Hannover, Universiẗat, Diss., 2003.

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Cette thèse porte sur la formation du clergé indigène dans un séminaire français (le Collège général des Missions Étrangères de Paris) à Penang (Malaisie), entre 1808 et 1968. Elle étudie l’histoire et tous les aspects de la vie d’une institution missionnaire : spiritualité et liturgie, études générales et théologiques, hygiène, repas et santé, travaux manuels, revenus. Elle s’intéresse aux membres de cette communauté, professeurs français et élèves venant d’une dizaine de pays d’Asie. L’observation d’une périodicité moyenne (160 ans) permet de suivre des évolutions et des transformations : centralisation romaine et politique étrangère de l’Église, colonisation et décolonisation de l’Asie, conséquences du Concile de Vatican II. Mais le principal objectif est d’étudier un système complexe de représentations. Le Collège général de Penang vise à transmettre une culture européenne, à reproduire un modèle de prêtre idéalisé, l’homo apostolicus, capable d’aller jusqu’au sacrifice de sa vie par le martyre. La thèse cherche à répondre à de nombreuses questions : comment des missionnaires européens perçoivent-ils l’Asie, que révèlent leurs aperceptions de l’indigène sur eux-mêmes, quelle place les missionnaires français, issus de la culture du catholicisme classique, accordent-ils au clergé autochtone, quelles furent les moyens, l’efficacité et la pérennité de cette entreprise éducative ? / This PhD is about the education of asian native clergy in a french catholic seminary, (General College) in Penang (Malaysia), between 1808 and 1968. It deals with the history and many aspects of every day life in an institution led by missionaries : spiritual matters, liturgy, general and theological studies, hygiene, food, health, manual work, finances. It as taken an interest in studying the members of this community, french teachers and their pupils coming from twelve different countries of Asia. This quite long period (160 years) offers the opportunity to observe the evolution of political and cultural events, especially those connected with the Holy See’s foreign policy, the colonization of Asia, Vatican II’s consequences. But the major aim is consisting in the understanding of a system of cultural representations. The General College intends to transmit the european civilization, and also to produce, within native asian seminarists, an ideal-priest, the homo academicus, able to die a martyr to the Catholic Church, if necessary. Many questions are asked : how did french missionaries look at the native clergy they educated, and what does it reavels, wich rank do those newly converted priests deserved in the Church, how did the french teachers proceeded to achieve their purposes and were they successful ?

十九世紀末的檳榔嶼華人社會，其人口總數約為八萬餘人，其中屬客家方言群者，只有七千餘人，尚不及該地華人總人口數的十分之一。儘管如此，客家籍富商卻能不間斷的出任清朝政府派駐該地的副領事，無疑顯示出其有獨特之處。其中，張弼士出任首任副領事，更是其關鍵的肇始。因為透過張氏的精心安排和計畫，遂逐步奠定該職繼續由客家富商擔任的基礎。至於客家籍富商出任該職，不僅讓他們有更多的機會接觸祖國事務，亦進一步將他們引入檳榔嶼華人社會的領導階層，成為名符其實的華人社會領袖，同時亦造就了客家籍「埔梅集團」的興起。副領事一職，是清朝政府對外設立使領館中，層級最低的一個小機構。就機構本身而言，它的影響力是非常有限，無足輕重。是故，長期以來，亦不會特別引人注意到檳榔嶼副領事，到底會對近代中國帶來怎樣的影響和改變。不過，就因為擔任副領事者當中，有了張弼士、張煜南、謝榮光、梁碧如和戴春榮等人物的出現，以致改變了和凸顯出檳榔嶼副領事的重要性。尤其是張弼士更透過他商業網絡的優勢，而躋入清朝的商業官僚體系內，甚至更成為主管晚清商務的商務大臣，進而推動和影響了晚清商業資本主義的發展。此外，當革命派在檳榔嶼展開活動至中華民國建立為止，該批亦官亦商的檳榔嶼副領事，不僅沒有對革命派加以打壓，甚至還默許他們的親族參與革命活動。因此，同盟會南洋支部自新加坡遷往檳榔嶼之後，革命派在南洋的活動和發展，得以繼續藉由在當地的重整機會，而取得喘息和重新出發的新契機。由此觀之，檳榔嶼副領事對於近代中國政治的發展，無疑亦扮演著一個極特殊又關鍵的角色，對近代中國實產生了一個極大的衝擊和影響。

La Malaisie, composée de populations malaises, chinoises et indiennes, est un pays dans lequel la diversité est une donnée fondamentale qui se donne à voir dans différents domaines, et qui se reflète notamment dans sa cuisine. Dans un contexte de catégorisation des identités ethniques par l’état, l’unité et les relations interethniques du pays ont été, tout au long de son histoire, un enjeu crucial, ce qui demeure encore le cas aujourd’hui. Ce mémoire vise, à comprendre les interactions complexes entre les trois principales ethnies du pays et la manière dont les populations affichent leurs identités à travers la sphère culinaire. Pour ce faire, une recherche a été menée au cours de six mois de terrain à Penang, auprès d’une trentaine de répondants issus des trois ethnies concernées. Les résultats de cette recherche proposent une analyse (1) de l’espace public commensal dans le vivre ensemble interethnique de l’île (2) des facteurs créateurs de cohésions ou de dissociations sociales (3) du lien entre l’identité et l’alimentation. Cette recherche permet notamment de comprendre la position dans laquelle se trouvent les minorités du pays, à savoir les Indiens et les Chinois de Malaisie. Enfin, ce mémoire relève de l’anthropologie de l’alimentation et vise à considérer les pratiques alimentaires comme étant intrinsèquement liées à l’identité ethnique. / Malaysia, populated by Malays, Chinese and Indians, is a country where diversity is a fundamental factor, evident in different areas and reflected especially in its cuisine. In the state’s categorization of ethnic identities, unity and interethnic relations in the country have been a crucial issue throughout history and still remain the case today. This research aims to expose the complex interactions between the three main ethnic groups of the country and the way in which people express their identities in the culinary sphere. The data for this research is based on six months of fieldwork conducted in Penang with thirty respondents from all three ethnic groups. The results of this investigation provides an analysis of (1) the public spaces and the interethnic commensality on the island (2) the creative factors contributing to cohesions or social dissociation (3) the relationship between identity and food. This research provides a view of the position of minorities in the country: the Indians and Chinese in Malaysia. Its focalization on the anthropology of food also aims to show that dietary practices are intrinsically linked to ethnic identity.

Unemployment was a major problem faced by the ex-servicemen in Malaysia since the early seventies. Recognising the needs of ex-servicemen, the government through the organisation of the Veterans Affairs Division (VAD) introduced the resettlement program for the ex-servicemen with the aim of assisting the veterans to find employment. However despite the implementation of training programs, the rate of unemployment among the ex-servicemen was relatively very high, whilst the extent of the as well as the underlying factors remained unknown, with the resultant ambiguity of the role of VAD. This case study was designed to investigate issues related to the employment situation of the ex-servicemen by surveying those in the capital territory of Kuala Lumpur and the states of Selangor, Negeri Sembilan and Melaka, who participated in resettlement training and were discharged in 1993. In addition the states of Johor, Perak and Penang were included for the survey on the non participants of resettlement training. The study found that the rate of employment of the ex-servicemen in the states surveyed was substantially lower than that of the national average. The study also found that participation in the resettlement training organised by the VAD had significant effect on increasing the rate of employment besides higher income, shorter period of unemployment, better readjustment and higher satisfaction with civilian life. Among the factors analysed, ability to speak English and the economic activity and the stage of development of the states were found to have significance influence on the rate of employment. Other factors found to be associated with the employment of the ex-servicemen included age, education level, rank, urban or rural background, and matching of training to application. Based on the findings of this case study recommendations were made to improve the selectivity of, and access to, resettlement training by all ex-servicemen. Other recommendations included improving the standard of education and spoken English before discharge, lowering age of discharge with pension, provision of information related to employment and counselling service, setting up of data bank of ex-servicemen and further research.

This research begins with the assumption that the political ideology of Malaysian leaders influences the design of state mosques and seeks to investigate the relationship between Malaysian leaders political ideas of Islam and their influence on the design of state mosques in Malaysia. Even though studies undertaken of state mosque in other Muslim countries show a relationship between state mosque and politics, there are no studies that describe the influence of politics on the state mosques in Malaysia. To date, the research on the state mosque in Malaysia focuses on six main aspects: these are descriptions of the state mosque in regard to its historical development; documentation of the state mosque in the form of measured drawings; classification of state mosque styles; theory for designing the state mosque based on religious sources; discussion on the technical aspects of the state mosque design; and discourse on the role and function of the state mosque in relation to social aspects. In contrast, the aim of this research is to determine: How are the leaders political ideas of Islam expressed through the design of state mosques in West Malaysia? A case study approach as defined by Yin (2003) was applied. Evidence for the case studies has been collected from archival records to gather data regarding political development and building policy which relates to three prominent leaders in Malaysia –Tunku Abdul Rahman, Tun Abdul Razak and Tun Mahathir Mohamad - while on-site observation, state mosque documents and interview were methods to collect evidence for three state mosques in Malaysia, which are the National Mosque, Penang State Mosque and Putra Mosque. Since this research deals with specific interpretations of the state mosque as a social-physical phenomenon and the need to understand how the structural relationship exists between the state mosques and social culture, a multi-disciplinary logic of inquiry combining the interpretive and structuralist paradigms was adopted. In association, a framework incorporating both semiotics and hermeneutics were developed to analyse, firstly, the symbolic meaning embedded in the design of the state mosques and their mundane settings and, secondly, to reveal the leaders intentions and associated actions during the creation of the state mosques. An analysis of the data exposed that there is a dialectic relationship between the leaders and the design of the state mosque in the period of post-independence in Western Malaysia. The investigation of the three state mosques also suggested that the political ideas of Islam as propounded by Malaysian leaders have a profound effect on determining the design of the state mosque. This study, therefore, offers new insights, which not only add to knowledge in this field by widening and strengthening the understanding of political and architectural historical theory in Malaysia, but also are valuable for range of associated fields including architectural semiotics and non verbal communication. This is because this research reveals deep understandings of the built form and material environment operating as a sign in a cultural and social context.