Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-02-02Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:22:35Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 batista_tn_dr_botfmvz_prot.pdf: 1218510 bytes, checksum: 40011e3f4a7d38b02ece0fb1208465c5 (MD5) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / A parvovirose canina, uma das principais doenças infecto-contagiosas que acomete cães, é causada pelo Parvovírus canino-2 (CPV-2). Desde sua ' escrição importantes mutações ocorreram originando três tipos: CPV-2a e 2b, comumente detectados no Brasil, e o CPV-2c. Essas alterações antígênicas caracterizam o CPV como um dos principais modelos de evolução viral, sendo etectáveis com painéis de anticorpos monoclonais em técnicas simples como hemaglutinação e neutralização in vitro. A tecnologia de apresentação de :J oteínas em bacteriófagos (Phage display) tem diversas aplicações, dentre elas a apresentação de fragmentos recombinantes de anticorpos funcionais scFv), que podem ser produzidos em grande quantidade. Este trabalho utilizou Phage Display para expressar fragmentos scFv contra o CPV-2 , com uma etodologia descrita (Krebber, 1997). Após o cultivo e purificação do vírus, camundongos da linhagem High seleção IV A foram imunizados com o CPV-2 , sendo em seguida extraído RNA total do baço. A amplificação das cadeias leve e pesada, e sua ligação por SOE-PCR, permitiu a clonagem do scFv no fagomídeo pAK 100. Após a transformação da E.coli XL-1 blue, bacteriófagos 13 foram expressos apresentando o fragmento scFv. Três processos de seleção foram realizados, e após '0 Phage-ELlSA, um grupo de fagos foi selecionado. A partir deste um screening foi realizado por PCR sendo dois lones detectados. Após nova expressão de ambos uma nova reação de Phage-ELlSA foi realizada e demonstrou a especificidade destes clones com o CPV-2. Até o presente momento esta é a primeira descrição da técnica de Phage display apresentando fragmentos de anticorpo anti-CPV-2. / Canine parvoviral disease, one of the most common infectious disorders of dogs, is caused by canine parvovirus (CPV-2). Several mutations have accurred since it was described in the late 1970s, originating three antigenic pes: CPV-2a and 2b, most commonly found in Brazil, and the CPV-2c. These tigenic differences characterize CPV-2 as an important model of virus evolution, and could be detected by monoclonal antibody panel in hemmaglutination and in vitro neutralization. Phage display has many a plications and have been used displaying functional antibodies fragments scFv) , which can be produced in large amount. The technology described here

O parvovírus suíno (PPV) apresenta grande importância, principalmente em fêmeas nãoimunes, por causar perdas reprodutivas significativas. O primeiro trabalho foi desenvolvido sobre forma de revisão, e serviu como base para realização dos estudos seguintes. O segundo trabalho foi conduzido para determinar a resposta de anticorpos para PPV em 127 leitoas após a vacinação, avaliar a transferência de imunidade passiva e estimar a queda de anticorpos colostrais para PPV na leitegada. Foi realizada coleta de sangue nas leitoas em: (A) antes da primeira vacinação para PPV, (B) após a segunda dose; (C) no parto e (D) durante a segunda gestação. Além disto, colostro também foi coletado (E). Três leitões de cada fêmea foram selecionados e amostras de sangue foram coletadas: antes de mamar o colostro, 7, 21, 57, 87 e 128 dias de idade, a fim de verificar o declínio da imunidade passiva e estimar a meia-vida de anticorpos para PPV. O número de fetos mumificados, natimortos, nascidos vivos e nascidos totais do primeiro e segundo parto foram analizados. Os anticorpos para PPV foram testados por inibição da hemaglutinação (HI) e enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), a fim de verificar a concordância entre estes dois métodos. A possível associação entre os títulos de anticorpos das fêmeas e dos leitões no soro e no colostro com os dados reprodutivos também foi investigada. A maioria das fêmeas (85,83%) tiveram anticorpos para PPV antes da vacinação, mas depois da vacina, todas as fêmeas soroconverteram. Aos sete dias de idade a maioria dos leitões apresentaram anticorpos para PPV e em torno dos 57 dias de idade somente 35,29% dos leitões eram positivos, alcançando a nulidade de anticorpos para PPV aos 87 dias de idade. A meia-vida estimada dos anticorpos colostrais foi 29,80 dias. A correlação entre o soro dos leitões e da fêmea no momento do parto foi r=0,77 (P<0,001) e com o colostro o valor de r foi 0,72 (P<0.001). A concordância entre os testes de ELISA e HI foi moderada (Spearman’s ρ= 0,89 e R2= 0.67). Houve diferença somente no número de mumificados entre o primeiro e segundo parto (P<0,001). O terceiro trabalho objetivou avaliar o perfil de anticorpos para PPV em diferentes sistemas de reposição de leitoas, correlacionando com dados reprodutivos. Cento e cinquenta 11 nulíparas com duas doses de vacina para PPV foram selecionadas de três sistemas de reposição diferentes: quarto sítio - A (n=36), granja receptora do quarto sítio - B (n=57) e granja multiplicadora - C (n=57). Os anticorpos para PPV foram medidos utilizando um teste de ELISA. Houve diferença entre as três granjas com relação ao título de anticorpos (P<0,05). Ao comparar os dados reprodutivos entre as granjas, houve diferença entre elas no número de nascidos totais e nascidos vivos, mas não foi observada diferença no percentual de natimortos e de mumificados (P>0,05). A correta preparação da leitoa, objetivando a proteção no momento da cobertura é fundamental para alcançar bom desempenho reprodutivo, independente do sistema de reposição utilizado. / Porcine parvovirus (PPV) has a great importance because causes significantly reproductive losses, mainly in non-immune gilts. The first study was developmented as a review, and served as a basis to carry out the following studies. The second study was conducted to determine the antibody response for PPV of 127 gilts in field conditions after vaccination, to evaluate the transfer of passive immunity and to estimate the decay of acquired colostral antibodies to PPV in the littermate. Gilts were bled at: (A) before the first vaccination to PPV, (B) after the second dose; (C) at farrowing and (D) during the second pregnancy. Added to these, colostrum was also collected (E). Three piglets of each gilt were selected and blood samples were collected: prior to initial colostrum intake, 7, 21, 57, 87 and 128 day-old, in order to verify the decrease of passive immunity and estimate the half-life of PPV antibodies. The number of mummified fetus, stillbirths, born alive and total born were analyzed from first and second parturition. The PPV antibodies were tested both with haemagglutination inhibition (HI) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in order to study the agreement between these methods. The possible association between gilts and piglets antibody titers in serum and colostrum with reproductive data was also investigated. Most gilts (85.83%) had antibodies to PPV before vaccination, but after vaccine, all gilts seroconverted. At 7 day-old most part of piglets had PPV antibodies and around 57 days-old only 35.29% of piglets were positive, reaching the PPV antibodies nullity at 87 days-old. The estimated average half-life of acquired colostral antibodies was 29.80 days. The correlation between piglets serum with gilt serum at farrowing time was r=0.77 (P<0.001) and with colostrum the r value was 0.72 (P<0.001). The agreement between ELISA and HI tests was moderate (Spearman’s ρ= 0.89 and R2= 0.67). The only difference between first and second parturition was observed on mummified fetuses (P<0.001). The objective of the third study was to evaluate the PPV antibodies profile in different gilts replacement systems, correlating with reproductive data. A hundred and fifty gilts with two doses of 13 PPV vaccine were selected from three different gilts replacement systems: Fourth site - A (n=36), fourth site receiver herd - B (n=57) and a farm producing dam lines - C (n=57). The PPV antibodies were measured by an ELISA test. There were a difference on antibody titers among the three herds (P<0.05). When we compared the reproductive data among herds, there were difference on total born and born alive, but this difference was not observed on the percentual of stillbirths and mummified (P>0.05). The correct gilt preparation, aiming the protection on mating time is fundamental to reach a great reproductive performance, independent of the replacement gilt system used.

A síndrome da má absorção (SMA), caracterizada pelo mau desenvolvimento e desuniformidade do lote de aves, causa importantes prejuízos econômicos à avicultura comercial. No entanto, por se tratar de uma doença multifatorial e possivelmente polimicrobiana, o envolvimento do parvovírus de galinha (ChPV) na ocorrência da SMA ainda é pouco conhecido. Com o propósito de elucidar a possível associação entre a presença do ChPV e a ocorrência da SMA, foram desenvolvidas e aplicadas ferramentas moleculares para a detecção e quantificação do ChPV em amostras de frangos comerciais no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Uma PCR quantitativa foi desenvolvida para detectar e quantificar cópias do genoma (CG) do ChPV em amostras de suabes de cloaca de 59 frangos saudáveis e 68 frangos com sinais clínicos sugestivos de SMA. Os resultados revelaram que todas as amostras dos dois grupos investigados, continham o genoma do ChPV. No entanto, a carga viral em frangos com SMA foi significativamente (p≤0,0001) maior (1x105 CG/100 ng DNA) do que em frangos saudáveis (1,3x103 CG/100 ng DNA). Adicionalmente às amostras de cloaca, o ChPV também foi investigado em amostras de tecidos (fígado, timo, baço, bursa de Fabricius - BF e intestino) e soros provenientes de nove frangos saudáveis e 50 frangos com sinais indicativos da SMA. O ChPV foi encontrado tanto em aves saudáveis como nas aves com SMA, no entanto, observou-se uma diferença na distribuição deste agente nos tecidos analisados. O genoma do vírus foi mais frequentemente detectado na BF, baço e intestino das aves com SMA, sendo que o intestino foi o tecido que apresentou maior carga viral. Os resultados encontrados nestes estudos demonstraram que o genoma viral estava altamente disseminado nas aves investigadas. Além disso, observou-se uma maior carga viral em frangos de corte com SMA quando comparado com aves sadias. Com base nos resultados encontrados, sugere-se que a maior carga viral de ChPV existente em aves com SMA, em relação a aves saudáveis, seja um dos fatores que favoreça a ocorrência da síndrome. / The malabsorption syndrome (MAS), characterized by the poor development and lack of uniformity of chicken flocks, causes significant economic losses to commercial poultry. However, because it is a multifactorial and possibly polymicrobial disease, the involvement of Chicken parvovirus (ChPV) in the MAS occurrence is still not clear. In order to elucidate the possible association between the presence of ChPV and the occurrence of MAS, molecular tools were developed and applied for the detection and quantification of ChPV DNA in commercial poultry samples in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. A quantitative PCR was developed to detect and quantify the ChPV genome copies (GC) in cloacal swab samples of 59 healthy broilers and 68 broilers with clinical signs suggestive of MAS. The results showed that all investigated samples of the two groups contained the genome ChPV. However, viral loads in MAS-affected animals were significantly (p≤0.0001) higher (1x105 GC/100 ng DNA) than in healthy broilers (1.3x103 GC/100 ng DNA). In addition to the cloacal samples, the presence of ChPV DNA was also investigated in tissue samples (liver, thymus, spleen, bursa of Fabricius - BF and intestine) and sera from nine healthy broilers and 50 broilers with signals indicative of MAS. The ChPV was found in healthy avian as well MAS-affected, however, there was a difference in the distribution of this agent in those tissues. The virus genome was more frequently detected in the BF, spleen and intestines of the MAS-affected broilers, and the intestines contained the highest viral loads, in comparison with other tissues. Our results demonstrated that the viral genome can be found in both healthy and MAS-affected broilers. In addition, higher viral loads were detected in broilers with signs suggestive of MAS compared to healthy birds. Based on these results, it is suggested that the greatest viral load of ChPV existing in MAS-affected broilers when compared to healthy birds, is one of the factors that favor the occurrence of the syndrome.

A síndrome da má absorção (SMA), caracterizada pelo mau desenvolvimento e desuniformidade do lote de aves, causa importantes prejuízos econômicos à avicultura comercial. No entanto, por se tratar de uma doença multifatorial e possivelmente polimicrobiana, o envolvimento do parvovírus de galinha (ChPV) na ocorrência da SMA ainda é pouco conhecido. Com o propósito de elucidar a possível associação entre a presença do ChPV e a ocorrência da SMA, foram desenvolvidas e aplicadas ferramentas moleculares para a detecção e quantificação do ChPV em amostras de frangos comerciais no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Uma PCR quantitativa foi desenvolvida para detectar e quantificar cópias do genoma (CG) do ChPV em amostras de suabes de cloaca de 59 frangos saudáveis e 68 frangos com sinais clínicos sugestivos de SMA. Os resultados revelaram que todas as amostras dos dois grupos investigados, continham o genoma do ChPV. No entanto, a carga viral em frangos com SMA foi significativamente (p≤0,0001) maior (1x105 CG/100 ng DNA) do que em frangos saudáveis (1,3x103 CG/100 ng DNA). Adicionalmente às amostras de cloaca, o ChPV também foi investigado em amostras de tecidos (fígado, timo, baço, bursa de Fabricius - BF e intestino) e soros provenientes de nove frangos saudáveis e 50 frangos com sinais indicativos da SMA. O ChPV foi encontrado tanto em aves saudáveis como nas aves com SMA, no entanto, observou-se uma diferença na distribuição deste agente nos tecidos analisados. O genoma do vírus foi mais frequentemente detectado na BF, baço e intestino das aves com SMA, sendo que o intestino foi o tecido que apresentou maior carga viral. Os resultados encontrados nestes estudos demonstraram que o genoma viral estava altamente disseminado nas aves investigadas. Além disso, observou-se uma maior carga viral em frangos de corte com SMA quando comparado com aves sadias. Com base nos resultados encontrados, sugere-se que a maior carga viral de ChPV existente em aves com SMA, em relação a aves saudáveis, seja um dos fatores que favoreça a ocorrência da síndrome. / The malabsorption syndrome (MAS), characterized by the poor development and lack of uniformity of chicken flocks, causes significant economic losses to commercial poultry. However, because it is a multifactorial and possibly polymicrobial disease, the involvement of Chicken parvovirus (ChPV) in the MAS occurrence is still not clear. In order to elucidate the possible association between the presence of ChPV and the occurrence of MAS, molecular tools were developed and applied for the detection and quantification of ChPV DNA in commercial poultry samples in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. A quantitative PCR was developed to detect and quantify the ChPV genome copies (GC) in cloacal swab samples of 59 healthy broilers and 68 broilers with clinical signs suggestive of MAS. The results showed that all investigated samples of the two groups contained the genome ChPV. However, viral loads in MAS-affected animals were significantly (p≤0.0001) higher (1x105 GC/100 ng DNA) than in healthy broilers (1.3x103 GC/100 ng DNA). In addition to the cloacal samples, the presence of ChPV DNA was also investigated in tissue samples (liver, thymus, spleen, bursa of Fabricius - BF and intestine) and sera from nine healthy broilers and 50 broilers with signals indicative of MAS. The ChPV was found in healthy avian as well MAS-affected, however, there was a difference in the distribution of this agent in those tissues. The virus genome was more frequently detected in the BF, spleen and intestines of the MAS-affected broilers, and the intestines contained the highest viral loads, in comparison with other tissues. Our results demonstrated that the viral genome can be found in both healthy and MAS-affected broilers. In addition, higher viral loads were detected in broilers with signs suggestive of MAS compared to healthy birds. Based on these results, it is suggested that the greatest viral load of ChPV existing in MAS-affected broilers when compared to healthy birds, is one of the factors that favor the occurrence of the syndrome.

O parvovírus humano B19 é um vírus não envelopado, que contém uma fita simples de DNA. Seu genoma é altamente conservado, com 98 a 99% de similaridade entre os isolados. Durante a última década, variantes do parvovírus B19, gênero Erythrovirus, foram descritas apresentando variabilidade genética de 11 a 14. Uma nova classificação foi proposta, dividindo o gênero em três diferentes genótipos (1, 2, 3a e 3b). Para avaliar a diversidade genética e o papel epidemiológico dos eritrovírus, 892 amostras brasileiras e chilenas, foram investigadas para a presença de DNA viral. As amostras positivas foram seqüênciadas e genotipadas através da analise da região VP1/VP2. Os resultados mostraram predominância do genótipo 1 (89 amostras), seguido do genótipo 3 (1 amostra), nas amostras brasileiras, enquanto que nas amostras chilenas, apenas o genótipo 1 foi observado (24 amostras). A única variante detectada, a amostra BR543, apresentou variabilidade de aproximadamente 13%, quando comparada ao B19, sendo classificada como genótipo 3, subtipo 3b. / Human Parvovirus B19 is a non-enveloped, ssDNA virus. The genome is highly conserved, showing 98 to 99% of nucleotide similarity between the isolates. During the last decade, parvovirus B19 variants, genus Erythrovirus, were described showing 11 to 14 %. A new classification was suggested, dividing the genus in three different genotypes (1, 2, 3a and 3b). To evaluate the epidemiology and the erythrovirus genetic diversity, 892 brazilians and chileans samples, were investigated for the virus DNA presence. The positive samples were sequenced and genotyped (VP1/VP2). The results showed the prevalence of genotype 1 (69 samples), followed by genotype 3 (1 sample), in the brazilians samples, and in the Chilean samples only genotype 1 was observed (24 samples). The variant detected, BR543, showed 13% of divergence when compared to B19, classified as genotype 3, subtype 3b.

Les profils de viabilité sur surface, de virus non enveloppés : murine minute virus (MVM), coxsackievirus B4 (CVB4), virus simien 40 (SV40), et de virus enveloppés : virus de grippe A (H1N1), et virus herpès simplex de type 1 (HSV-1), ainsi que la résistance à la chaleur et aux ultraviolets C (UVc) de ces virus ont été étudiés.Pour déterminer la viabilité de MVM, CVB4, H1N1 et HSV-1 sur surface, 50 µL de suspension virale ont été déposées sur des couvercles de boites de Pétri et séchés sous un flux d’air avant d’être récupérés et titrés sur des lignées cellulaires appropriées. Les virus enveloppés ont persisté moins de 5 jours alors que CVB4 et MVM restent infectieux pendant plusieurs semaines. Cependant, les cycles répétés de séchage et de remise en suspension ont eu un effet plus virucide sur CVB4 que sur H1N1 et HSV-1. Aucun effet des répétitions de ces cycles n’a été observé sur le titre infectieux du MVM. Quand il est exposé au séchage, les concentrations initiales d’albumine de sérum bovin, de sérum de veau fœtal et de chlorure de sodium, ont un impact sur la survie de CVB4. Dans un milieu riche en protéines, CVB4 a été plus facilement inactivé par le séchage, alors qu’en présence de chlorure de sodium le pouvoir virucide du séchage a été réduit. Ces résultats montrent que la résistance des virus vis-à-vis du séchage, n’est pas due à une hétérogénéité de populations virales, mais peut être influencée par la composition du milieu et la concentration des composants.Nous avons évalué la résistance thermique de MVM, CVB4, H1N1 et HSV-1 contenus dans des gouttelettes. Quatre microlitres de suspension virale ont été déposés sur une surface chauffée et exposés à des températures comprises entre 70 et 130°c pendant 0 à 90min, selon le virus, avant d’être titrés. Clairement, MVM a été plus résistant que H1N1, lui-même plus résistant que HSV-1 et CVB4. Pour la première fois, l’inactivation de particules virales contenues dans des gouttelettes exposées à des températures supérieures à 100°C a été étudiée. Il apparaît que le chauffage peut provoquer un effet plus rapidement virucide que décrit précédemment.La résistance aux UVc (254nm) de MVM, CVB4, H1N1, HSV-1 et SV40 contenus dans des gouttelettes a été évaluée. Les virus à ADN double brins (HSV-1 et SV40) restaient infectieux après une exposition à 60mJ/cm² d’UVc, tandis que les virus à ARN (H1N1 et CVB4) et un virus à ADN simple brin (MVM) ont été totalement inactivés par une exposition inférieure ou égale à 35mJ/cm² d’UVc. De plus l’effet des UVc combiné à la chaleur sur la viabilité de MVM a été déterminé. Le titre infectieux de MVM, contenu dans une gouttelette a été totalement inactivé après une exposition à 27mJ/cm² d’UVc. Le chauffage (20s à 100°C) a provoqué une réduction modérée du titre viral de MVM (-1.8 log10TCID50), alors que le chauffage suivi par une exposition à 17mJ/cm² d’UVc entraine une inactivation complète.En conclusion, nos études montrent que les virus peuvent persister pendant des jours voire des semaines sur une surface hydrophobe. Le profil de résistance des virus vis-à-vis du séchage, n’est pas dû à une hétérogénéité de populations virales, comme l’ont montré les résultats obtenus avec CVB4. De plus, dans la mesure où la composition du milieu joue un rôle dans la viabilité des virus exposés au séchage, la persistance des virus devrait être étudiée dans des milieux naturels plutôt que dans des milieux définis. L’impact de temps d’exposition courts à la chaleur sur les virus contenus dans de petits volumes de suspension a été déterminé. La résistance thermique de H1N1 jusqu’à 100°C, supérieure à celle d’HSV-1, un autre virus enveloppé, et à celle de CVB4 un virus non-enveloppé a été observée. Une inactivation virale efficace peut être obtenue en combinant une exposition aux UVc et à la chaleur comme le montrent les résultats obtenus avec MVM. / The pattern of viability of non-enveloped viruses, minute virus of mice (MVM), coxsackievirus B4 (CVB4), and simian virus 40 (SV40) and enveloped-viruses, influenza A virus (H1N1), and herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) onto surfaces and their resistance to heating and to ultraviolet C (UVc) exposure have been investigated. To determine the viability of MVM, CVB4, H1N1 and HSV1 on surface, fifty microliters of viral suspension were applied onto petri dish lids and dried under air flow of biosafety cabinet. The recovered viral preparations were titered on appropriate cell cultures. Enveloped viruses persisted for less than 5 days while CVB4 and MVM persisted for weeks. However, repetitive cycles of drying and resuspension had more virucidal effect on CVB4 than on H1N1 and HSV-1. No effect of these repetitive cycles on infectious titer of MVM was recorded. When exposed to drying, initial concentrations of bovine serum albumin, foetal calf and sodium chloride (NaCl) had an impact on the viability of CVB4. In a protein rich medium, CVB4 was more likely inactivated by drying whereas in presence of NaCl, the impact of drying was reduced. Thus, it appears that the resistance of viruses toward drying is not due to a heterogeneity of viral populations, but it can be influenced by media composition and components concentrations.Heat inactivation of viruses was reported, however, the thermal resistance of viruses in droplets has not been studied. We evaluated the pattern of heat resistance of MVM, CVB4, H1N1 and HSV1 contained in droplets. Four microliters droplets containing viruses were applied onto warmed surface obtained by using a self-made heating device. Viral suspensions were exposed to temperatures ranging from 70 to 130°C for 0 to 90 min depending on the virus, and then the recovered viral preparations were titered. Clearly, MVM was more resistant than H1N1 that was more resistant than HSV-1 and CVB4. For the first time, the inactivation of viral particles contained in drops exposed to temperatures higher than 100°C has been investigated. It appears that heating can have an unexpected faster virucidal effect than previously described. The resistance to ultraviolet C (UVc) (254nm) of MVM, CVB4, H1N1, HSV-1 and SV40 contained in droplets has been evaluated. Double-stranded DNA viruses (HSV-1 and SV40) were still infectious after exposure to 60 mJ/cm² UVc, while RNA viruses H1N1, CVB4 and single-stranded DNA virus MVM were fully inactivated when they were exposed to a dose equal to or lower than 35 mJ/cm² UVc. Moreover the effect of UVc (254 nm) combined with heating onto the viability of MVM was determined. The infectious level of MVM suspension droplets applied onto petri dish lids was fully inactivated when exposed to 27 mJ/cm² UVc. Heating (100°C for 20s) provoked a moderate reduction of infectious level (-1.8 log10TCID50) of MVM, whereas heating followed by UVc exposure (17 mJ/cm²) resulted in a full inactivation.In conclusion, our studies show that viruses can persist for days or even weeks on dry hydrophobic surfaces. The pattern of resistance of viruses toward drying is not due to a heterogeneity of viral population as shown by results obtained with CVB4. In so far as media composition play a role in the viability of viruses exposed to drying, the persistence of viruses in natural media (clinical or environmental), instead of defined media, should be investigated. The impact of short time exposure to heat onto the infectivity of viruses contained in a small volume of suspension has been determined. The thermal resistance of H1N1 up to 100°C, higher than the one of HSV1 another enveloped virus, and CVB4 a non-enveloped virus has been observed. An efficient viral inactivation can be obtained by combining UVc exposure and heating as shown by results obtained with MVM.

Ziel dieser Arbeit war die Untersuchung der antigenen Eigenschaften aktueller Isolate (PPV-143a und PPV-27a) des porzinen Parvovirus (PPV). Des Weiteren sollten die Virulenzeigenschaften dieser Isolate sowie zweier Virusstämme (PPV-NADL-2 und PPV-IDT [Master Seed Virus]), die zur Produktion von inaktivierten Vollvirus-Vakzinen genutzt werden, bestimmt werden. In der in vitro-Studie wurden die untersuchten PPV-Isolate sowie ein weiteres Isolat (PPV-Challenge [Engl.]) zur Herstellung von Hyperimmunseren im Kaninchen und - nach experimenteller Infektion von Sauen (s.u.) – zur Herstellung von Postinfektionsseren genutzt. Die Seren wurden im Neutralisationstest gegen die verschiedenen Isolate geprüft und eine Kreuzneutralisation bewertet. Das Serum-IDT (MSV) zeigte generell eine begrenzte Neutralisation gegen die heterologen PPV-Isolate. Des Weiteren ergab die Untersuchung, dass alle Seren gegen das Isolat PPV-27a als Testvirus einen geringeren Neutralisationstiter aufwiesen als gegen die anderen Isolate. Interessanterweise wurde PPV-27a durch homologe Antiseren deutlich schlechter neutralisiert als alle anderen getestete Viren. Dieser offensichtliche „Immune Escape“ wurde bei den Seren aller beiden Kaninchen und aller drei Sauen gesehen. Die experimentellen Infektionen erfolgten bei 12 tragenden Jungsauen am 40. Trächtigkeitstag (3 Tiere pro Isolat PPV-143a, PPV-27a, PPV-NADL-2, PPV-IDT [MSV]). Es konnten neben dem Serum der infizierten Sauen fetale Gewebeproben von Lunge und Niere sowie Nabelvenenblut von insgesamt 157 Feten aus diesen Trächtigkeiten untersucht werden. Zur Antikörperbestimmung wurde der HAH-Test angewendet. Spezifische Antikörper konnten bei den Feten jeder Infektionsgruppe (PPV-143a, PPV-27a, PPV-IDT [MSV]) und PPV-NADL-2) detektiert werden. Somit konnte eine transplazentare Übertragung für alle PPV-Isolate gezeigt werden. Der Antigennachweis erfolgte durch Untersuchung der Hämagglutination aus dem Gewebe beziehungsweise nach Anzucht des Erregers in Zellkultur durch Bewertung des cytopathischen Effekts und Bestätigung durch direkte Immunfluoreszenz. Der Virusnachweis gelang ausschließlich bei den Feten der Gruppe Sauen die mit PPV-27a infiziert wurden. Die fetale Mortalitätsrate der Feten der Infektionsgruppe PPV-27a lag bei 85 % und war signifikant höher im Vergleich zu den anderen Infektionsgruppen (5-18 %). Schlussfolgernd konnte in vivo lediglich für PPV-27a eine Virulenz nachgewiesen werden. In vitro zeigte sich nur für PPV-27a ein differenziertes Kreuzneutralisations-Verhalten. Diese Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass das Isolat PPV-27a tasächlich eine neue antigene Variante des porzinen Parvovirus darstellt, gegen die derzeit verfügbare Impfstoffe möglicherweise nur unvollständig schützen.

Canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2), the aetiological agent of haemorrhagic enteritis in dogs emerged in 1978 worldwide. In the mid 1980’s, the original CPV-2 had evolved and was completely replaced by 2 variants, CPV 2a and 2b. In 2000, a new variant of CPV (CPV-2c) was detected in Italy and now circulates in other countries. Haemorrhagic enteritis in dogs is a major disease in South Africa and Nigeria. Both infection rates with CPV-2 and case fatality rates in young dogs are high. CPV-2 is a small, negative-sense, single-stranded DNA virus of 5.2kb long and a member of the Parvoviridae family, which also includes feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) and mink enteritis virus (MEV). The CPV-2 genome is prone to mutations at the VP2-encoding region. As a result we investigated the genetic composition of the VP2 region in the CPV-2 genome using molecular methods (qPCR) to provide information for comparison of field and vaccine strains of the virus. The conventional PCR detection results yielded 137 (97.85%) of the total of 140 feacal samples screened with diarrhoea positive. One hundred-and-six of 108 samples from South Africa (98.15%) tested positive and two (1.85%) were negative, while 30 (96.77%) from 31 faecal samples from Nigeria were positive and 1 (2.23%) was negative. Results obtained from the genotyping of the CPV- 2 strains using CPV-2a/b and CPV-2b/c TaqMan assays employing minor groove binder (MGB) probes, revealed that out of a total of 106 South African samples, 100 (94.34%) were infected with CPV-2b and 6 (5.66%) with CPV-2a, while all the Nigerian samples [n=30 (100%)] contained only CPV2a. There was no reported case of CPV-2c. The VP2 gene of selected DNA samples (n=27), from South Africa (n=19), Nigeria (n=6) and multivalent vaccines (n=2) were amplified and sequenced. These sequences were originally aligned and edited to a total length of 1,750 bp of the CPV-2 VP2 encoding gene. These selected sequences showed 99% maximum identity to the GenBank sequences from the blast results (NCBI BLASThttp:// www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/BLAST/) and alignment of all the sequences was performed using ClustalX. Two phylogenetic analyses showed most South African field isolates distant from viruses from other parts of the world. A few clustered with Asian and European strains, while Nigerian CPV-2 strains clustered with USA and some European isolates. The results of the protein analysis showed seven changes of amino acids at positions 265, 297, 324, 424, 426, 440 and 475 for most of the South Africans strains while the Nigerian CPV-2 had only one field isolate with an amino acid change. / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Veterinary Tropical Diseases / unrestricted

Bovine Parvovirus (BPV) belongs to the genus Bocavirus, family Parvoviridae. BPV is the leading etiologic agent among the pathogens that cause primary gastroenteritis of cattle. Many of the intracellular events associated with virus replication are unknown. In this research project, we investigated BPV internalization into the host cell and trafficking in the cytosol. Preliminarily, EBTr cells had abundant clathrin, virus attached to purified clathrin, and EM micrographs revealed virus in endocytic vacuoles. Assays detecting virus infectivity (i.e. viral protein synthesis), virus production (completion of the replication cycle), and quantitative PCR (qPCR) to detect viral transcripts were used to evaluate virus uptake and subsequent trafficking events in the presence of selective inhibitors. Cell toxicity mediated by the drugs was evaluated by the MTT test. Virucidal effects of the drugs were assessed. A control virus was used to verify the inhibitor technology. Immunofluoresceinated virus particles were found in clathrin-rich early endosomes. Clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) was examined by clathrin polymerization inhibiting agent (chloropromazine), lysosomotropic agents (ammonium chloride and chloroquine), a vacuolar ATPase inhibitor (bafilomycin A1), and a blocker of transition between endosomes (brefeldin A). Caveosome pathway inhibitors included phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (a suppressor of caveolae formation), nystatin and methyl-beta-cyclodextrin (lipid raft blockers), and genistein (a tyrosine kinase phosphorylation inhibitor). Trafficking of BPV was investigated using specific inhibitors of proteasomal activity, actin-myosin function, and microtubule-dynein function. The proteasomal protease suppressor (lactacystin), and a proteasomal chymotrypsin inhibitor (epoxomicin) were used. The role of actin was probed by cytochlasin D, latrunculin A, and ML-7. The microtubule inhibitors nocodazole, vanadate, and EHNA were used to probe microtubule function. The inhibitors of CME reduced virus production and reduced infectivity, a result confirmed by qPCR. The blockers of caveolin-mediated entry did not interfere with virus production nor virus infectivity. Proteasome activity blockage did not affect the virus replication. But the virus cycle was affected by actin blockage and by microtubule blockage detected by qPCR. Taken together these data indicate that BPV uptake is mediated by clathrin coated pits and is acid-dependent. Further processing of BPV in the cytosol does not require proteasomal enzymes. Actin-associated vesicular transport appears to be essential to virus replication and trafficking to the nucleus appears to be mediated by microtubules.

No description available.