Föreningen av digitala tekniker och logistiska funktioner genom koncept som Industri 4.0 kan komma att förändra många marknader. Detta medför nya förutsättningar för industriföretag som vill fortsätta växa och vara konkurrenskraftiga. Denna studie syftade till att undersöka implementering av modern digital teknik i industriföretag. Författarna undersökte i denna studie vilka motiv som finns för en sådan implementering och vilka faktorer en verksamhet kan behöva beakta vid implementering. Dessutom undersöktes hur effektivitet kan mätas efter implementering både ur tillverkningsperspektiv och perspektiv på interna transporter. Intervjuer genomfördes med såväl ett tillverkande företag som implementerar ett modernt digitalt lagerhanteringssystem i sin verksamhet samt ett konsultföretag som bistod med kompetens för implementeringsprojektet. Fallföretaget i studien befann sig i slutfasen av implementering av ett digitalt lagerhanteringssystem med en funktion för att spåra material genom produktionen. Tidigare hade all planering och inventering gjorts manuellt. Författarna identifierade 14 motiv som kan finnas för tillverkande företag att implementera ett digitalt system samt åtta faktorer som är viktiga att beakta vid sådan implementering. Dessutom identifierade författarna KPI:er som de fann relevanta för mätning av tillverkningseffektivitet samt truckförares effektivitet efter implementering av ett digitalt system. / The union of digital technologies and logistical functions through concepts such as Industry 4.0 could change how a lot of markets operate. This creates new requirements for manufacturing companies who wish to keep growing and to stay competitive. The purpose of this study was to look at implementation of modern digital technologies in an industrial manufacturing context. The authors of this study explored which motives exist for such an implementation and which problems that need to be considered. Furthermore, the authors examined how effectiveness can be measured after implementation from both a manufacturing perspective as well an internal transport perspective. Interviews were conducted with a manufacturing company in the process of implementing a digital warehouse management system as well as a consulting company that provided support to the project. The case company in the study was in the final phase of implementing a digital warehouse management system with a primary feature of tracking material and goods through the production. Prior to this warehouse management system, all planning and stock keeping were performed manually. The authors proposed 14 different motives for manufacturing companies to implement a digital system and eight important factors to be considered when implementing a system such as the one the case company did. The authors also proposed Key Performance Indicators for measuring effectiveness and efficiency of manufacturing operations and forklift drivers, respectively, when a digital system is applied.

Bakgrund: Valet av leverantör är ett väldigt viktigt sådant för inköpare för att säkerställa strategisk konkurrenskraft och ökade krav på hållbarhet har försvårat det ytterligare. För företag som anser sig värna om social och miljömässig hållbarhet går det inte längre att bara fokusera på leverantörer som erbjuder de billigaste priserna.                                         Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur Hydroware och andra företag inom tillverkningsindustrin hade kunnat förändra sitt sätt att välja och utveckla leverantörer för att uppnå en mer hållbar verksamhet.                Metod: Studien har genomförts som en fallstudie, med en kvalitativ forskningsmetod och deduktivt angreppssätt. Datainsamlingen har gjorts genom semi-strukturerade intervjuer, både på plats samt via telefon. Resultat: Hydroware rekommenderas att först och främst implementera en tydligare process vid valet och utvecklingen av leverantör för att därefter kunna införa tydligare mått och kriterier ur hållbarhetssynpunkt. Ett supplier scorecard har även tagits fram för att underlätta för Hydroware att mäta och bedöma leverantörernas prestationer i syfte att uppnå en mer hållbar verksamhet. Modellen bidrar med ett systematisk tillvägagångssätt för att följa upp leverantörerna, men innehåller även en viss grad flexibilitet. Vikterna som kriterierna tilldelas kan justeras och kriterier kan antingen adderas eller reduceras beroende på eventuella marknadsförändringar eller ändrade prioriteringar. / Background: Supplier selection is a very important choice for buyers to ensure a strategic competitiveness and increased demands on sustainability have made that choice even harder. Companies that consider themselves safeguarding social and environmental sustainability  can no longer just focus on the suppliers that offers the lowest prices. Purpose: The purpose with this study was to investigate how Hydroware and other companies within the construction industry could change their way of selecting and developing their suppliers to achieve a more sustainable business. Methodology: The study was conducted as a case study with a qualitative research method and deductive approach. The data has been collected through semi-structured interviews, both onsite and by phone. Conclusion: Hydroware is primarily recommended to implement at clearer process regarding supplier selection and development, in order to later introduce more defined measurements and criterias regarding sustainability. A supplier scorecard has also been presented in order to simplify the measurement and evaluation of their suppliers with the purpose to achieve a more sustainable business. The model will contribute with a systematic approach to follow-up on their suppliers but also with a degree of flexibility.  Because the weights assigned to the criterias can be adjusted and the criterias can be added or reduced based on possible changes in the market or changed priorities.

Além do fato de as organizações se encontrarem em ambientes turbulentos com rápidas e radicais mudanças, soma-se a importância que se tem dado à questão da implementação das ações estratégicas nas empresas. Assim justifica-se uma análise mais cuidadosa para entender como as empresas podem buscar a implementação bem sucedida de suas ações de melhoria e mudança, alinhando-as e integrando-as aos seus objetivos e metas estratégicos. Para tratar essa questão, esta pesquisa propõe uma sistematização para o processo de gestão de melhoria e mudança de desempenho. Entretanto, agir não significa simplesmente mudar, mas sim tomar ações para a melhoria e mudança na direção que a própria empresa escolheu para seguir, ou seja, sua estratégia. Porém, para uma efetiva gestão da implementação da estratégia, a organização deverá ter um sistema para avaliação e medição do seu desempenho. Dessa forma, este trabalho está estruturado, inicialmente, com uma discussão teórica sobre os temas estratégia, gestão de melhorias e mudanças e medição do desempenho organizacional. Com o embasamento teórico, é realizada uma proposta de um modelo para a gestão de melhorias e mudanças estratégicas, que é detalhada em processos e atividades. Com o objetivo de analisar o caráter prático dessa proposta conceitual, foi desenvolvido um estudo de caso em uma empresa considerada “caso de sucesso" em seu processo de gestão de melhoria. Pôde-se notar a importância de se ter um processo estruturado e sistematizado para gerenciar a melhoria e mudança, entretanto, o desenvolvimento desse processo deve assumir a realidade e entender as características particulares de cada empresa / Besides the fact of organizations finding themselves in a turbulent environment with fast and radical changes, the importance they have given to the subject of strategic actions implementation is becoming higher. Then, it has justified a more careful analysis to understand how companies can reach a successful implementation of their improvement and change actions, aligning and integrating them into their objectives and strategic goals. To treat that subject, this research proposes the systematization to the process of performance improvement and change management. However, acting does not simply means changing, but taking actions in order to reach improvement and change in the direction chosen by the own company, in other words, their strategy. However, for an effective management of the strategy implementation, the organization should have a performance evaluation and measurement system. In that way, this work is based, initially, on a theoretical discussion about themes like strategy, improvements and changes management and performance management. After this, a model of improvement and strategic change management is proposed, which is detailed in process and activities section. A case study was developed within a company considered “success case" with the objective of analyzing the practical character of this conceptual proposal. It was noticed the importance of having a structured and systematized process to manage improvements and changes. However, the development of this process should assume the company’s reality to understand its peculiars characteristics

Hospitais de ensino apresentam relevância social e econômica para o país, uma vez que são responsáveis pelo atendimento de alta complexidade e capacitação de recursos humanos, além de se caracterizarem pela complexidade de suas operações, com intensos fluxos de materiais, informações, profissionais e pacientes. Entretanto, eles atuam sob a pressão da escassez de recursos financeiros e a necessidade de redução dos custos totais das contas hospitalares. Neste contexto, a logística pode se destacar como função de relevância na agregação de valor para a organização e no serviço prestado aos pacientes, sendo que a utilização de indicadores de desempenho das atividades logísticas pode auxiliar os gestores no monitoramento dos processos, permitindo sua melhor coordenação. Porém, a falta de visão e estruturação da logística hospitalar e a ausência de práticas de avaliação e indicadores de desempenho das atividades logísticas junto aos modelos de gestão hospitalares e de estudos que abordem especificamente a avaliação das atividades logísticas no ambiente hospitalar representam problemas que devem ser considerados. Assim, o objetivo da presente pesquisa foi analisar a medição de desempenho das atividades logísticas de hospitais de ensino e propor recomendações de uso que suportem a operacionalização da logística no âmbito hospitalar. Para tanto, se utilizou uma abordagem qualitativa, de caráter exploratório, pautada nas estratégias de revisão de literatura e estudo de casos múltiplos em hospitais de ensino universitários do Estado de São Paulo. Como resultados, destaca-se a identificação das práticas de medição de desempenho deste grupo de hospitais e a proposição de indicadores de desempenho e de recomendações de uso para a operacionalização da logística no âmbito hospitalar. / Teaching hospitals have social and economic relevance to the country since they are responsible for high-complexity care and training of human resources. Besides they are characterized by the complexity of its operations, with intense flows of materials, information, professional and patient. Nevertheless, they act under the pressure of limited financial resources and the need to reduce their total costs. In this context, the logistics rises as a function of relevance in adding value to the organization and the service provided to the patients. Therefore, the use of performance indicators of logistics activities can support managers in monitoring processes enabling better coordination. However, the lack of vision and structure of hospital logistics, aligned to the lack of assessment practices and performance indicators in the management models plus the absence of studies that take these issues into account are problems to be addressed. Accordingly, this study aims to analyze the performance measurement of logistics activities in teaching hospitals and propose recommendations that support these activities. For this, it was used a qualitative and exploratory approach, based on literature review and multiple case study in university teaching hospitals of the State of São Paulo. As a result, it is highlighted the identification of some performance measurement practices, the proposal of performance indicators based on these practices and recommendations for improvements in the logistic activities in teaching hospitals.

Die Dissertation enthält drei Aufsätze, welche sich mit Prinzipal-Agenten Beziehungen in Verbindung mit moralischem Risiko beschäftigen. Dabei ist der Agent für die Ausführung von multiplen Aufgaben (Multitasking) verantwortlich. In dem ersten Aufsatz wird ein Prinzipal-Agenten Modell analysiert, wobei angenommen wird, dass der Agent unterschiedliche Fähigkeiten für die Ausführung der einzelnen Aufgaben aufweist. Dabei werden die durch die Anwendung von inkongruenten Leistungsmaßen in Anreizverträgen resultierenden Ineffizienzen in Abhängigkeit von den aufgabenspezifischen Fähigkeiten des Agenten identifiziert und analysiert. Zusätzlich wird auf die optimale Aggregation von multiplen Leistungsmaßen sowie auf die adverse Selektion von heterogenen Agenten eingegangen. Der zweite Aufsatz betrachtet ein Prinzipal-Agenten Modell mit einem risikoneutralen und haftungsbeschränkten Agenten. Dieser Aufsatz analysiert die Generierung von zusätzlichen Leistungsmaßen mit dem Ziel, die Effizienz der multidimensionalen Arbeitsanstrengung des Agenten zu erhöhen. Es werden dabei zwei Alternativen für den Prinzipal verglichen: (i) zentral in die Leistungsmessung des Agenten zu investieren, oder (ii), diese Aufgabe an einem Vorgesetzten (Supervisor) des Agenten zu delegieren. Der dritte Aufsatz analysiert inkongruente Präferenzen zwischen verschiedenen Unternehmen bezüglich der Eigenschaften der zwischen ihnen ausgetauschten Güter als mögliche Ineffizienz von Markttransaktionen. Der Aufsatz berücksichtigt darüber hinaus die Möglichkeit von kollusivem Verhalten innerhalb von Unternehmen als mögliche Ineffizienz von integrierten Produktionen. Dabei erfolgt eine Untersuchung der Auswirkungen dieser Ineffizienzen hinsichtlich (i) der Entscheidung von Unternehmen, erforderliche Transaktionen intern zu organisieren, oder hierfür den Markt in Anspruch zu nehmen, und (ii), der sich daraus ergebenden Eigenschaften der vertraglichen Vereinbarungen innerhalb und zwischen Unternehmen. / This thesis comprises three self-contained essays that deal with inefficient effort allocations in multi-task agency relations with moral hazard. The first essay analyzes a multi-task agency framework where the agent exhibits task-specific abilities. It investigates the appendant inefficiencies of applying incongruent performance measures in incentive contracts. Additionally, this essay elaborates on the optimal aggregation of multiple performance measures, and on the optimal selection of heterogeneous agents. The second essay considers a multi-task agency model with a risk-neutral and financially constrained agent. It investigates the costly acquisition of information aimed at improving the agent''s performance evaluation, and therefore, the efficiency of her effort allocation. This essay contrasts two alternatives for the principal: (i) to centrally invest in the information acquisition; or (ii), to delegate this task to a supervisor. The third essay analyzes incongruent preferences between firms for the characteristics of exchanged goods as an inefficiency of mutual market transactions, and collusive behavior within firms as an inefficiency of integrated productions. This essay investigates the consequences of both inefficiencies on (i) firms'' decision on whether to integrate transactions or to utilize the market; and (ii), the properties of contractual arrangements within and between firms.

Este estudo analisou o impacto da contratualização na gestão de desempenho (sistemas de mensuração de desempenho e atuação dos gestores) em um hospital público de ensino. O estudo de caso realizado no Hospital das Clinicas da Universidade de São Paulo, localizado em Ribeirão Preto, observou a mudança entre 1995-2012 dos sistemas de mensuração de desempenho (SMD) vigentes no hospital, antes focados no cumprimento do uso dos recursos orçamentários (financial based-type) para um mais voltado para entrega de serviços pactuados (BSC-type). A mudança ocorreu em função da alteração das condições da obtenção dos recursos junto ao governo que em 2005, por meio do Programa de Contratualização Hospitalar, passou a vincular parte da verba destinada ao hospital a seu desempenho (cumprimento de metas de indicadores pactuados). Em resposta, a gestão de desempenho do hospital vem se alterando em duas ordens de atuação dos gestores. Uma ação de primeira ordem dos gestores do hospital foi fazer o desdobramento da contratualização nos SMDs do hospital, propondo novos SMDs e legitimando o uso nas diversas áreas do hospital (topdown). A ação de segunda ordem foi negociar a seleção dos indicadores, metas e respectiva pontuação na formula de repasse de recursos (bottom-up) com os gestores locais do Sistema Único de Saúde - SUS, com objetivo de acomodar as incertezas do repasse de recursos. A interação entre os gestores locais do SUS e os gestores do hospital levou à um entendimento compartilhado sobre a avaliação de desempenho, à medida que devem seguir as regras formais gerais do programa de contratualização. O equilibro convergiu para uma maior preferência por indicadores quantitativos (com menor peso na fórmula de bônus) nos serviços de atenção à saúde, associada ao aumento do peso dos indicadores qualitativos na fórmula de bônus (com uso de metas menos rígidas). Esta condição assegura o alcance das metas pelo hospital e demonstra a atuação proativa dos gestores na pactuação com a fonte de recursos. / This study analyzed the impact of contractualisation on performance management (of performance measurement systems and way of managers take action) in a public teaching hospital. The case study conducted at the Hospital das Clinicas, University of São Paulo at Ribeirão Preto between 1995-2012 observed the change of Performance Measurement Systems - PMSs existing at the hospital, before focused on fulfillment of use of budgetary resources (financial-based type) for a more focused delivery in the agreed services (BSCtype). The change was due to altering the conditions of obtaining funds from the government in 2005, through the Hospital Contractualisation Program, now linking the amount of funds destinated to the hospital in their performance (achievement of goals and indicators agreed). In response, the management of hospital performance has been undergoing changes by two orders of acting of managers. A first-order action of managers of the hospital was doing the unfolding of the contractualisation PMSs in the hospital, proposing new PMSs and legitimating the use in various areas of the hospital (top-down). The action of the second order was to negotiate the selection of indicators, targets and their scores on the formula of allocation of resources (bottom-up) with the local managers of the Unified Health System - SUS, in order to accommodate the uncertainty of funds transfer. The interaction between the SUS\' local managers and the hospitals\' managers has generated a shared understanding about the performance evaluation, as they have to follow the general formal rules imposed by the Contractualisation Program. The equilibrium has converged to a higher preference for quantitative indicators (with a lower weight on the bonus formula) for healthy services, associated with the increasing of qualitative indicators\' weight on the bonus formula (plus more achievable targets usage). These conditions ensure the achievement of goals by the hospital and demonstrate the proactive role from hospitals\' managers during the annual contract review process with the funding source.

In simultaneously pursuing commercial and social goals, specialist microfinance organisations (MFOs) are leading examples of social enterprises working in development. Yet evidence of the feasibility of such ‘double bottom line’ management is limited. The thesis takes a comparative case study approach to investigating the dynamics of a social enterprise model of microfinance, with particular emphasis on its role in promoting employment related goals. Case study material consists primarily of the experience of two Central Asian MFOs that participated in an action research project ‘Microfinance for Decent Work’ implemented by the International Labour Organisation (ILO). Data was obtained through participant observation, staff interviews, client level surveys, and it also includes reflective practice arising from my participation in the ILO project as a consultant to both MFOs between 2008 and 2012. The findings are mixed. One of the MFOs was more strongly internally motivated to achieve social goals, and was more successful in implementing social performance management initiatives. The other was motivated more by the goal to demonstrate social performance to external stakeholders, and was less responsive to the evidence generated. The thesis also illustrates both path dependence in the evolution of social performance management, and the limited capacity of external agencies such as the ILO to influence the institutionalisation of development management within MFOs.

by Chow Yue-Hin, Terence, Xie Ming-An. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 65-66). / ABSTRACT --- p.ii / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.iii / LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS AND TABLES --- p.v / Chapter / Chapter I --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter II --- BALANCED SCORECARD --- p.3 / Origin of Balanced Scorecard --- p.3 / What is Balanced Scorecard? --- p.5 / Four Perspectives of Balanced Scorecard --- p.4 / Strategy and Balanced Scorecard --- p.8 / Balanced Scorecard and traditional management --- p.11 / Chapter III --- DEVELOPING A BALANCED SCORECARD - GETTING STARTED --- p.14 / Preparation Tasks --- p.14 / Balanced Scorecard Team --- p.15 / Chapter IV --- PRESENT SITUATION IN THE RETAIL JEWELLERY INDUSTRY --- p.18 / Hong Kong Retail Jewellery Industry --- p.18 / Changes in the External environment --- p.19 / Company Background --- p.21 / Chapter V --- COMMENCEMENT OF BSC --- p.24 / Beginning Stage --- p.24 / Meetings --- p.27 / First Meeting --- p.28 / Second Meeting --- p.29 / Third Meeting --- p.30 / Fourth Meeting --- p.31 / Interviews --- p.32 / Executive Questionnaire --- p.34 / Finalizing Measures --- p.36 / Chapter VI --- CONCLUSION --- p.38 / Limitations of Balanced Scorecard Program --- p.38 / Chapter VII --- ACTION PLANS AND FUTURE OUTLOOK --- p.42 / Setting up Targets/Initiatives --- p.42 / Prioritizing different measures/initiatives --- p.43 / Creating a Balanced Scorecard Measure Dictionary --- p.43 / Feedback from employees --- p.44 / APPENDIX AND FIGURES --- p.46 / BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.65

Submitted by Maicon Juliano Schmidt (maicons) on 2015-05-25T14:00:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Jorge Augusto Dias Samsonescu.pdf: 443638 bytes, checksum: 0ac887f981377608fa611c1016a91b22 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-25T14:00:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jorge Augusto Dias Samsonescu.pdf: 443638 bytes, checksum: 0ac887f981377608fa611c1016a91b22 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-20 / Banco do Brasil S.A. / Este trabalho analisa o desempenho fora da amostra de carteiras de mínima variância e baixa volatilidade no mercado de ações brasileiro entre 2003 e 2013, comparativamente ao índice IBOVESPA e a uma carteira igualmente ponderada. As carteiras de mínima variância foram otimizadas com restrição de posições vendidas e limite de peso para os ativos. A matriz de covariância foi estimada pelo método amostral e método shrinkage proposto por Ledoit e Wolf (2003). A carteira de baixa volatilidade foi estruturada de forma similar ao método do índice S&P 500 Low Volatility. O período utilizado para o rebalanceamento das carteiras foi quadrimestral e os ativos elegíveis para as carteiras foram os componentes do IBOVESPA em cada quadrimestre analisado. A comparação das carteiras foi feita através dos indicadores de retorno, desvio padrão e índice de Sharpe anualizados, MVaR e maximum drawdown. Os resultados apontam para a importância na escolha do limite de pesos para os ativos das carteiras de mínima variância. As carteiras de menor risco obtiveram os melhores resultados em todos os indicadores testados. / This study analyzes the out-of-sample performance of minimum-variance and low volatility portfolios in the Brazilian stock market from 2003 to 2013, when compared to IBOVESPA index and an equally weighted portfolio. The minimum variance portfolios have been optimized with short selling restriction and weight limits for the assets. The covariance matrix was estimated by sample method and shrinkage method proposed by Ledoit & Wolf (2003). The low volatility portfolio was structured in a similar way to the S&P 500 Low Volatility index method. The portfolios rebalancing period were quarterly and the eligible assets for the portfolios were IBOVESPA components in each analyzed period. The portfolios performance was evaluated through indicators such return, standard deviation, Sharpe ratio, maximum drawdown and MVAR indicators. The results point to the importance in choosing the weight limits for the assets of minimum-variance portfolios. Lower risk portfolios delivered the best results in all tested indicators.

This thesis is focused on research of available resources about applicable methods and approaches of implementation of Business Intelligence in sales department of mid-size local company focused on information technologies. The solution is aimed on controlling and performance measurement. Local specifics and company culture of innovation and creativeness are considered during the whole work. The next part of the work is analysis of the company environment and appropriable process of implementation matching current maturity level of company. The goal is to define appropriable set of indicators for performance measurement of sales representatives in order to reflect the reality and allow the relative comparison of individuals. This solution is applied in specific company and as a result there are identified issues of this proposal and suggested recommendations for the future modifications. The work is based on research of available resources and identification of the best practices methods of design and implementation of this system. The next part contains detail analysis of the company, application of conclusion of the theoretical part and suggestion for optimal process of successful adaptation. As a result the structure of metrics has been built and it was verified that the detail analysis is required for relevant definition of the scope of the project, identification of risks and preparing the real schedule. It has been verified, that implementation of performance measurement system requires complex changes in company culture and close coordination to other triggered changes in workflow and quality of recorded data in information systems.