in communication industry. The purpose of this thesis includes two parts: firstly it studies the service innovation which multi-agent such as enterprises, customers and suppliers participate in so as to establish a new theoretical framework of such service innovation. Secondly, from the perspective of strategic management of enterprises, it considers the selection of Multi-agent Participate Model of Service Innovation in competitive strategies of the communication industry to clarify the strategic role and position of such model in management of the communication industry. Questionnaire and interview are two main data acquisition methods in this thesis. The author surveyed 100 employees from China Telecom with a questionnaire designed by herself. The data shows that customers’ demands for market and competitors’ competition in the market have a great influence on the innovation activities of enterprises. Some senior managers of China Telecom have been interviewed for this study. The interviews have shown the significance of Multi-agent Participate Model of Service Innovation in telecommunication industry and the Multi-agent Participate Model of Service Innovation can favorably be applied to telecommunication industry. The enterprises, customers, employees, managers and suppliers are of inseparable relationships in the model. As an innovation model of enterprises, Multi-agent Participate Model of Service Innovation can better mobilize enthusiasm of each participant of service innovation, and innovativeness of management service to clarify the strategic position of the model in enterprise management.

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This thesis is the result of applying a novel methodology which I labelled ‘participative foresight scenario mapping’. This methodology couples participatory methods for building holistic foresight scenarios for sustainable development in Flores Island (Azores, Portugal) with a multi-criteria appraisal method, Multi-criteria mapping (Stirling, 1997), to assess these scenarios alongside five sector based regional scenarios (Secretaria Regional do Ambiente e do Mar, 2006). The main research question was to reflect on how small isolated societies, which have a distant relation with strategic decision-making centres, can define their transitions to sustainability. Small islands represent interesting cases to reflect on sustainability, these small territories distant from main decision-making centres challenge decision-making and require a consideration of the issues of scale. Islands have also been seen as small, manageable models of the world, providing the opportunity to explore innovative solutions at a scale that allows inclusion of as many different factors as possible. Small islands’ populations are especially linked to their island and they develop, by the effects of isolation, a strong particular relation to the place, the role of identity is then crucial in fostering sustainable practices adapted to the island. A succession of individual scoping interviews with twenty four regional and local decision-makers and key informants and seven focus groups with a total of thirty local lay citizens gave me the opportunity to develop two differentiated multi-sector scenarios for Flores Island which were identified as Standard and Balanced development scenarios. The Balanced development scenario reflects a desire to develop an island that bases its economy on greater self-sufficiency for agricultural products, quality and certified products, and natural conservation and valorisation. The Standard development scenario is based on economic growth through tourism and primary sector intensification, and public investment in infrastructures; this scenario can be summarized as the continuation of the actual model of development. The appraisal of both holistic narratives allows in depth exploration of the complex issues related to sustainability, such as the preference between weak and strong sustainability, that otherwise would have been too difficult to assess by such a variety of research participants. Working with holistic scenarios raised the limits of the capacity to show proficiency in a wide variety of fields. The research demonstrated the feasibility of applying the multi-criteria mapping method to support the analysis of holistic non-technical scenarios. The combination of qualitative and quantitative data brought depth to the analysis and improved the understanding of the desired sustainable futures in islands. But the quantitative appraisal was overshadowed by strong uncertainties that made difficult the identification of a best scenario. Uncertainty was explained by the risks inherent to the scenarios, the limited expertise in all the criteria, the complexity of the holistic scenarios, the time horizon (20 years), doubts on the effective implementation of the chosen scenario, and the existence of potentially disrupting external factors. The process was also the opportunity to understand the role that social capital might play in the transition to the desired future for this island. It is shown in the thesis that a successful transition to sustainable development can only be reached if the objectives are understood and shared by the population.

The aim of this study is tos to make visible if and how teachers integrate democratic abilities in social studies education. I also want to examine what teachers experience enable or hinder the teaching of democratic abilities. The study is based on the following questions: Does deliberative and participatory democratic abilities apply in teaching and if so, how is this done in the actual teaching? What opportunities and challenges do teachers find in conversations-and participatory democratic abilities? The study examines how teachers teach deliberative and participatory democracy. This study is qualitative and based on interviews and observations offour teachers working in grade 3. The theoretical frame of the study is founded on the deliberative democracy model of Tomas Englund and Åsa Forsberg which is used to study how deliberative abilities take place in teaching. Furthermore, the theory formed by Roger Hart, called Ladder of participation,is used to study whether teachers invite studentsto participateand influencetheir own education. I also used Ljungberg and Unemar Öst theory about teacher's communicative strategies in connection with the controversy handling to give an understanding about how teachers handle controversy, but also how they in connection with controversy encourages deliberative conversations.The results of the study showed that the students did apply and practice conversations democratic abilities.Despite this, some deliberative democratic abilities were more prominent than others.On the other handthe application of participatory abilities were not as common as training deliberativ democractic abilites.

<p>Föreningsidrotten ökar men fortfarande är det många ungdomar som inte är tillräckligt fysiskt aktiva. Många undersökningar har gjorts angående motivation hos aktiva idrottare, men forskningen kring vad det är som motiverar ungdomar att börja idrotta är inte alls lika stor. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka vilka motivationsfaktorer som skulle få ungdomar att börja idrotta och vad det är som hindrar dem, samt se vilka skillnader och likheter det fanns mellan svenska ungdomars och invandrarungdomars svar. Genom att undersöka vad som skulle få ungdomar att börja idrotta och vad det är som hindrar dem, skulle detta kunna hjälpa idrottsföreningar i hur de ska rekrytera nya medlemmar. Det är också viktigt att undersöka om det är någon skillnad mellan svenska ungdomars och invandrarungdomars motivationsfaktorer och hinder. Enskilda intervjuer gjordes med svenska ungdomar och invandrarungdomar från två olika skolor. Intervjuerna som spelades in på band transkriberades, för att sedan analyseras utifrån en hermeneutisk ansats. Teman i form av inre och yttre motivation, samt inre och yttre hinder togs fram, därefter skapades kategorier utifrån de motivationsfaktorer och hinder som var särskilt betydelsefulla för ungdomarna. Resultatet visade att de faktorer som skulle motivera ungdomarna att börja idrotta var socialt stöd, tidigare positiva erfarenheter av idrott, bättre hälsa, att det var roligt och att de hittade en idrott som passade dem. Det som hindrade dem var tidsbrist, låg grad av self-efficacy, prestationskrav, den sociala miljön, andra preferenser, att det inte var roligt och jobbigt idrotta, samt att de inte hade hittat någon passande idrott. Det kunde inte urskiljas några större skillnader mellan de svenska ungdomarna och invandrarungdomarna, men de svenska ungdomarna motiverades av både inre och yttre faktorer medan invandrarungdomarna endast motiverades av inre faktorer.</p>

Föreningsidrotten ökar men fortfarande är det många ungdomar som inte är tillräckligt fysiskt aktiva. Många undersökningar har gjorts angående motivation hos aktiva idrottare, men forskningen kring vad det är som motiverar ungdomar att börja idrotta är inte alls lika stor. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka vilka motivationsfaktorer som skulle få ungdomar att börja idrotta och vad det är som hindrar dem, samt se vilka skillnader och likheter det fanns mellan svenska ungdomars och invandrarungdomars svar. Genom att undersöka vad som skulle få ungdomar att börja idrotta och vad det är som hindrar dem, skulle detta kunna hjälpa idrottsföreningar i hur de ska rekrytera nya medlemmar. Det är också viktigt att undersöka om det är någon skillnad mellan svenska ungdomars och invandrarungdomars motivationsfaktorer och hinder. Enskilda intervjuer gjordes med svenska ungdomar och invandrarungdomar från två olika skolor. Intervjuerna som spelades in på band transkriberades, för att sedan analyseras utifrån en hermeneutisk ansats. Teman i form av inre och yttre motivation, samt inre och yttre hinder togs fram, därefter skapades kategorier utifrån de motivationsfaktorer och hinder som var särskilt betydelsefulla för ungdomarna. Resultatet visade att de faktorer som skulle motivera ungdomarna att börja idrotta var socialt stöd, tidigare positiva erfarenheter av idrott, bättre hälsa, att det var roligt och att de hittade en idrott som passade dem. Det som hindrade dem var tidsbrist, låg grad av self-efficacy, prestationskrav, den sociala miljön, andra preferenser, att det inte var roligt och jobbigt idrotta, samt att de inte hade hittat någon passande idrott. Det kunde inte urskiljas några större skillnader mellan de svenska ungdomarna och invandrarungdomarna, men de svenska ungdomarna motiverades av både inre och yttre faktorer medan invandrarungdomarna endast motiverades av inre faktorer.

Bakalauro baigiamajame darbe nagrinėjamas vietos bendruomeninių tarybų vaidmuo skatinant gyventojų dalyvavimą savivaldoje, Šiaulių mieste. Tiriama problema iškeliama klausimu - ar vietos bendruomenių tarybų vaidmuo skatina gyventojus dalyvauti savivaldoje Šiaulių mieste? Šis darbas susideda iš įvado, trijų pagrindinių teorinių dalių, empirinės dalies, išvadų, rekomendacijų, literatūros sąrašo bei priedų.Teorinėje dalyje pateikiama mokslinės literatūros šaltinių ir teisės aktų analizė, apžvelgiant vietos savivaldos raidą ir jos reikšmingumą bendruomenės gyvenimui. Analizuojamas gyventojų, jų grupių dalyvavimo galimybės savivaldoje. Išskiriamos pagrindinės nedalyvavimo priežastys. Taip pat nagrinėjama bendruomenės vieta ir reikšmingumas savivaldoje. / The final thesis of bachelor analyses the role of local community councils in promoting public participation in self –government in Šiauliai city. The research topic is raised through the following question: does the role of local community councils promote the residents to participate in the self-government in Šiauliai city? The thesis consists of introduction, three main theoretical parts, empirical part, conclusions, recommendations, references and annexes. The theoretical part presents the analysis of scientific literature sources and legal acts and overviews the development of local self-government and its significance to the community life. Moreover, the paper examines the opportunities of the inhabitants and their groups to participate in self-government. The main reasons of non-participation are distinguished. The paper also examines the place and significance of community in self-governance.

The purpose with this study has been to get a previous knowledge about how pre-school teachers look at the impact of the picture book for children and their language development and participation at the age of three to five years. The study was carried through inquiries at a pre-school in a west Swedish urban district. The study proceed from the sociocultural theory which means that children learn by teamwork with other more experienced individuals. The result shows that the pre-school teachers consciously let the interest of the children guide the choice of books. At the same time they push for the meaning of conversation with the children. The pre-school teachers prefers to work with a smaller group in picture book readings to stimulate language weak children and make them participant more. The children can look for and count things in the pictures, and the adults got a bigger focus on the talking child. Picture books are also meaningful in a theme at the pre-school. In the literature language is power and the children dare to take place, and that makes them participate in the pedagogical activity which takes place at the pre-school.

The purpose of this study is to examine how the concept of democracy and education for democracy are formulated in school policy documents related to the four teacher’s description of their work with democracy in the civic subject. The study is based on the following questions:  What type of democracy is presented in the school curriculum as well as other school policy documents? How do the participant teachers understand democracy? How do the participant teachers describe and motivate their work with democracy? This study is made through a qualitative method based on a contextual analysis and interviews with four teachers working in grade 1-3. The study is based on two theoretical extensions and these are electoral-, participate-, deliberate democracy and the traditional- , liberal progressive-, social critical orientated views. Common to the four school policy documents that have been analysed, the most prominent conceptions of and approaches to democracy is participatory and deliberative democratic perspectives. The results show that the school documents and the teacher’s description of democracy rarely mention electoral democracy. However, it can be seen in the school policy documents that there is a notion that knowledge about democracy.  That is, knowledge of political ideologies and the selection process, is required to enable participatory and deliberative democracy.  Teachers understanding of democracy show mainly participatory democracy perspective. However, it has come to shown from the interviews that the teacher’s description of their work with democracy in the civic subject mainly shows deliberative perspectives. One conclusion of this study is that the documents and the teachers' descriptions of democracy and education for democracy are quite similar.

Syftet med studien var att beskriva hur närstående till intensivvårdspatienter upplevde en intensivvårdsavdelning (IVA) med fokus på delaktighet och omvårdnad. I studien intervjuades fem närstående. Intervjuerna analyserades med hjälp av en förenklad variant av meningskodning och tre kategorier som beskrev de närståendes upplevelser av IVA utvecklades. Kategorierna benämndes: "Första intrycket av IVA", Att leva med osäkerhet" och "Att vara delaktig". De närstående upplevde ett inre kaos när deras anhörig vårdades på IVA och använde sig av olika copingstrategier. De närstående beskrev intensivvårdssjuksköterskornas omvårdnad och bemötande på ett positivt sätt men vissa upplevde att läkare och kurator var frånvarande. Den största oron handlade om hur patienten skulle återhämta sig och hur framtiden skulle bli. Att få vara delaktig på IVA var ingen självklarhet och några anhöriga hade själva krävt att få vara med. / The aim of this study was to describe the experience of the close relatives of patients in an intensive care unit (ICU) with focus on participation and nursing care. In the study five persons who were close relatives were interviewed. The analysis of the interviews was done with a simplified version of code-of-meaning and three categories that showed experiences of importance of the relatives in the ICU emerged. The categories were called: "The first impression of the ICU", "To live with uncertainty" and "To be involved". The close relatives of the patient experienced inner chaos when the patient was in the ICU and they used different coping strategies. The close relatives of the patients described the nursing care provided by the intensive care nurses and the way they had been treated in a positive way but some lacked contact with physicians or a counselor. Their biggest concern was whether the patient would recover and how their future would turn out to be. It was not obvious for the close relatives to bee involved in the care of the patient, some felt they have had to demand it.