面對市場未來趨勢的不確定性，投資者可以運用「投資組合保險」的概念，既能保障原本所投資的資產價值，又可以參與市場上漲時的獲利。本研究以類神經網路來研究證券市場的現象，一方面是已經有許多類神經網路在財務分析上的研究成果，另一方面是其具有學習以及預測的能力。 本研究首先探討投資組合保險策略，接著再比較投資組合保險策略在不同市況下的績效表現，隨後提出兩個階段的研究架構，經過設計與建置，以類神經網路模型進行對大盤未來漲跌型態的模擬預測，並利用預測的結果，輔助投資組合保險策略的決策，最後並將研究結果與大盤績效做綜合分析比較。 本研究的資料採取自台灣證券集中交易市場，期間為1991年1月3日至2002年12月31日，共3306個交易日，取大盤每日交易之歷史資料，經過處理後建立資料庫。類神經網路模型具有預測未來大盤漲跌區間的能力，在本研究所提出的漲跌區間劃分方式上，其預測正確率達到55%，預測的結果與實際漲跌完全相反的比例僅10%，其餘的35%為相鄰區間的預測誤差，其預測能力有助於投資組合保險策略的進行。 經過類神經網路模型輔助而進行的停損策略（SL），其年報酬率以及Sharpe Ratio，在大盤下跌的期間，兩個績效指標衡量結果皆為正值（21.125%＞0以及980.493＞0），充分發揮保險功能；而在大盤上漲的期間，兩個績效指標衡量結果皆優於大盤（46.544%＞17.137%以及393.808＞110.069）。 在年報酬率與Sharpe Ratio之間，本研究主張在探討投資組合保險時應著重風險的衡量，因此經過類神經網路模型輔助而進行的固定比例投資組合策略（CPPI），搭配槓桿乘數M值的調整，在大盤下跌的期間，其Sharpe Ratio依然可以維持正值，達到保險的效果，保護投資人的資產免於損失；而在大盤上漲的期間，其Sharpe Ratio更是高於大盤，可以享受資產價值提昇的獲利。 / Facing the uncertainty of the market trend, an investor can use the concept of “ Portfolio Insurance ” to protect the value of his portfolio in bear market and earn the benefit from bull market. There have been many researches about applying Neural Network in the financial analysis and Neural Network has the abilities to learn and forecast. This research evaluates the performances of the portfolio insurance strategies in different market trends. Then two-stage research structure has been designed and built. The first stage is forecasting the up-and-down trends of the equity market index by Neural network model. The second stage is using the forecasted results assisting the portfolio insurance decisions. Finally, the results of this research have been analyzed and compared with the benchmark. The Neural Network is able to forecast the future up-and-down trends. The accurate rate is 55%. During the bear market（2002）, the annual rate of return and Sharpe Ratio of the stop loss（SL） strategy which is assisted by NN are both positive（21.125%＞0 and 980.493＞0）. During the bull market（2001）, they both outperform the benchmark（46.544%＞17.137% and 393.808＞110.069）. The annual rate of return is more important than Sharpe Ratio because the risk measurement is an important factor in portfolio insurance strategy. Sharpe Ratios of the CPPI strategy which is assisted by NN outperform the benchmark in both above mentioned bear and bull market. In short, the SL and CPPI strategy assisted by NN not only protect the value of the portfolio from losing in bear market but also gain profit in bull market, so they are the ideal portfolio insurance strategies.

目前平衡計分卡為哈佛商業評論前五百大企業所公認最具效力之管理工具，美國『Fortune』雜誌一千大企業中已有過半數的企業導入平衡計分卡，近年來在國內亦開始受到企業界相當程度之注意。然細究國內實務界之推行個案可以發現，多數企業所推行之「平衡計分卡」，僅著重於設計四構面之關鍵績效指標，實為傳統績效管理之延伸範疇，能夠真正融會貫通其精髓概念、透過平衡計分卡制度充分發揮其策略發展與管控執行之能力者，仍屬有限；回顧國內相關論文，亦多以設計及規劃個案公司之平衡計分卡為主題，且偏重於衡量指標之設計與選擇，對於平衡計分卡整合企業資源以執行策略之特質及企業實際導入之過程較少著墨；故本研究以國內一採用平衡計分卡整合其策略管理及績效評估系統之特用化學公司為研究對象，自總公司、策略事業單位及共用服務單位三大層級，介紹個案公司在平衡計分卡導入初期之詳細內容與步驟，以及導入時所遇到之問題，並提出相關建議，俾作為個案公司及後續企業採用平衡計分卡時之參考。 / In recent years, academic scholars and business world managers have both given increasing attention to the importance of strategic measurement systems. One of the approaches adopted is that of the Balanced Scorecard (BSC). This thesis conducts a case study under a domestic chemical company implementing balanced scorecard, and demonstrates how an organization can use balanced scorecard to integrate its strategy management and performance measurement system. The study illustrates the whole designing and implementing process in detail from the three different perspectives of the company, including headquarters, strategy business units (SBU), and shared service units (SSU). Furthermore, the problems and difficulties encountered and related suggestions are proposed in this thesis as well. These case study results and findings may be generalizable to other companies adopting or considering adopting the Balanced Scorecard as a strategic and management control device.

績效評估為績效管理之核心功能，提供組織或個人之工作表現資訊，與進行改善和管理之回饋。本研究綜合各績效評估方法之需求，以設計績效評估資訊系統的應用框架，可作為實際進行應用系統開發之基礎。 / Performance measurement is the core function of performance management that provides the work information of individuals and organization to give feedback for improvement and management. This study examines the means of performance measurement to design an application framework, that can be the base to build a business performance measurement information system.

目前平衡計分卡為公認最具效力之管理工具，近年來在國內亦開始受到企業界之注意。本研究以國內一被動元件製造商做為研究對象，利用個案研究之方式，探討平衡計分卡制度導入初期之過程。 本研究將導入過程分為「導入前評估」、「實施計畫及進度規劃」、「策略形成」、「策略圖架構」、「衡量指標設計」、「行動方案規劃」等六大部分，再加上「推行過程所面臨之問題及解決之道」。簡而言之，本研究顯示企業如何利用平衡計分卡，有效整合其策略管理及績效評估系統，此研究結果俾作為個案公司及後續企業採用平衡計分卡時之參考。 / In recent years, balanced scorecard has become the most powerful management system. This thesis conducts a case study of an EMI components designer and manufacturer implementing the balanced scorecard. The steps of implementing the balanced scorecard include analyzing demand, planning project, forming strategy, instituting strategy map, designing KPI, and scheduling actions. Furthermore, the problems and difficulties encountered and suggestions related are proposed in this thesis as well. Shortly, it demonstrates how an organization can use balanced scorecard to integrate its strategic management and performance measurement system efficiently. The results and findings of this case study may be as the references to other companies for adopting the balanced scorecard.

Performance management is a process through which employees‟ performance is evaluated in order to reward such performance that meets the required standards, and to develop employees who fail to attain the required expectations. The overall organisational performance hinges on the effectiveness with which a performance management system is developed and implemented. The current study focuses on the extent to which performance management is effectively developed and implemented at the City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality and the correlation that this has with service delivery. To achieve this objective a number of research questions and objectives were posed and formulated in chapter one. The hypotheses for the study are: a well-designed performance management system with well thought out practices and procedures can improve the delivery of services in the City of Johannesburg; and a well-designed performance management system with well thought out practices and procedures cannot improve the delivery of services in the City of Johannesburg. In order to validate the hypotheses, the structured questionnaires on the performance management system and service delivery were compiled. A questionnaire for employees consisted of close-ended questionnaire statements and open-ended questions. Another questionnaire with only close-ended questionnaire statements was issued to residents to elicit responses on service delivery by the City of Johannesburg. Frequency analysis, which lends itself to correlation analysis, of employees‟ responses and residents‟ feedback was conducted. The correlation analysis between employees‟ responses to performance management system and residents‟ responses to service delivery was conducted using the Pearson Correlation. The findings of the study are: Growth and Development Strategy and the Integrated Development Plan (IDP) are not adhered to in the daily operations in the municipality. Managers and subordinates set objectives jointly but are, however, not participants in the evaluation of the municipality’s performance. The employees of the municipality are aware of the existence of the performance management system but it is applied only to more senior officials. Employees and managers are not involved in the evaluation of the municipality‟s performance. Training does not capacitate employees to work effectively with the Balanced Scorecard. The information technology architecture is not supportive of the implementation of the performance management system. Key performance areas were found to lack uniformity in the municipality and therefore created „silos‟ in the municipality. The key performance indicators are developed without the involvement of the communities, including employees, especially at the lower level of management. The critical success factors are understood by employees and are linked to major tasks and job responsibilities. Tax and rates accounts are issued in time. Tax and rates accounts are inaccurate. The municipality does not maintain street lights regularly. The municipality does not maintain sewage systems regularly. There is no relationship between the performance management system and service delivery. The recommendations for improving the performance management system were made and the researcher developed an appropriate model of performance that is oriented to effective service delivery. / Thesis (PhD (Public Management and Governance))--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2013

For several years, the number of South Africans starting new business enterprises, has declined. According to the findings of the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, in 2003, South Africa ranked 22nd out of 31 countries for new entrepreneurial activities. One of the greatest challenges for South Africa, is to find a solution for its huge unemployment problem, which is responsible for many of South Africa's other problems, like poverty, crime and brutality, which discourage global investment in South Africa. The development of small-, medium-, and microenterprises (SMMEs) is seen as an important ingredient of economic development. The population for this study is therefore comprised of SMMEs in South Africa. Any enterprise is dependent on the environment it operates in. The environment consists of the macro-environment, which includes the demographic, technological, economical, social, institutional and international environment, the market environment, which includes consumers, suppliers and competitors, as well as the micro-environment, which includes the organisation, its mission, goals and objectives, management functions, business functions and business resources. The objective of this study is to investigate the possibility of applying cost- and management accounting methods and techniques for the development and profitable running of SMMEs. These include choosing an appropriate costing system, implementing a management information system, effectively executing the management functions of planning, organising, coordination and control, through the application of cost- and management accounting methods and techniques, including forecasting, budgeting, accurate and appropriate costing methods, performance management techniques like total quality management, benchmarking etcetera. Data on the current use of cost-and management accounting by SMMEs in South Africa, and the performance of these concerns, were collected by means of a structured questionnaire from a sample of 37 SMMEs. It was found, that although several cost- and management accounting methods and techniques are used by some SMMEs, many are not used effectively, while many SMMEs are not aware of the many advantages that the application of these methods and techniques hold. It is recommended that entrepreneurs make an effort to gain the knowledge needed for them to apply the cost- and management accounting methods and techniques that will improve the performance of their businesses, ensuring the attainment of their goals and objectives, ensuring their survival and prosperity, and leading to job creation, economic growth, and the prosperity of the people of South Africa. To assist with this, the researcher has developed a model and a manual that can be used by entrepreneurs to assist them in starting a new enterprise, as well as running a successful enterprise. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Business and Management Accounting))--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2009.

M. Tech. (Logistics management, Faculty of Management Sciences), Vaal University of Technology / The growth and development of SCM is attributed to number of factors such as partnership, collaboration, integration and relationship commitment. Despite increasing awareness of the importance of joint venture to organisations, research on the supply chain relationships (supply chain partnership, collaboration, integration and relationship commitment) and performance have received little attention. Therefore, using a data set of 271 individuals from the small and medium enterprise (SMEs) sector in South Africa, this study examines the influence of supply chain partnerships on collaboration, collaboration on integration, integration on relationship commitment and relationship commitment on performance. Structural equation modeling (SEM) method was used to analyses the data collected whereby individuals agrees with that supply chain relationships increase performance in the work environment. The study has developed a supply chain management (SCM)-based performance measurement system (PMS) for the case of SMEs. Such a framework may help SMEs managers to establish their own supply chain functions and strategically plan improvements for weak areas. In addition, it may remain helpful for benchmarking current practices with industry norms requirements. Quite often, companies dealing with a large number of performance measures derived and expanded based on the suggestions from employees, consultants and past experiences (history) forget to realise that supply chain performance measurement can be better addressed when they joint venture.

Thesis (M.B.A.)-Business Studies Unit, Durban University of Technology, 2006 x, 113, [6] leaves / This study is aimed at understanding the potential organisational performance management systems that could be used by municipalities and hence the topic "Selecting an appropriate organisational performance management system for South African municipalities" / M

[pt] Esta pesquisa buscou traçar o perfil de bons professores de Matemática nas escolas estaduais de São Paulo e identificar as associações entre os diferentes perfis dos professores e diferentes características de gestão de sala de aula e práticas específicas do ensino da Matemática com o desempenho dos alunos. Para tanto, este estudo apresenta e analisa o perfil e as características relacionadas à linguagem, estruturação, gestão da aula e interação com os alunos dos 53 professores considerados eficazes pelo Projeto Boas Práticas Docentes no Ensino da Matemática e que responderam ao Questionário do Professor desenvolvido exclusivamente para esta pesquisa, além das características socioeconômicas dos alunos, as médias de proficiência em matemática no SARESP 2011 das turmas de sétimo e nono ano do EF e terceira série do EM desses professores e sua comparação com as médias das outras turmas da escola onde eles lecionam e, também, com as médias gerais do estado na mesma edição dessa avaliação. O estudo ainda apresenta a comparação de algumas características dos professores do projeto com as de seus pares na rede estadual e, também, o delineamento de modelos estatísticos que visaram verificar quais fatores foram significativos para a aprendizagem dos alunos da terceira série do EM desses professores. Analisando os dados obtidos, observou-se nas três séries que muitos professores apresentaram uma ou duas turmas com média mais alta e outras turmas com resultados não tão destacados e até mesmo abaixo da média geral do SARESP 2011, ou seja, o fato de um professor ser eficaz em uma série ou turma não garante que ele o seja em outra. Mesmo assim, poucos foram os casos em que as médias das turmas dos professores desse estudo foram superadas pelas alcançadas pelas turmas dos outros professores da mesma escola. Dentre os resultados dessa pesquisa destaca-se que o nível socioeconômico pouco influenciou no desempenho dos alunos e que os aspectos relacionados à gestão de classe são importantes a ponto de ter forte impacto no desempenho desses alunos. A estrutura da aula dos professores estudados não se diferenciou muito do ensino tradicional, basicamente apoiada pelo uso da voz e do quadro negro/branco do professor e com os alunos copiando do quadro na maior parte do tempo. Mesmo assim, por mais que esses professores tenham sido os protagonistas da ação educativa em boa parte das aulas, na maioria das vezes em que a participação dos alunos ocorreu o professor esteve atento e interessado ao que o aluno dizia e, também, utilizou as ideias dos alunos para promover discussões com toda a classe. Mesmo em um grupo pequeno e selecionado de turmas, o nível socioeconômico do professor e a gestão de classe quanto ao clima disciplinar da sala de aula fizeram diferença no desempenho dos alunos. A formação, experiência, tempo de trabalho na escola ou satisfação com a carreira docente não se mostraram significativos para explicar o desempenho dos alunos nesse grupo restrito, mas uma relação de respeito entre professor e aluno e o apoio dos pais na aprendizagem dos alunos sim. / [en] This study aimed to profile good mathematics teachers in state schools in São Paulo and identify associations between different profiles of teachers and different management features and specific classroom practices of mathematics teaching with student performance. Therefore, this study presents and analyzes the profile and characteristics related to language, structure, manage the classroom and interact with students of 53 teachers considered effective by Good Teaching Practices in Mathematics Project and who responded to the Teacher Questionnaire developed exclusively for this research, in addition to the socioeconomic characteristics of the students, the average math proficiency in SARESP 2011 the classes of 7th and 9th grade of Elementary School and 3rd grade of High School these teachers and their comparison with the average of the other classes of the school where they teach and also with general averages of the state in the same issue of this review. The study also presents a comparison of some characteristics of teachers of the project with those of their peers in the state system and also the design of statistical models that aimed to determine which factors were significant for student learning in High School of these teachers. Analyzing the data obtained, it was observed in the three series that many teachers had one or two classes with higher average and other classes with not so outstanding results and even below the overall average of SARESP 2011, ie, the fact that a teacher be effective in a series or class does not guarantee it to be so in another. Even so, there were few cases in which the averages of the classes of the teachers in this study were superior achieved by the students of other teachers in the same school. Among the results of this research is emphasized that socioeconomic status had little influence on student performance and those aspects related to the management class are important as to have a strong impact on the performance of these students. The structure of classroom teachers studied did not differ much from the traditional teaching, primarily supported by the use of the voice and the blackboard and the students copying the table most of the time. Still, as much as these teachers have been the protagonists of educational action in most of classes, most of the time in which student participation was the teacher was attentive and interested to what the student said, and also used the ideas students to promote discussions with the whole class. Even in a small selected group of classes, the socioeconomic status of the teacher and class management as the disciplinary climate of the classroom made a difference in student performance. The training, experience, length of work at school or satisfaction with the teaching profession were not significant in explaining student performance in this restricted group, but a relationship of respect between teacher and student and parental support on student learning rather.

[pt] A constante evolução e aumento de capacidades multimídia nos dispositivos móveis, prevê um aumento dos serviços baseados em vídeo que apresentam maiores requisitos de taxa de transmissão e restrições nos atrasos. Para enfrondar estes desafios, a tecnologia LTE surge como capaz de atender essa demanda sobre as redes móveis. No entanto, devido a natureza das redes celulares, os terminais que se encontram na borda da célula têm dificuldade para conseguir os níveis de SINR apropriados para aproveitar as taxas oferecidas pelo LTE. Para solucionar este problema, na evolução LTE-Advanced, e considerada a integração de nós de retransmissão (Relay Nodes) na arquitetura da rede. Neste trabalho, através de experimentos de simulação, avalia-se o desempenho de aplicações de vídeo em tempo real, focando-se nos usuários da borda da célula. Os resultados obtidos mostram as vantagens do uso de RN em redes LTE e sua contribuição na diminuição de perda de pacotes, aumento da vazão e por conseguinte melhoras na qualidade de vídeo recebido por aqueles usuários. / [en] The constant evolution and growth of the multimedia applications supported by today s mobile devices leads to an increase on the demand of video based services which impose some new requirements in terms of bitrate and delay. In order to face these challenges, LTE appears as a technology capable of dealing with the video trafic load on mobile networks. However, given the inherent nature of the mobile networks, and in order to take advantage of the bitrates that can be achieved with this technology, the devices located at the cell s edge face some dificulties when a certain SINR must be achieved. To overcome this issue, LTE Advanced comes into the picture as it makes use of Relay Nodes (RN) which were included as part of the network architecture. Based on simulations, the present work evaluates the performance of real time applications on devices located at the cell s edge. The results show the advantage of using Relay Nodes in LTE in aspects such as the reduction of lost packets and the increase of throughput, leading to an improvement of the video quality at the receiver s side.