The subject of this study is the policing of the drug problem during the period between the nationalization of the police force in 1965 and the introduction of imprisonment as a penalty for drug consumption in 1993. The influence of four key factors are discussed: legislation, organization, the conception of and the attention paid to the drug problem. Qualitative and quantitative data from police archives, the prosecutor general, parliamentary publications, a public TV newsroom and various statistics from other sources are combined. The analysis shows four important stages in the process towards a substantially increased drug control: By the end of the 1960s, all data indicate increased attention to the drug problem. The penal law on narcotics was passed in 1968. It laid the foundation for subsequent policing activities. The police was also given increased possibilities to use telephone-tapping to combat serious crimes. By the end of the 1970s, the creation of a special narcotics police organization at the medium level of police hierarchy institutionalized, emphasized and assigned manpower to combat serious crimes. Since the beginning of the 1980s new target groups have been added. The "street dealer" is a new direct target. With the strengthening of the preventive role of the police new indirect target groups emerged: the police also emphasized their work against recruitment of new drug users. The main objective of the new penal law on narcotics of 1968 was to help drug addicts recover and merge back in society again. Addiction was seen as a disease. Drug dealing by the addicts was reprehensible but not a priority matter to the police. Over time, this attitude changed and in 1989 the police saw distinct actions against street dealers as the most important element in the repressive policy.

No contexto dos processos de democratização do continente latino-americano, que ocorreram paralelamente a uma crise do sistema judicial e ao aumento da criminalidade, Brasil e Argentina promoveram significativas alterações legislativas no âmbito da justiça penal, com a criminalização de novas condutas, a criação de mecanismos informais para o processamento de delitos de menor potencial ofensivo e o aumento das penas e a relativização de garantias processuais para determinados delitos. O presente trabalho visa identificar nesse conjunto de movimentos de política criminal a emergência de um novo modelo de controle penal em países situados no contexto da modernidade periférica. Pretendeu-se realizar um estudo das reformas legislativas em matéria penal que tiveram lugar no Brasil e na Argentina durante a última década, a fim de compor um panorama dos movimentos de política criminal que estiveram por trás do contedo das reformas legais mais significativas' identificar sua especificidade em relação a períodos anteriores e apontar os aspectos mais relevantes que indicassem o sentido dos movimentos de reforma em curso. Constatou-se, entre outras, uma tendencia à expansão e à desformalização do direito penal, como recurso na maioria das vezes meramente simbólico para o enfrentamento de problemas sociais cada vez mais complexos e desafiadores para as estruturas do Estado moderno. / In the context of the processes of democratization of the Latin-American continent, that happened parallel to a crisis of the judicial system and the increase of the criminality, Brazil and Argentina promoted significant legislative alterations in the extent of the penal justice, with the criminalization of new conducts, the creation of informal mechanisms for the processing of offensive potential minor crimes and the increase of the feathers and the relativization of procedural warranties for certain crimes. The present work seeks to identify in that group of movements of criminal politics the emergency of a new model of penal control in located countries in the context of the outlying modernity. It intended to accomplish a study of the legislative reforms in penal matter that had room in Brazil and in Argentina during the last decade, in order to compose a framework of the movements of criminal politics that were behind the content of the more significant legal reforms, to identify its especificity in relation to previous periods and to point the most relevant aspects that indicated the sense of the reform movements in course. It was verified, among other, a tendency to the expansion and the deformalization of the penal law, as a resource most of the time merely symbolic for face up to the social problems more and more complex and challenging for the structures of the modern State.

The evolving relationship between international human rights law and criminal law is marked by a passage from a role of moderation to one of legitimization. While international human rights law was previously critical of criminal law as an instrument of state repression, the last few decades witnessed a shift towards a victim-centred conception of criminal law as a means to protect and enforce certain human rights. This contrasts with a liberal conception of human rights as a check on the power of the state through the use of its criminal law authority. This development manifests itself through what may be dubbed the "criminalization” of Inter-American human rights law. This contribution explores this phenomenon of “criminalization” and its various illustrations, particularly through the Inter-American Court of Human Rights’ discourse with respect to amnesty laws and prescription. / El desarrollo de las relaciones entre el Derecho Internacional de los Derechos Humanos y el Derecho Penal está signado por una función de moderación hacia una de legitimación/ justificación de la aplicación del Derecho Penal. Mientras los Derechos Humanos inicialmente fueron críticos del Derecho Penal, como instrumento de represión estatal; las últimas décadas atestiguan un giro hacia una conceptualización del Derecho Penal centrado en la víctima, como medio para proteger y resguardar determinados derechos humanos. Este giro desafía la perspectiva liberal que concibe los derechos humanos como un mecanismo de control ante el poder estatal y que se ejerce mediante el Derecho Penal. Este desarrollo se manifiesta a través de lo que podría ser denominado la “penalización" de la jurisprudencia de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos. Este trabajo contribuye a la exploración del fenómeno de la “penalización” y sus diversas variantes. Particularmente, en el discurso de la Corte Interamericana de los Derechos Humanos, con especial énfasis en su postura ante las leyes de amnistía y la institución de la prescripción de la acción penal.

No contexto dos processos de democratização do continente latino-americano, que ocorreram paralelamente a uma crise do sistema judicial e ao aumento da criminalidade, Brasil e Argentina promoveram significativas alterações legislativas no âmbito da justiça penal, com a criminalização de novas condutas, a criação de mecanismos informais para o processamento de delitos de menor potencial ofensivo e o aumento das penas e a relativização de garantias processuais para determinados delitos. O presente trabalho visa identificar nesse conjunto de movimentos de política criminal a emergência de um novo modelo de controle penal em países situados no contexto da modernidade periférica. Pretendeu-se realizar um estudo das reformas legislativas em matéria penal que tiveram lugar no Brasil e na Argentina durante a última década, a fim de compor um panorama dos movimentos de política criminal que estiveram por trás do contedo das reformas legais mais significativas' identificar sua especificidade em relação a períodos anteriores e apontar os aspectos mais relevantes que indicassem o sentido dos movimentos de reforma em curso. Constatou-se, entre outras, uma tendencia à expansão e à desformalização do direito penal, como recurso na maioria das vezes meramente simbólico para o enfrentamento de problemas sociais cada vez mais complexos e desafiadores para as estruturas do Estado moderno. / In the context of the processes of democratization of the Latin-American continent, that happened parallel to a crisis of the judicial system and the increase of the criminality, Brazil and Argentina promoted significant legislative alterations in the extent of the penal justice, with the criminalization of new conducts, the creation of informal mechanisms for the processing of offensive potential minor crimes and the increase of the feathers and the relativization of procedural warranties for certain crimes. The present work seeks to identify in that group of movements of criminal politics the emergency of a new model of penal control in located countries in the context of the outlying modernity. It intended to accomplish a study of the legislative reforms in penal matter that had room in Brazil and in Argentina during the last decade, in order to compose a framework of the movements of criminal politics that were behind the content of the more significant legal reforms, to identify its especificity in relation to previous periods and to point the most relevant aspects that indicated the sense of the reform movements in course. It was verified, among other, a tendency to the expansion and the deformalization of the penal law, as a resource most of the time merely symbolic for face up to the social problems more and more complex and challenging for the structures of the modern State.

A teoria da sociedade de risco foi estabelecida por Ulrich Beck no ano de 1986 por meio da obra Risikogesellschaft - Auf dem Weg in eine andere Mordene. Beck propõe um novo rumo para a pesquisa sociológico segundo o qual o parâmetro clássico de estudo das ciências sociais baseado na luta entre classe deveria ser superado, pois esse modelo seria incapaz de explicar as complexas relações da sociedade moderna (pós-industrial) em que a característica principal não mais se encontra na disputa entre detentores do capital e explorado, mas, sim, em tentar reduzir ou repartir de modo mais justo os riscos sociais. Foi estabelecida a teoria da sociedade de risco a partir do incremento da tecnologia (por exemplo, energia nuclear, produção de alimentos transgênicos, etc). Com essas novas técnicas científicas praticamente impossível é conter os riscos sociais, uma vez que são neste momento difusos, ou seja, atingem um número indeterminado de pessoas. Neste ambiente de proliferação de riscos a demanda social direcionada à proteção por meio de intrumentos de controle dos riscos ganha papel de destaque. O sentimento social de insegurança baseia-se, principalmente, no fato de não ser mais o ser humano capaz de prever todos os efeitos das condutas a que está sendo diariamente exposto. Diante desse novo quadro social, o Direito, em especial, o Direito Penal não deve mostrar indiferença às necessidades de proteção. Neste contexto, questiona-se se o Direito Penal clássico, isto é, o Direito Penal produzido segundo bases Iluministas tipicamente liberal-burguesas do final século XIX conseguirá fornecer respostas úteis a um modelo social tão diferente daquele originalmente considerado. É necessário um arcabouço teórico próprio aos dias atuais, sem desconsiderar o avanço no campo dos direitos humanos. Defende-se na presente dissertação ter o Direito Penal por escopo a proteção de bens jurídicos, desde que, evidentemente, estejam lastreados no princípio da dignidade humana que serve de inspiração a todos os ordenamentos materialmente democráticos na atualidade. Não se pode negar o relevante papel assumido pelo bem jurídico-penal individual como contenção do jus puniendi estatal, no entanto, tal instrumento teórico deve ser combinado a outro: o bem jurídico-penal transindividual. Como técnica dogmática visando à gestão dos riscos por meio do Direito Penal destinado à proteção de bens jurídicos transindividuais adotar-se-á, geralmente, a utilização de tipos penais de perigo abstrato. Por fim, expõe este trabalho como pode ser empregado o bem jurídico-penal transindividual em zonas de difusão de riscos como a genética e o meio-ambiente. / The risk society theory was developed by Ulrich Beck in 1986, in his work entitled Risikogesellschaft - Auf dem Weg in eine andere Mordene. Beck proposes a new perspective for sociological research, according to which the classical parameter in the Social Sciences, based upon class conflict, should be overcome because it would be unable to clarify the complex relations inherent to modern (post-industrial) society in which the main feature is no longer the conflict between capital owners and the exploited, but actually trying to reduce or share in a fairer manner the social risks. The risk society theory was established in the context of technological progress (e.g. nuclear power, genetically modified food, etc). These new techniques made it virtually impossible to contain social risk, because it became diffuse, in other words, it affects an indetermined number of people. In this environment of increasing risk,social demands for protection through risk management instruments obtain a key role. Social feelings of unsafeness are based, mainly, upon the fact that human beings are no longer able to predict all the effects of the acts to which they are subject to on a daily basis. In the face of this new social frame, Law and especially Penal Law cannot show indifference to the need of protection. In this context, we question if the classical Penal Law which is the Penal Law produced according to the liberal bourgeois principles of the European enlightenment from the last quarter of the nineteenth century will be able to give helpful answers to a social framework so much different from the original one. A theoretical framework that fits the present day becomes necessary, while not disregarding the progress made in the field of human rights. In the present dissertation is advocated the standpoint that the objective of Penal Law is the protect legal interests, provided that, evidently, they are based on the principle of human dignity which is the inspiration to all materially democratic Law systems of the present day. The relevant role that individual penal legal interests play in containing the states ius puniendi is undeniable. However, this theoretical instrument has to be combined to another one: the transindividual penal legal interest. As a dogmatic tecnique that aims at risk management through Penal Law, usually abstract danger crimes will be adopted. Finally, it is presented in this work how the transindividual penal legal good can the employed in fields of diffusion of risk such as genetics and the environment.

Sur le point de disparaître en France à la fin du XIXe siècle, la peine de mort connaît un regain à pai1ir de 1906. S'appuyant sur les émotions punitives présentes dans l'opinion publique ainsi que sur les discours criminologiques, le système judiciaire vise à l'élimination de certains accusés. La peine capitale reste cependant marginale dans l'ensemble de la répression pénale et ne punit qu'une minorité de crimes de sang considérés comme particulièrement atroces. Les condamnés à mort sont fréquemment issus des couches les plus misérables et les moins intégrées de la société. Les discours judiciaires, plaidoiries, réquisitoires, expertises, s'affrontent pour déterminer si ces individus peuvent disposer de circonstances atténuantes. Les fonctions de la peine de mort sont alors discutées: s'agit-il de faire un exemple, de venger, ou d'épurer le corps social? S'entremêlent alors considérations rationnelles et émotionnelles. Ces discussions ont lieu à deux niveaux : celui de la cour d'assises d'abord, où l'enjeu est de convaincre les citoyens siégeant comme jurés, celui de l'administration ministérielle et présidentielle ensuite, où l'enjeu est de décider d'une éventuelle grâce. Les condamnés à mort, en attendant que l'on statue sur leur sort, sont détenus dans des conditions particulièrement sévères, devant éviter évasion ou suicide. Leur temps et leur espace sont extrêmement normés, ce qui ne les empêche pas de les aménager à des fins qui leur sont propres. La préparation à mort s'inscrit dans des perspectives tant laïques et religieuses Le cas échéant, la décision d'exécution mobilise forces de l'ordre, personnel pénitentiaire, l'exécuteur et ses aides, pour un acte conjuguant aspects bureaucratiques et brutale violence. Sinon, le condamné est rendu aux circuits pénitentiaires ordinaires, où il risque cependant une autre forme de mort pénale. / Death penalty was about to disappear in France at the end of the 19th century. But the number of death sentences rose after 1906. The judiciary relied on the punitive emotions of the public opinion and on the criminological knowledge to eliminate some of the defendants. The capital punishment was very minor in the whole penal repression and its enforcement punished a small number of murders, considered as particularly heinous. The people sentenced to death came from the most miserable and less integrated parts of the society. Judicial discourses, such as speeches for the prosecution or the defense, or testimonies, confronted each other to determine if these people should benefit of mitigating circumstances. The functions of the death penalty were then discussed: deterrence, retribution, revenge or purge of the social body? Emotional as well as rational arguments were used. The cases were exposed at two different levels: a first time in front of the criminal court and of the citizen seating in the jury, a second time in front of the presidential advisors and of the President of the Republic, who had to decide of the pardon or the execution. The people sentenced to death had to wait their fate in particularly harsh conditions, which aimed at avoiding suicide or escape. Very strong rules framed their time and their space but some of them succeeded to adjust their environment for their own purposes. The preparation to death could be religious or secular. It the need arose, police, army, penitentiary staff, as well as the executioner and his helps were summoned to perform the execution, an act combining bureaucratic aspects and rough violence. In the other case the prisoner was held back to the ordinary prison system, where he could still risk another form of penal death.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:27:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LuizFPN_DISSERT.pdf: 1155478 bytes, checksum: 9e8987b9d6b2c6260ed4b50e8325c276 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-19 / The neoconstitutionalism led to a process of ethical revaluation of the normative systems and the process of constitutionalization of the many fields of law. This study examines the consequences of this process in criminal law, so important a Law field for the protection of the most valuable assets by the society, including the fundamental guarantees, thus emphasizing the necessity of protection of the collective and individual rights, which are guided by the observance of the defendants individual rights in the course of criminal proceedings and the search for the best efficiency of penal protection, according to the corollaries of defense against the state (prohibition of the excess or ?bermassverbot) and the provision of rights by the state (prohibition of insufficient protection or Untermassverbot). The offense of fuel adulteration is taken as an object of study, since it is a vital market to a nation dependent of people and good s movement for their living, driven by fossil and biofuels. Such a crime affects essential legal interests to the development of society, interests such as the environment, consumer relations and economic order, particularly the principle of free competition. This paper seeks to analyze the need of a greater efficiency of this particular criminal protection, once concluded the conduct harm and social fear as a consequence by it as growing, and therefore having its former crime type, engraved in Article 1 of Law No. 8.176/1991, rewritten in compliance with the criminal law s principle of legality. Thus, the reformation proposals and legislative creation involving this crime were observed, with emphasis on the bill No. 2498/2003, which keeps it as blank heterogeneous criminal norm, kind of penal normative whose constitutionality is raised, including the forethought of criminal responsibility in the perpetrating of the offense as culpable and subsequently increasing the applicable minimum penalty, as well as the inclusion of new activities in the typical nucleus / O neoconstitucionalismo levou a um processo de revaloriza??o ?tica dos sistemas normativos e o processo de Constitucionaliza??o dos v?rios ramos do Direito. O presente estudo analisa as conseq??ncias deste processo no Direito Penal, ramo ?ltimo de prote??o dos bens mais valorados pela sociedade, incluindo as garantias fundamentais, destacando a necessidade de prote??o da coletividade e do indiv?duo, o que passa pela observ?ncia das garantias individuais dos acusados no curso do processo penal e pela busca de melhor efici?ncia da prote??o penal, conforme os corol?rios da defesa contra o Estado (proibi??o de excesso ou ?bermassverbot) e a presta??o pelo Estado (proibi??o de infraprote??o ou Untermassverbot). Toma-se por objeto de estudo o delito de adultera??o de combust?veis, os quais comp?em mercado vital para uma na??o dependente do deslocamento de pessoas e mercadorias para sua viv?ncia, impulsionada por combust?veis f?sseis e biocombust?veis. Tal crime atinge bens jur?dicos vitais ao desenvolvimento da sociedade, como o meio ambiente, as rela??es de consumo e a ordem econ?mica, destacando-se o princ?pio da livre concorr?ncia. Busca o presente trabalho analisar a necessidade da maior efici?ncia desta espec?fica prote??o penal, verificada a danosidade da conduta e o temor social por ela despertado, o que passa por uma reformula??o da reda??o do tipo penal insculpido no artigo 1? da Lei n? 8.176/1991, em observ?ncia ao princ?pio da legalidade no Direito Penal. Observam-se assim as propostas de reforma e cria??o legislativa envolvendo este crime, com destaque para o Projeto de Lei n? 2498/2003, que o mant?m como norma penal em branco heterog?nea, esp?cie normativa cuja constitucionalidade ? abordada, e incluindo a previs?o de responsabiliza??o criminal no cometimento do delito na modalidade culposa e majorando a pena m?nima aplic?vel, al?m da inclus?o de novas atividades no n?cleo t?pico

A teoria da sociedade de risco foi estabelecida por Ulrich Beck no ano de 1986 por meio da obra Risikogesellschaft - Auf dem Weg in eine andere Mordene. Beck propõe um novo rumo para a pesquisa sociológico segundo o qual o parâmetro clássico de estudo das ciências sociais baseado na luta entre classe deveria ser superado, pois esse modelo seria incapaz de explicar as complexas relações da sociedade moderna (pós-industrial) em que a característica principal não mais se encontra na disputa entre detentores do capital e explorado, mas, sim, em tentar reduzir ou repartir de modo mais justo os riscos sociais. Foi estabelecida a teoria da sociedade de risco a partir do incremento da tecnologia (por exemplo, energia nuclear, produção de alimentos transgênicos, etc). Com essas novas técnicas científicas praticamente impossível é conter os riscos sociais, uma vez que são neste momento difusos, ou seja, atingem um número indeterminado de pessoas. Neste ambiente de proliferação de riscos a demanda social direcionada à proteção por meio de intrumentos de controle dos riscos ganha papel de destaque. O sentimento social de insegurança baseia-se, principalmente, no fato de não ser mais o ser humano capaz de prever todos os efeitos das condutas a que está sendo diariamente exposto. Diante desse novo quadro social, o Direito, em especial, o Direito Penal não deve mostrar indiferença às necessidades de proteção. Neste contexto, questiona-se se o Direito Penal clássico, isto é, o Direito Penal produzido segundo bases Iluministas tipicamente liberal-burguesas do final século XIX conseguirá fornecer respostas úteis a um modelo social tão diferente daquele originalmente considerado. É necessário um arcabouço teórico próprio aos dias atuais, sem desconsiderar o avanço no campo dos direitos humanos. Defende-se na presente dissertação ter o Direito Penal por escopo a proteção de bens jurídicos, desde que, evidentemente, estejam lastreados no princípio da dignidade humana que serve de inspiração a todos os ordenamentos materialmente democráticos na atualidade. Não se pode negar o relevante papel assumido pelo bem jurídico-penal individual como contenção do jus puniendi estatal, no entanto, tal instrumento teórico deve ser combinado a outro: o bem jurídico-penal transindividual. Como técnica dogmática visando à gestão dos riscos por meio do Direito Penal destinado à proteção de bens jurídicos transindividuais adotar-se-á, geralmente, a utilização de tipos penais de perigo abstrato. Por fim, expõe este trabalho como pode ser empregado o bem jurídico-penal transindividual em zonas de difusão de riscos como a genética e o meio-ambiente. / The risk society theory was developed by Ulrich Beck in 1986, in his work entitled Risikogesellschaft - Auf dem Weg in eine andere Mordene. Beck proposes a new perspective for sociological research, according to which the classical parameter in the Social Sciences, based upon class conflict, should be overcome because it would be unable to clarify the complex relations inherent to modern (post-industrial) society in which the main feature is no longer the conflict between capital owners and the exploited, but actually trying to reduce or share in a fairer manner the social risks. The risk society theory was established in the context of technological progress (e.g. nuclear power, genetically modified food, etc). These new techniques made it virtually impossible to contain social risk, because it became diffuse, in other words, it affects an indetermined number of people. In this environment of increasing risk,social demands for protection through risk management instruments obtain a key role. Social feelings of unsafeness are based, mainly, upon the fact that human beings are no longer able to predict all the effects of the acts to which they are subject to on a daily basis. In the face of this new social frame, Law and especially Penal Law cannot show indifference to the need of protection. In this context, we question if the classical Penal Law which is the Penal Law produced according to the liberal bourgeois principles of the European enlightenment from the last quarter of the nineteenth century will be able to give helpful answers to a social framework so much different from the original one. A theoretical framework that fits the present day becomes necessary, while not disregarding the progress made in the field of human rights. In the present dissertation is advocated the standpoint that the objective of Penal Law is the protect legal interests, provided that, evidently, they are based on the principle of human dignity which is the inspiration to all materially democratic Law systems of the present day. The relevant role that individual penal legal interests play in containing the states ius puniendi is undeniable. However, this theoretical instrument has to be combined to another one: the transindividual penal legal interest. As a dogmatic tecnique that aims at risk management through Penal Law, usually abstract danger crimes will be adopted. Finally, it is presented in this work how the transindividual penal legal good can the employed in fields of diffusion of risk such as genetics and the environment.

Globally, the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries has been a period of major reforms in criminal law which are connected with the effort to find new methods to deal with crime and to replace or at least complement some inflexible procedures in administration of criminal cases. More and more attention is being paid to alternative proceedings before the court and alternative punishments in criminal cases. The Czech Republic has not fallen behind in the developments. My work seeks to map the options of alternative punishments, with a focus on community service. My work also deals with the legal framework for punishments in form of community service in selected countries. I will also mention the institute of Probation and Mediation Service. The work also points to the prepared amendment to the Criminal Code in connection with community service punishments. The research in my work is divided into two parts. The first part is a quantitative survey of opinions of the general public and the other part is a qualitative survey of opinions of professionals, such as judges, policemen and officers of the Probation and Mediation Service. The main objective of the work is to learn about the general public attitudes to and awareness of application and implementation of alternative punishments. I tried to find out which punishments would be preferred by the general public. Another objective of this work has been to survey opinions of professionals in respect to application and implementation of alternative punishments. In the first survey three of my hypotheses have been confirmed and two have been disconfirmed. Based on results of the secod part of the survey I have devised three hypotheses. The results of my work have shown that although the general public has a certain level of awareness of the issue, the knowledge is very superficial. The general public has demonstrated a significant degree of tolerance and benevolence to persons with alternative punishments. Professionals mostly approve the existing legal framework for the alternative punishments. They find the definition of these punishments in the Criminal Code adequate and they believe that alternative punishments have been used sufficiently. The work will serve as a general overview of the issue.

After presenting assumptions of neo constitutionalism impact incriminal law, this article raises the possibilities of rebuild contents of categories on crime’s theory towards fundamental principles and rights recognized (explicitly or implicitly) in the Constitution. / Tras presentar los presupuestos del impacto del neoconstitucionalismo en el derecho penal, el presente artículo plantea las posibilidades de reconstruir los contenidos de las categorías de la teoría del delito hacia los principios y derechos fundamentales reconocidos (explícita o implícitamente) en la Constitución.