The aim of this essay is to examine how female violence against men expresses itself. In addition the intent is to investigate how this is explained and described in society as well as how social efforts are designed towards male victims. Additionally the aim is to examine why men’s violence against women is more attentive than the opposite. The method used in this essay is a literature review constituted by previous research and reports. This essay suggests that men and women are exposed to domestic violence in the same extent but the violence differ between the genders. Men are more likely to be exposed to psychological violence whereas women are more likely to be exposed to physical violence. Consequences followed is similar between male and female victims. However, the violence that ends with a deadly outcome seems to mainly affect women. According to prevailing norms in society men is expected to be strong and superior which means they are not seen as victims, since victims are characterized by weakness and inferiority. Therefore, men refrain from seeking help and these normative conceptions also appears to be the reason why men does not receive the help they need. Because of this the violence to which men are exposed can not be noticed. As women report their victimization and due to the fact that they are exposed to severe violence than men, this violence is automatically paid more attention.

In this article, I offer not only an alternative but also a superior account of how we might reconcile Gandhi’s perpetrator and victimhood perspectives on violence (himsa). Appealing to both critical social studies and philosophy, I emphasize both the intersections of these two perspectives and their intersection with his metaphysics. I reject the standard approaches to reconciling Gandhi’s commitment to nonviolence with his remarks on the occasional necessity and unavoidability of violence. Instead, I focus on how truth-seekers use their political freedom to ‘pass over,’ or cross and join, many different social viewpoints to gain knowledge and insight concerning the minimum of violence compatible with keeping everyone a path to ahimsa (nonviolence), truth and transcendence. Further, I contend my account of the intersections of nonviolence, violence, truth, and transcendence helps clarify a Gandhian contribution to UNESCO’s vision of knowledge societies through highlighting the kinds of knowledge required for such a path.

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Syftet med denna kvalitativa studie har varit att undersöka hur olika socialarbetare uppleverbehandlingsarbetet med våldsutövare samt vad socialarbetare tolkar som lyckat resultat vidbehandling av våldsutövare som använder våld i nära relation. För att besvara syftet harkvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer med socialarbetare som arbetar med våldsutövaregenomförts. Intervjuerna analyserades genom en tematisk analys där tre teman genererades.Dessa teman är: Motivation, skam och arbetsmetoder. Studiens teoretiska perspektiv byggerpå socialkonstruktivism, Webers modell om byråkrati och Webers teori om sociala handlingar. Skam har identifierats som en av de stora svårigheterna i arbetet med våldsutövare då dethindrar våldsutövare att söka stöd, samt att våldsutövare till följd av skam har svårt atterkänna sig själv som våldsutövare. Skillnader har även identifierats i hur olika svenskakommuner arbetar med våldsutövare i bland annat antalet socialarbetare som arbetar medvåldsutövare i varje given kommun och vilka behandlingsmetoder som kommunernaanvänder sig av. Genom resultatet identifieras två punkter som hade gjort det enklare attutföra behandling av våldsutövare, den ena är mer riktlinjer i hur arbetet ska utföras samt närbehandling är färdig. Den andra punkten som identifierats är att det behövs mer resurser tilldenna typ av arbete då det i många kommuner är ett lågt antal personer som arbetar medbehandling samt att det inte sker samma satsningar på utbildningar som det görs med andraavdelningar inom socialtjänst.

Media plays a significant role in people’s daily life, as it is the first lens through which people see events and phenomena happening worldwide. This research aims to investigate how Al-Jazeera (AJ) and Le Monde (LM) portray and frame the victims and perpetrators of the Charlie Hebdo attack on the 7th of January 2015. The process of framing and representation are investigated as to whether there are similarities and/or differences in the identities of victims and perpetrators between AJ and LM. Adopting a social constructivist perspective and by using Entman’s framing theory, along with both social representation theory and social identity theory. A qualitative content analysis is conducted. The findings indicate certain similarities in how these two media outlets frame the victims and the perpetrators of the terrorist attack on Charlie Hebdo such as arguing that the perpetrators’ action does not represent Islam. Both medias also try to create a certain level of proximity with the victims. When it comes to the framing of the perpetrators, more differences appear: while AJ frames them as heroes avenging the prophet, LM framed them as stupid people making unprofessional mistakes.

The purpose of this study was to explore women's dual experiences of IPV to examine whether their motivations fit the current framework on four types of intimate partner violence (IPV) in light of Johnson's typology, which includes: violent resistance (VR), situational couple violence (SCV), mutual violent combat (MVC), and intimate terrorism (IT) (Kelly and Johnson 2008). I applied these types of IPV to describe women's physical aggression, control, and emotional responses experienced and performed during IPV. Johnson's typology classified six of 10 participant experiences; to describe the remaining four, I applied blended types of IPV. Findings in this study indicated that VR and SCV overlooked women's use of controlling physical aggression; this study identified alternative concepts and additional dimensions of control and resistance, and introduced tempered violence resistance (TVR), a new IPV type to describe women's use of controlling physical aggression during protective violence. Correspondingly, findings also indicated that interpretations of physical aggression and control in MVC and IT did not consider wide-ranging degrees of control such as self-control, situational control, and partner control. Hence, distinctions between SCV or MVC and MVC or IT were limited by vague interpretations of control. Furthermore, VR, MVC, and IT did not fully describe women's emotional responses. These types of violence focused solely on the context of physical aggression and control, which minimized perceptions of conflict and omitted reported samples of motivations. Forthcoming studies applying Johnson's typology should include external contexts of relationship conflict and consider multiple types control and dimensions of resistance. / Ph. D.

In this literature study, the topic of domestic violence against women with disabilities have been highlighted. The purpose of this study is to investigate and analyze how the domestic violence against women with disabilities takes form and what challenges and needs that have been expressed by the concerned women. The way of explaining and highlighting this matter has gone through the process of acquiring empirical knowledge from different databases that are applicable to the subject. Theories that have been applied to this scientific paper are empowerment and the process of normalization. The conclusions after the findings are that the women are in an extra vulnerable position linked to their disability, and also that there is a gap of knowledge and resources within the area. The findings also show that the services available for these women do not fulfill their needs and therefore do not help the women in the most efficient way possible.

This study is based on a proposition about the legislation regarding sexual offences prepared by a commission initiated by the Swedish government in 1972 which was presented in 1976. The purpose of this study has been to ascertain the commissions views on rape based on their representation of the problem, their presuppositions and assumptions regarding it and future consequences in behavior for victims and offenders of the crime. The key results of this study is that the commission regarded the “problem” of the then current legislation to be non-consistently with the time being. In their opinion the legislation needed to be loosened from its moral strings and be adjusted to the “new” sexually liberal era. The study has furthermore shown that the commission had a clear picture of rape as consistent of different victims and different perpetrators regarding the prevailing situation. Depending on factors such as gender, social class and generation the commission pointed out certain women likely be sexually assaulted and certain men likely to be rapists. Consequences of this being that certain women were regarded as jointly responsible in case of being subject to rape. These women were led to the perception that they, in the future, had to avoid a certain behavior if they did not want to risk being raped. Rather than the victims of rape perpetrators benefited by the suggested new legislation since their crimes were looked upon more mildly than before and they were not themselves fully responsible for the offence.

Explorations of womens roles in armed conflict have traditionally focused on women as victims, which has led to a limited understanding of the active roles women have played during and after conflicts. For example, analyses of the roles of women in the 1994 Rwanda genocide have largely focused on the victimization of women through rapes and mutilations, which leaves many dimensions unexplored. Exposing the roles of women in perpetrating violence or reconciliation efforts can contribute to a more nuanced understanding of the roles of women in wartime and challenge the traditional gender stereotypes that have denied womens agency dealing with the aftermath of conflict. This study aims to contribute to the literature on women and conflict, specifically ethnic conflict, by providing a broader and thus more accurate picture of the roles of women during and after the Rwanda genocide. This study explores the following question: What roles did Rwandan women play in the genocide and are women revealing their agency and abilities in the aftermath? This thesis explores the gendered nature of the Rwanda genocide as revealed in the violence committed against women and by women during the Rwanda genocide (women as victims and perpetrators), as well as the position of women in post-genocide Rwanda (their agency in reconciliation and reconstruction). This research represents a qualitative study based on information provided by news sources, ethnic conflict and genocide literature, feminist literature, reports by non-governmental organizations, and international organizations including the United Nations (specifically the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda) and the World Bank. The roles of women during and after conflict have been traditionally understood from a biased perspective; however, the genocide in Rwanda has revealed the great extent to which women are affected by conflict, participate in conflict, and contribute to reconstruction and reconciliation efforts.

Studiens syfte var att undersöka vilka föreställningar om våld i nära relationer som socialsekreterare på olika enheter inom Socialtjänsten ger uttryck för samt hur deras handlingsutrymme kan tänkas påverkas av dessa föreställningar. Syftet besvarades genom två fokusgruppsintervjuer med socialsekreterare inom Socialtjänsten. I resultatet framkom att män oftast förknippas med våldsutövande och kvinnor med våldsutsatthet.  Mäns våld uppfattas allvarligare än kvinnors våld och våld i samkönade nära relationer vilket kopplades samman med könsstereotypa föreställningar. Hjälpen till våldsutsatta kvinnor uttrycks bestå i att hon ska lämna mannen och motiveras till detta. Det framkom också föreställningar om att våldsutövare inte vill ha hjälp och att motivera våldsutövare inte ansågs lika viktigt som att motivera kvinnliga offer. En viktig slutsats i studien har varit att de föreställningar Socialsekreterare bär på är betydelsefulla i förståelsen om vem som är offer respektive förövare samt att arbetet med våldsutövare bör lyftas och utvecklas för att förbättras. / Conceptions about domestic violence – who are the victim, who are the perpetrator?   The purpose of this study was to investigate the conceptions social worker, in various units, have of domestic violence, and how their capabilities can be affected by these beliefs. The purpose is answered by two focus group interviews with social workers in Social services. The result showed that men most often associated with the use of violence and women's vulnerability to violence. Men's violence is perceived more severe than women's violence and violence in same-sex intimate relationships, which were connected to gender stereotypes. Help for abused women according to the social workers expression is that she should leave the man, and as a social worker justify that action. It also emerged that aggressors do not want help and to motivate aggressors were not considered as important as to justify female victims. An important conclusion of the study was that the conceptions social worker has are important for the understanding of who are the victims and perpetrators, and the work with perpetrators of violence should emphasize and develops to improve.