In this article, I offer not only an alternative but also a superior account of how we might reconcile Gandhi’s perpetrator and victimhood perspectives on violence (himsa). Appealing to both critical social studies and philosophy, I emphasize both the intersections of these two perspectives and their intersection with his metaphysics. I reject the standard approaches to reconciling Gandhi’s commitment to nonviolence with his remarks on the occasional necessity and unavoidability of violence. Instead, I focus on how truth-seekers use their political freedom to ‘pass over,’ or cross and join, many different social viewpoints to gain knowledge and insight concerning the minimum of violence compatible with keeping everyone a path to ahimsa (nonviolence), truth and transcendence. Further, I contend my account of the intersections of nonviolence, violence, truth, and transcendence helps clarify a Gandhian contribution to UNESCO’s vision of knowledge societies through highlighting the kinds of knowledge required for such a path.

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The purpose of this study was to explore women's dual experiences of IPV to examine whether their motivations fit the current framework on four types of intimate partner violence (IPV) in light of Johnson's typology, which includes: violent resistance (VR), situational couple violence (SCV), mutual violent combat (MVC), and intimate terrorism (IT) (Kelly and Johnson 2008). I applied these types of IPV to describe women's physical aggression, control, and emotional responses experienced and performed during IPV. Johnson's typology classified six of 10 participant experiences; to describe the remaining four, I applied blended types of IPV. Findings in this study indicated that VR and SCV overlooked women's use of controlling physical aggression; this study identified alternative concepts and additional dimensions of control and resistance, and introduced tempered violence resistance (TVR), a new IPV type to describe women's use of controlling physical aggression during protective violence. Correspondingly, findings also indicated that interpretations of physical aggression and control in MVC and IT did not consider wide-ranging degrees of control such as self-control, situational control, and partner control. Hence, distinctions between SCV or MVC and MVC or IT were limited by vague interpretations of control. Furthermore, VR, MVC, and IT did not fully describe women's emotional responses. These types of violence focused solely on the context of physical aggression and control, which minimized perceptions of conflict and omitted reported samples of motivations. Forthcoming studies applying Johnson's typology should include external contexts of relationship conflict and consider multiple types control and dimensions of resistance. / Ph. D.

This study is based on a proposition about the legislation regarding sexual offences prepared by a commission initiated by the Swedish government in 1972 which was presented in 1976. The purpose of this study has been to ascertain the commissions views on rape based on their representation of the problem, their presuppositions and assumptions regarding it and future consequences in behavior for victims and offenders of the crime. The key results of this study is that the commission regarded the “problem” of the then current legislation to be non-consistently with the time being. In their opinion the legislation needed to be loosened from its moral strings and be adjusted to the “new” sexually liberal era. The study has furthermore shown that the commission had a clear picture of rape as consistent of different victims and different perpetrators regarding the prevailing situation. Depending on factors such as gender, social class and generation the commission pointed out certain women likely be sexually assaulted and certain men likely to be rapists. Consequences of this being that certain women were regarded as jointly responsible in case of being subject to rape. These women were led to the perception that they, in the future, had to avoid a certain behavior if they did not want to risk being raped. Rather than the victims of rape perpetrators benefited by the suggested new legislation since their crimes were looked upon more mildly than before and they were not themselves fully responsible for the offence.

Explorations of womens roles in armed conflict have traditionally focused on women as victims, which has led to a limited understanding of the active roles women have played during and after conflicts. For example, analyses of the roles of women in the 1994 Rwanda genocide have largely focused on the victimization of women through rapes and mutilations, which leaves many dimensions unexplored. Exposing the roles of women in perpetrating violence or reconciliation efforts can contribute to a more nuanced understanding of the roles of women in wartime and challenge the traditional gender stereotypes that have denied womens agency dealing with the aftermath of conflict. This study aims to contribute to the literature on women and conflict, specifically ethnic conflict, by providing a broader and thus more accurate picture of the roles of women during and after the Rwanda genocide. This study explores the following question: What roles did Rwandan women play in the genocide and are women revealing their agency and abilities in the aftermath? This thesis explores the gendered nature of the Rwanda genocide as revealed in the violence committed against women and by women during the Rwanda genocide (women as victims and perpetrators), as well as the position of women in post-genocide Rwanda (their agency in reconciliation and reconstruction). This research represents a qualitative study based on information provided by news sources, ethnic conflict and genocide literature, feminist literature, reports by non-governmental organizations, and international organizations including the United Nations (specifically the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda) and the World Bank. The roles of women during and after conflict have been traditionally understood from a biased perspective; however, the genocide in Rwanda has revealed the great extent to which women are affected by conflict, participate in conflict, and contribute to reconstruction and reconciliation efforts.

Studiens syfte var att undersöka vilka föreställningar om våld i nära relationer som socialsekreterare på olika enheter inom Socialtjänsten ger uttryck för samt hur deras handlingsutrymme kan tänkas påverkas av dessa föreställningar. Syftet besvarades genom två fokusgruppsintervjuer med socialsekreterare inom Socialtjänsten. I resultatet framkom att män oftast förknippas med våldsutövande och kvinnor med våldsutsatthet.  Mäns våld uppfattas allvarligare än kvinnors våld och våld i samkönade nära relationer vilket kopplades samman med könsstereotypa föreställningar. Hjälpen till våldsutsatta kvinnor uttrycks bestå i att hon ska lämna mannen och motiveras till detta. Det framkom också föreställningar om att våldsutövare inte vill ha hjälp och att motivera våldsutövare inte ansågs lika viktigt som att motivera kvinnliga offer. En viktig slutsats i studien har varit att de föreställningar Socialsekreterare bär på är betydelsefulla i förståelsen om vem som är offer respektive förövare samt att arbetet med våldsutövare bör lyftas och utvecklas för att förbättras. / Conceptions about domestic violence – who are the victim, who are the perpetrator?   The purpose of this study was to investigate the conceptions social worker, in various units, have of domestic violence, and how their capabilities can be affected by these beliefs. The purpose is answered by two focus group interviews with social workers in Social services. The result showed that men most often associated with the use of violence and women's vulnerability to violence. Men's violence is perceived more severe than women's violence and violence in same-sex intimate relationships, which were connected to gender stereotypes. Help for abused women according to the social workers expression is that she should leave the man, and as a social worker justify that action. It also emerged that aggressors do not want help and to motivate aggressors were not considered as important as to justify female victims. An important conclusion of the study was that the conceptions social worker has are important for the understanding of who are the victims and perpetrators, and the work with perpetrators of violence should emphasize and develops to improve.

Deux faits interpellent le psychologue intervenant auprès des hommes auteurs de violences dans le couple : la responsabilisation et la prévention de la récidive en tant qu’ils constituent le moyen et la visée des interventions. À partir d’une analyse liminaire du fonctionnement des centres de prise en charge en France, la dimension de la répétition en tant que grille d’interprétation de ces violences, et en particulier en tant qu’elle structure la clinique, est interrogée. Pour ce faire, je développe le concept de répétition à l’appui de la théorie psychanalytique et analyse 8 témoignages d’hommes en m’intéressant aux fantasmes sous-jacents. Cinq constats sont ainsi relevés : la récurrence d’imagos paternelles et maternelles fortes, de composantes cruelles chez l’objet, de traits sadiques et de libido homosexuelle. Le développement théorique qui s’ensuit s’articule autour de quatre thématiques : l’identification à l’agresseur, le fantasme de la mère cruelle, le sadisme et la jalousie. / Two aspects of clinical interventions for male perpetrators of intimate partner violence are of concern to psychologists: the perpetrators’ responsibility and the prevention of recidivism insofar as they constitute the means and the aim of these interventions. From the initial analysis of batterer programmes in France, repetition, as a dimension for interpretating male intimate partner violence, in particular within a clinical intervention context, is examined. To this end, I develop the concept of repetition based on psychoanalytic theory and analyse 8 interviews of male perpetrators, focussing on the underlying fantasies. This approach led to five findings: the recurrence of strong paternal and maternal imagos, cruelty components within the object, sadistic traits and homosexual libido. The ensuing theoretical development hinged on four concepts: identification with the aggressor, the fantasy of the cruel mother, sadism and jealousy.

The present thesis offers an innovative perspective analysing the perception of Turkish atrocities against the Ottoman Greek communities during the temporal period May 1919-December 1922 through the Athenian newspapers Estia and Empros, which were committed to the ubiquitous Greek irredentist vision of the Megali Idea. Delving into theories which emphasize on the political nature of nationalism, on national mobilisation and on the exploitation of mass communication by the elite, this thesis attempts to elaborate on the inclusion of the Ottoman Greeks into an expanded Greek nation-state, based on the principle of self-determination. Hence, from the Greek Press' perspective, the presented Turkish atrocities against a part of the Greek nation and potential subjects of a broadened Greek state had been contextualized on the basis of Greek nationalism. The study shows that, despite the widespread and divided Greek communities in the Ottoman Empire/Turkey, Estia and Empros were declaring that their common denominator had been their Greek self-determination and the fact that all these communities were viewing the Greek state and the Greek army as their guarantors for their safety. Adding to the agents of Hellenism also the Ecumenical Patriarchate, Estia and Empros were highlighting the crucial role of these agents towards the endangered Ottoman Greek communities. Thus, the presentation of the respective information in the newspapers was leaning on this theoretical schema.

The purpose of this study has been to investigate how two female volunteers from two different NGOs help and support vulnerable women, who have been exposed to incest. This includes how these abused women and the picture of perpetrators are perceived and described by the volunteers. The study has also examined the collaboration with social services. The study results show that the volunteers within the two NGOs lack cooperation with social services, and that the work with support-seeking women can be perceived as both positive and negative. Positive experience is described by being a volunteer as part of an important change. Negative experience describes the volunteer as painful as it involves listening to, and taking part of these women's self-experienced stories, about their own experiences of incest. The work as a volunteer with support-seeking women, has been shown to offer support in various forms of support groups. The volunteer's task is to listen in these support groups and to confirm what the women seeking assistance are saying. The result has also shown that the women seeking support, are perceived as very afraid and degraded at the beginning of the meeting with the volunteers, but that they at the same time bear strength within themselves. The result also shows a lack of cooperation between the NGOs and social services. This is even though both activities work for the same clientele, which is the women seeking support. / Syftet med den här studien har varit att undersöka hur två kvinnliga volontärer från två olika frivilligorganisationer hjälper och stöttar kvinnor som har blivit utsatta för incest. Det inkluderar hur dessa utsatta kvinnor och även bilden av förövare upplevs och beskrivs av volontärerna, samt volontärernas samarbete med Socialtjänsten. Studiens resultat visar att volontärerna upplever att arbetet med stödsökande kvinnor kan upplevas som både positivt och negativt. Positiv upplevelse beskrivs genom att som volontär få vara en del av en viktig förändring. Negativ upplevelse beskriver volontären det som smärtsamt, då det innebär att lyssna till, och ta del av dessa kvinnors självupplevda berättelser, kring sina egna erfarenheter av incest. Arbetet som volontär med stödsökande kvinnor har visat sig gå ut på att erbjuda stöd i olika former av stödgrupper. Volontärens uppgift är i dessa stödgrupper att, lyssna samt bekräfta det som stödsökande kvinnor berättar. Resultatet har även visat att de stödsökande kvinnorna upplevs som väldigt rädda och nedbrutna i början av mötet med volontärerna, men att de samtidigt bär på en styrka inom sig själva. Resultatet visar också på ett bristande samarbete mellan frivilligorganisationerna och socialtjänst. Detta trots att båda verksamheterna arbetar för samma klientel, som är de stödsökande kvinnorna.

Syftet med studien är sammanställa forskning om behandlingsmetoder för män som utövat våld mot kvinnor i nära relation. I syftet ligger även att granska vilka metoder som anses vara framgångsrika i detta behandlingsarbete. Åtta artiklar utgör studiens empiri. Vi har gjort en tematisk analys som därefter analyserats utifrån studiens teoretiska utgångspunkter: professionsteorin, arbetsallians, klientorientering och yrkeskompetens. Resultaten visar att individanpassade behandlingsmetoder är avgörande i arbetet med våldsutövare och att ett holistiskt synsätt behöver tillämpas i arbetet. Våra slutsatser är att de som arbetar med behandlingsområdet behöver utgå från individanpassade behandlingsmetoder och upprätthålla en stark arbetsallians med våldsutövare. I enighet med forskningen om behandlingsmetoder ser vi också att det behövs mer forskning inom området. De behandlingsmetoder som har identifierats är duluth-modellen, kognitivbeteende- och psykodynamisk terapi samt motiverande samtal. Resultatet visar att motiverande strategier samt individanpassade metoder är de mest effektiva i behandlingsarbetet / The purpose of this study is to assemble research on treatment methods for men who have perpetrated violence against women in intimate relationships. The aim is also to examine which methods are considered successful in the treatment work. The empirical foundation consists eight articles. We have done a thematic analysis which has been analyzed based on the theoretical framework of the study: profession theory, working alliance, client orientation and professional competence. The results show that individual adapted treatment methods are crucial in working with perpetrators of domestic violence and that holistic approach needs to be applied in the work. Our conclusions are that those who work in the area treatment need to apply individually adapted treatment methods and maintain a strong working alliance with perpetrators of violence. In agreement with the research on treatment methods, we also see that more research is needed in the area. The treatment methods that have been identified are the Duluth model, cognitive behavioral and psychodynamic therapy, and motivational interviewing. The results show that motivational strategies and individually adapted methods are the most effective in treatment work.