Orientador: Wencesláo Machado de Oliveira Junior / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T15:07:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fernandes_RodrigoEmanoel_M.pdf: 72285887 bytes, checksum: dbdb889e488b3b80cae7029a410ac4f8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: O Festival de Apartamento é uma proposta de realização de uma série de eventos ditos como "alternativos" (ou "auto-geridos", ou "independentes") para exposição e fruição de manifestações artísticas que se identificam com o conceito da "arte da performance" (performance art). Uma mostra/festa nômade, sem fins lucrativos, que ocorre em residências cedidas por aliados e simpatizantes, procurando manter-se propositalmente à margem das formas oficiais de gestão e autenticação de eventos artísticos. A organização e credibilidade desses festivais são administradas através de um blog que mantém um registro fotográfico contextualizado de cada evento, um endereço online constante para algo que muda de endereço físico a cada realização, onde as fotografias são apresentadas num dos seus aspectos mais fortemente aceitos pela cultura: sua potência de autenticação, vinculação a um real que se acredita existir além foto, documento, prova. A confirmação do que foi, reiterando a intenção do voltar a ser. Um papel significativo, portanto, na manutenção e continuidade dos festivais, mas que, ao mesmo tempo, enrijece e dificulta as possibilidades de devir dessas mesmas fotografias e, no limite, da própria proposta do festival em si. Nessa dissertação, desloco-me do papel de organizador para pesquisador das fotografias expostas no blog, buscando derivar com e através delas num navegar propositalmente incerto, deixando-me surpreender pela potência e variabilidade das linhas de fuga, ainda que tais linhas por vezes derivem para longe do objeto inicialmente buscado, até perdê-lo de vista ou transfigurá-lo em outros possíveis, com suas próprias potencialidades de dizer sobre a arte, a cultura e suas possibilidades de transformação. / Abstract: The Apartment Festival is a proposal of realization of a series of events known as "alternative" (or "auto-managed", or "independent") for exhibition and fruition of artistic manifestations that are identified with the concept of "performance art". A nomadic, non profitable showcase/party that occurs in residences borrowed by allied and sympathizers, trying to keep itself purposively outside official administration forms and artistic authentication. The organization and credibility of these festivals are managed through a blog that keeps a contextualized photographic record of each event, a constant online address for something that changes physical address between each iteration, where the pictures are presented in some of their more strongly accepted aspects by the culture: its authentication power, linking to something real that goes beyond photo, document, proof. The confirmation that it happened, reiterating the intention of happening again. A significant role, therefore, in the festivals' maintenance and continuity, but that, at the same time, hardens and complicates possibilities of derive these pictures and, at most, of the proposition of the festival itself. In this dissertation, I dislocate myself from the organizer role to research the exposed pictures in the blog, seeking to go through them in a purposeful uncertainty, letting me surprise myself by the power and variability of the escape lines, even such lines derive far away from the initially sought object, until losing sight or transfiguring him in other possibilities, with their own potentialities of talking about the art, the culture and their transformation possibilities. / Mestrado / Educação, Conhecimento, Linguagem e Arte / Mestre em Educação

As research into the dynamic characteristics of job performance across time has continued to accumulate, associated implications for performance appraisal have become evident. At present, several studies have demonstrated that systematic trends in job performance across time influence how performance is ultimately judged. However, little research has considered the processes by which the performance trend-performance rating relationship occurs. In the present study, I addressed this gap. Specifically, drawing on attribution theory, I proposed and tested a model whereby the performance trend-performance rating relationship occurs through attributions to ability and effort. The results of this study indicated that attributions to ability, but not effort, mediate the relationship between performance trend and performance ratings and that this relationship depends on attribution-related cues. Implications for performance appraisal research and theory are discussed.

O presente estudo teve por objetivo caracterizar em atletas homens e mulheres a dinâmica do stiffness e dos parâmetros biomecânicos atrelados ao stiffness (PBAS) durante uma corrida de elevada velocidade e curta duração. Ainda, investigar possíveis discriminantes de desempenho da corrida, e a relação destes com as tarefas de salto frequentemente utilizados nos treinamentos. Para tanto, foram realizados 2 estudos, sendo que o estudo 1 caracterizou a dinâmica dos parâmetros biomecânicos atrelados ao stiffness e apontou possíveis discriminantes de desempenho (por gênero), e no estudo 2 relacionou-se estes possíveis discriminantes com as tarefas de salto. O \"Spring Mass Model\" foi utilizado para obtenção dos PBAS, ao ponto que plataformas de força (AMTI) e a cinemetria (VICON) foram utilizados para a aquisição dos dados de salto. Foi evidenciado que o stiffness não apresentou total convergência com a dinâmica da velocidade apresentada no teste de corrida de elevada velocidade e curta duração, e que a força vertical aplicada ao solo durante a fase de apoio foi o PBAS que mais se aproximou da dinâmica apresentada pela velocidade. Não houveram distinções entre os gêneros na dinâmica do stiffness e dos PBAS, porém o gênero feminino apresentou maior dependência de parâmetros temporais de passo no início do teste e complacência muscular no final do teste, e o gênero masculino maior dependência de parâmetros atrelados a incremento de força no início do teste e incremento da fase aérea no final do teste. Ainda, houve diferença com significância estatística entre os gêneros quanto à magnitude e contribuição das fases da corrida. No mais, o salto horizontal (SH) apresentou maior relação com o desempenho em ambos os gêneros. Desta forma, conclui-se que 1) o stiffness propriamente dito não pode explicar o desempenho em uma corrida de elevada velocidade e curta duração, 2) dentre os PBAS, a magnitude da força vertical aplicada ao solo durante a fase de apoio apresentou maior proximidade com a dinâmica da velocidade, 3) homens e mulheres dependem distintamente dos PBAS para melhora no desempenho na corrida, e 4) o SH é meio de maior validade ecológica a ser utilizado nas rotinas de avaliação e treinamento de atletas envolvidos em provas de elevada velocidade e curta duração / The present study aims to characterize the dynamics of stiffness and biomechanical parameters related to stiffness (BPRS) in male and female athletes during top speed short distance run. It also intends to investigate possible performance discriminative factors and their relation with jumping tasks frequently used in training. For this purpose, two studies have been developed. Study 1 has characterized the dynamics of the biomechanical parameters related to stiffness and indicated possible discriminative factors (by gender). The study 2 has related these possible discriminative factors with jumping. The \'Spring Mass Model\' has been used to obtain the BRPS and the force plate (AMTI) and cinemetry (VICON) have been used to acquire jumping data. The study showed that stiffness has not presented total convergence with velocity dynamics and the vertical force applied to the ground during the support phase has been the closest result to the velocity dynamics presented. There has not been distinctions regarding gender in stiffness and BRPS dynamics, however, females have showed more dependency on step timing parameters on the test beginning and muscle complacency at the end of the test; and males presented more dependency on to the vertical force applied to the ground during the support phase on the test beginning and parameters connected to the increase in the swing phase at the end test. Moreover, there has been a difference with statistical significance between genders regarding magnitude and contribution through the running phases. In additional, the horizontal jump (HJ) results represented a closer relation to the performance top speed short distance run. Therefore, it has been concluded that 1) stiffness itself cannot explain the performance in top speed short distance run, 2) among the BRPS, vertical force magnitude applied to the ground during support phase presents closer results to velocity dynamics, 3) males and females depend on distinct BRPS to enrich their performance and 4) HJ is the exercise with the major validity to be used for the evaluation and training routine of top speed short distance run athletes

O objetivo desse experimento foi avaliar a inclusão (7 e 15% com base em MS), de 2 co-produtos, derivados da indústria de ácido cítrico: Micélio (77% de FDN e 0,5% de lignina com base em MS) e Raffinate (25,5% de açúcares solúveis e 32% de fibra solúvel com base em MS) em dietas com alto teores de milho do tipo Flint para 200 tourinhos Nelore em terminação (peso inicial = 396,4 ± 37,7kg). Os animais foram blocados com base no peso inicial e foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em 25 baias. A dieta controle conteve 11,73% de bagaço de cana de açúcar, 67,2% de milho moído, 18% de farelo proteinoso de milho, 2,07% de suplemento mineral e 1% de ureia. Os outros 4 tratamentos foram: Micélio 7, Micélio 15, Raffinate 7 e Raffinate 15. Os co-produtos substituíram parcialmente o milho nas dietas. Os parâmetros avaliados foram ingestão de matéria seca (IMS), ganho médio diário (GMD), eficiência alimentar (GMD/IMS) e características de carcaça. Os dados foram analisados pelo PROC MIXED do SAS e as médias foram comparadas por contrastes, considerando blocos como efeito aleatório e tratamento como efeito fixo. A inclusão de 7 e 15% de Micélio na dieta (base seca) em substituição parcial ao milho \"flint\" moído aumentou (P=0,1) de forma quadrática o CMS. Já os animais alimentados com dietas contendo Raffinate apresentaram aumento linear no CMS (P<0,1) em relação ao tratamento controle e também maior CMS quando comparados com os animais que receberam o tratamento Micélio (P<0,1). Não houve diferença na eficiência alimentar (GPD/CMS) entre os tratamentos (P > 0,1). A inclusão de ambos co-produtos (Micélio ou Rafinatte) resultou em aumento no GDP dos animais (P< 0,1). O efeito positivo foi quadrático (P<0,1) para a inclusão de Micélio e linear (P<0,1) para a inclusão de Raffinate. A densidade energética das dietas não foi alterada pela inclusão de co-produtos. Não houve efeito de tratamento (P> 0.01) para as características de carcaça. Os valores médios para rendimento de carcaça (%), espessura de gordura subcutânea (mm) e áreas de olho de lombo (cm2) foram 53,79, 2,84 e 64,08 respectivamente. A inclusão de 7% de Micélio ou de 15% de Raffinate melhora o GPD dos animais em virtude do maior CMS. Micélio, Rafinate e milho \"flint\" moído têm o mesmo valor energético para bovinos em Terminação. / The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the inclusion (7 and 15%, DM basis) of two corn by-products derived from the citric acid industry: Micelio (77% NDF, 0.5% lignin, DM basis) and Raffinate (25.5% soluble sugars, 32% soluble fiber, DM basis) in diets with high levels of flint corn fed to 200 finishing Nellore bulls (initial BW = 396.4 ± 37.7 kg). Animals were blocked according to initial BW and randomly allocated to 25 pens. The control diet contained 11.73% sugarcane bagasse, 67.2% corn, 18% corn gluten feed, 2.07% mineral supplement and 1% urea. The other four treatments were Micelio 7, Micelio 15, Raffinate 7 and Raffinate15. The by-products partially replaced corn in the diets. The parameters evaluated were dry matter intake (DMI), average daily gain (ADG), feed efficiency (ADG/DMI) and carcass traits. The data were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS and means were compared by contrasts, considering the block as random effect and treatment as fixed effect. The inclusion of 7 and 15% of Micelio in the diet (dry basis) in partial replacement of ground corn increased (P = 0.1) DMI quadratically. The animals fed diets containing Raffinate showed linear increase in DMI (P <0.1) compared to the control treatment and DMI was, also higher when compared with animals that received the Micelio treatment (P <0.1). There were no differences in feed efficiency (ADG / DMI) among treatments (P> 0.1). The inclusion of both by-products (Micelio or Rafinatte) resulted in an increase in ADG animals (P <0.1). The positive effect is quadratic (P <0.1) for adding Micelio and linear (P <0.1) for adding Raffinate. The energy density of the diet was not altered by the inclusion of by-products. There was no treatment effect (P> 0.01) for carcass traits Average values for dressing (%), back fat thickness (mm) and rib eye area (cm2) were 53.79, 2.84, and 64.08, respectively. The inclusion of 7 or 15% of Micelio or Raffinate in partial replacement of ground flint corn in finishing diets does not affect cattle performance. The inclusion of 7% of Micelio or a 15% Raffinate improved ADG of animals because of the increased DMI. Micelio, Raffinate and ground corn have the same energy value for cattle finishing.

Les modèles explicatifs de l’état d’épuisement lors de performances en endurance se sont récemment distancés des seules implications périphériques pour magnifier le rôle du système nerveux central dans le développement de la fatigue. En particulier, le « Flush Model » (Millet, 2011) a rassemblé les opinions en introduisant la pénibilité perçue de l’effort en tant que régulateur princeps de la performance. Brièvement, cette sensation émergerait de l’ensemble des interactions psycho-physiologiques inhérentes à l’accomplissement de l’exercice et demeurerait modulable pour retarder l’atteinte de l’état d’épuisement. Au sein de cette thèse et dans la perspective des Jeux Olympiques (JO) de Rio, nos efforts se sont concentrés autour de la mise en pratique de ce modèle au service de la performance des athlètes. Les aspects fonctionnels du Flush Model ont ainsi été revisités tant à l’égard des contraintes de l'entraînement que de celles propres à cette compétition (i.e., l’éventualité d’un stress thermique important). Plus précisément, le développement du phénomène de fatigue a été confronté aux problématiques de charges d’entraînement et d’effort en chaleur à travers une double approche de la compétition, aigue et chronique. Une approche aigüe de la compétition renvoie à l’ensemble des stratégies ponctuelles dont dispose l’athlète pour moduler l’évolution de la pénibilité de son effort et optimiser le rapport « difficulté perçue / intensité d’exercice » au cours de l’épreuve. De façon spécifique aux efforts en endurance et au contexte potentiellement chaud des JO, cinq travaux ont alors été entrepris. Deux d’entre eux ont appréhendé les effets sur la performance en endurance en conditions chaudes de stratégies à court-terme i.e., la familiarisation à la chaleur, et le port d’une veste réfrigérante lors de la période d’échauffement. Les résultats indiquent une évolution des stratégies d’allure possiblement induite par des adaptations psycho-physiologiques spécifique à l’intervention. En complément, trois autres travaux ont analysé la réponse cognitive à l’exercice aigu, en conditions tempérées et de chaleur, afin de mieux comprendre l’évolution des paramètres d’autorégulation comportementale (i.e., les fonctions exécutives) impliqués dans la performance sportive. Les dynamiques cognitives identifiées suggèrent l’utilisation de stratégies ponctuelles susceptibles de préserver le niveau d’efficacité de l’individu à l’exercice. Une approche chronique de la compétition fait écho aux interventions durables mises en place par l’athlète en phase précompétitive et visant à maximiser son niveau de performance le jour de l’épreuve. Trois travaux ont été entrepris dans cette perspective. Deux d’entre eux ont investi les problématiques de charge d’entraînement et d’acclimatation à la chaleur afin de déterminer les effets sur la performance et les composantes psycho-physiologiques de stages d’acclimatation à la chaleur. Ces études démontrent la nécessité d’un ajustement précis des charges d’entraînement en chaleur afin de ne pas conduire l’athlète à un état de surmenage contre-productif. Un travail complémentaire a consisté à analyser, via imagerie par résonance magnétique fonctionnelle, les soubassements neuronaux de l’état de surmenage possiblement rencontré par les athlètes en phase précompétitive. Les résultats indiquent une moindre activation du cortex préfrontal lors de la réalisation de tâches cognitives, accompagnée de réponses comportementales tendant vers un plus grand degré d’impulsivité. Ensemble, ces travaux autorisent une approche complexe du phénomène de fatigue, à partir d’angles de vue aigu et chronique, mais aussi physiologique et central, de ses composantes. (...) / Explanatory models of endurance performance-based physical exhaustion recently moved from peripheral implications to highlight the role of the central nervous system in the phenomenon of fatigue development. In particular, the “Flush Model” (Millet, 2011) underpins a consensus in that it introduces the rate of perceived exertion as the main regulator of performance. Briefly, this sensation would emerge from the whole psychophysiological interactions inherent to exercising and would be modulable to delay exhaustion. Within this thesis and in the perspective of the Olympic Games in Rio, we focused on the practical dimension of this model at the service of athletes’ performance. Accordingly, functional aspects of the Flush Model were revisited both in regards of training and competition constraints (i.e., the possibility of an important thermal stress). More precisely, the development of the fatigue phenomenon has been challenged to training load and heat strain issues through a chronological approach of the competition, acute and chronic. An acute perspective of the competition relates to all punctual strategies that the athlete can use to modulate his/her perceived exertion and optimize the ratio “perceived strain / exercise intensity” during the event. Specific to endurance effort and to the potential hot climate of Olympic Games, five works have been driven. Two of them investigated the effects on endurance performance of short-term strategies i.e., heat-familiarization, and the wearing of an ice vest during the warm-up phase. Results indicate changes in pacing strategies that possibly result from psychophysiological adaptations specific to the intervention. In complement, three other works have analyzed the cognitive response to acute exercise, both in temperate and hot conditions, to better understand the evolution of behavioral self-regulatory parameters (i.e., executive functions) during endurance performance. The cognitive dynamics that have been identified suggest the use of punctual strategies that could protect athlete’s efficacy during exercise. A chronic perspective of the competition reflects medium-term interventions used by athlete during the precompetitive phase and aiming at maximizing his/her performance level the day of the event. Three studies have been conducted in this direction. Two of them have investigated training load and heat-acclimation issues to determine performance effects and psychophysiological correlates of heat camps. Results demonstrate the requirement of an accurate adjustment of training load in the heat in order to optimize athlete’s performance while preserving from overreaching development. A complementary work aimed, using functional magnetic resonance imaging, at identifying neural underpinnings of the overreaching state that athletes could meet during the precompetitive period. Results display a reduced activation of a specific part of the prefrontal cortex during the completion of cognitive tasks, associated to increased choice impulsivity. Together, these studies attempt to apprehend the fatigue phenomenon from a complex perspective i.e., combining acute and chronic, and physiological and central components of fatigue during exercise. On the basis of a better understanding of this phenomenon, and of the functional dimension of the Flush Model, practical strategies can then be recommended for athletes to optimize both their physical condition during pre-competition and their level of efficacy in situ of the competition.

Cette thèse est une étude de la consommation des films pornographiques de 1990 à nos jours, et de la manière dont elle a pu affecter la sensibilité générale des spectateurs et celle de certains artistes du cinéma ordinaire fascinés par le spectacle du sexe. L’augmentation exponentielle du nombre de films pornographiques accessibles au public (de la production professionnelle de longs métrages à la fabrication amateure de courtes séquences) et la généralisation de leur consommation via notamment les nouvelles technologies, obéissent cependant à des règles précises (partie 1). En passant de la salle de cinéma au salon, la charge subversive et choquante du film pornographique s’est transformée sans s’atténuer. La visibilité de la consommation du film pornographique s’accompagne de l’invisibilité publique du spectacle du sexe. Ce dernier est devenu majoritairement une affaire privée. Elle prend au sérieux la capacité d’action du film sur le spectateur et la nécessité pour ce dernier, étant donné son caractère dérangeant et le plaisir coupable qu’il induit, de le maîtriser, de l’apprivoiser, de le domestiquer. Le souci de soi du pornophile explique à la fois le déplacement du point de vue du législateur et de celui des éducateurs, de la censure du « film X » à la nécessaire protection du mineur (partie 3), et la prise en compte par les artistes du cinéma classique des jeux du sexe dans les jeux de l’art (partie 2). Plus généralement, l’étude interroge la transformation de la sensibilité des spectateurs, qu’ils soient amateurs du genre, indifférents ou opposés à ce dernier. Le constat d’une normalisation du film pornographique ne s’entend pas comme une banalisation morale du « film X » mais comme un déplacement du regard porté sur le spectacle du sexe et sur ses usages. Le transfert de culpabilité du regard public à la conscience de soi est neutralisé par la domestication du film pornographique. Elle permet aux amateurs du genre de passer de l’excitation sexuelle mécanique à la maîtrise des jeux du corps et des techniques du plaisir sexuel (partie 3). / This thesis focuses on pornographic films’ consumption from 1990s to the present day, and how it may have affected viewers general sensitivity and impacted ordinary film artists fascination for sex show. The exponential increase in the number of accessible pornographic films to the public (including professional production of feature films and amateur production of short sequences) and the generalisation of their consumption via new technologies in particular, which nonetheless, comply with precise rules (part 1). As we moved from cinema viewing to the living room one, the subversive and shocking charge of pornographic film transformed itself without diminishing. The visibility of pornographic films consumption is parallelly accompanied by sex show public invisibility. Indeed, sex spectacle has mainly become a private matter. It takes seriously the film's ability to act on the viewer and the need for the latter, given its disturbing nature and the guilty pleasure it induces, to control, tame and domesticate it. Society adaptation to sex spectators self-respect got materialised through legislation and education adaptation, which includes a reconsideration and massive shift in “"X films" censorship and new awareness toward minors protection (part 3), and the consideration by classical film artists of sex games in art games (part 2). More generally, the study questions the transformation of spectators' sensitivity, whether they are amateurs of the genre, indifferent or opposed to it. The observation of a normalization of pornographic film is not understood as a moral trivialization of "film X" but as a shift in the focus on the spectacle of sex and its uses. Guilt transfer from public gaze to self-awareness is hence, neutralized by the domestication of pornographic film. It allows lovers of the genre to move from mechanical sexual excitement to mastering body games and sexual pleasure techniques (part 3).

No description available.

My name is Greg Delany Walker. I’m an MFA candidate in Theatre Arts with a specialization in Acting at the University of Iowa. The following is my thesis that addresses my artistic process as an actor. My main focus in this thesis is to unpack my beliefs about what makes good acting and how I personally achieve that. I detail many schools of thought that pair well together to seek out vulnerability in actors. Vulnerability is my chief struggle as an actor given that I have a tendency to overthink things and rely more on intellect than on passionate expression in my daily life and in my work. That tendency leads me to be polite as an actor, which has gotten in the way of my being able to reach my full potential. I discovered time and time again how important it is to understand and embody acting techniques so deeply that I can let them go. All the different techniques of analysis, physical and voice work are essential, but they need to transition to being second nature. The techniques outlined in this thesis, learned in my life and through the program at the University of Iowa, have to be so ingrained that I don’t need to think of them in the moment on stage. The key to being present on stage seems so simple in a way, but it has been a great challenge for me to fully let go of control to allow for my potential public failure and humiliation. The times that I’ve embraced failure have been the strongest moments for me as an actor because of the power of risk. My hope is that by detailing my own process and experiences, with that idea of building technique and releasing into the present moment, that others could be further empowered to do the same in acting or in life.

In this master thesis, a methodology is proposed for building stock classification and archetype building development based on deterministic information available in Energy Performance Certificates (EPCs) of existing buildings in the city of Uppsala.This study aims to answer if the EPC database can be used as a reliable data source for archetype development and further UBEM models.The EPC data is cleaned and organised using Matlab. The building stock is then categorised into archetypes by energy performance and building characteristics and a model of each archetype building is created in the software EnergyPlus.The South-West part of Uppsala is used as a case study and to represent the building stock of that area 20 archetypes is developed. Simulations in EnergyPlus shows that the defined archetypes is a reliable estimation of buildings in Sweden with the same characteristics and construction period.By using GIS data the results can be aggregated to city level with the resulting total energy demand for heating calculated to 1455,7 GWh, compared to the actual value of 1397,0 GWh.The lack of validation data on a smaller scale is a large issue for this study, as well as some issues with data reliability in the EPCs. Despite this, the results of this study points to that the gathered values are a decent enough estimate to make a reliable assumption of the total energy demand for heating. The EPCs thus provide a useful source of data for energy demand purposes and building characteristics.

Thesis (MPA.) --University of Limpopo, 2017. / The performance of public sector institutions has been the subject that has attracted attention of policy makers. This is because the long-established role and institutional character of the State has been under scrutiny as the result of not being able to achieve the desired outcomes which were evidently visible in as far as the performance of public sector organisations were concerned. It is largely because of this reason that the quest for increasing the efficiency and effectiveness of public sector institutions became very critical. Most scholars mentioned have written extensively on the discourse, but have focused squarely on assessing the implementation of the PMS, neglecting the importance of 'communication' as the central pillar required for having achieved the desired implementation of such a system. As a result, very little is known about the role of communication in the process of implementing PMS in the South African public service. Thus, the implementation of PMS continues to face many serious challenges. The aim of the study was to examine the role of communication in the implementation of PMS in the South African public service, using DTI as a case study with the view of gaining insight into the contribution that communication can make in improving public service performance through effective implementation of PMS. The study utilised both the qualitative and quantitative research methods to investigate the role of communication in the process of implementing PMS in the South African public service. Questionnaires were distributed to employees from level 5-11 and semi-structured interviews were conducted with employees from level 12-13 in the DTI. The study concludes that communication plays a greater role in the implementation of PMS and that there is still lack of effective communication within the department. The implementation of the PMS in the department is inconsistent across the different Chief Directorates and that it is often difficult to measure employee performance in that regard. Communication within the department is from top to bottom, whereby senior managers (Directors) instruct the middle managers (Deputy Directors) from level 12-13, lower and middle management (Assistant Directors) on how to implement the PMS with less consultation from their subordinates.