意外事故之發生自古有之，但是在現代社會中，由於事故之數量及所造成的龐大損失，意外事故受害者需求的滿足，成為一項重要的社會問題。在面對這些意外事故所造成問題，國家莫不積極地介入社會生活中。其不但將相當可觀的資源投入事前的各種預防措施，對於各種危險型態從事行政管制。此外，國家基於社會國家的意旨，建立其他替代損害填補來源（Alternative Source of Compensation）以合理救濟受害者之需求，諸如社會保障制度、強制責任保險等機制。 然而．鑑於社會整體資源有限性之限制下，國家應考慮以何種手段方得以處理這些不幸的損害，以達到合理保障受害者權益的目標，因此國家對於補償制度建構，應有全盤理念,，否則將有流於不免有「頭痛醫頭，腳痛醫腳」之弊端。據此，本文將針對各類意外事故之特性，並考察其他先進國家，諸如德國、瑞典、荷蘭、紐西蘭、英國、美國及日本之發展歷程，從而檢討檢討我國現行意外事故社會保障制度之政策，及損害賠償與社會保障制度之協調關係。

Psychological evaluations administered by forensic psychologist in personal injury cases are surrounded by complex issues. Although empirically-based research has legitimized that psychological damages do exist in personal injury cases there is a missing link in the way forensic psychologists are conducting these evaluations. Prior researchers suggested that some personal injury evaluations had been dismissed or overlooked due to a lack of a standard of care. Addressing the current literature, this study examined how a diverse group of 14 licensed forensic psychologists, operating in different judicial jurisdictions (Daubert, Frye, and Independent) were conducting personal injury evaluations and their perspectives on the implementation of a standard of care. A qualitative thematic analysis design was used to gain a more in-depth understanding of this phenomenon. Systems theory was the conceptual framework that informed this study and guided the methodology employed. The identified themes were organized into steps reflected in an adapted version cube model. The study promotes positive social change by fostering confidence in the field of psychology and personal injury evaluations with regard to bolstering the overall credibility, reliability, and validity of the practice and processes involved. Further, positive change can occur through the development of framework that assists in leveling the practice by keeping evaluations flexible, but consistent; basing the decision regarding implementing a standard of care on the utility of the framework, along with future findings and developments in the field.

Scientific evidence is increasingly relied on in litigation. Discussions and debates aimed at enabling courts to make the best use scientific evidence are therefore critical. This thesis adds the perspective of procedural legitimacy to the science and law dialogue. Procedural Legitimacy is the concept that consistent adherence to legal procedure maintains the overall legitimacy of the legal system, and the validity of its outcomes. I argue that to maintain legitimate legal outcomes, procedural rules must be applied consistently and vigilantly to scientific evidence. This means that admissibility rules must be applied properly to scientific evidence, and that admitted scientific evidence must be duly scrutinized and weighed against the legal standard of proof. This ensures that the legal outcome will be based on valid legal facts. When the law is applied to those legal facts, litigants are legitimately bound by the judicial decision, despite the risk of factual inaccuracy. / The bulk of this thesis develops the notion of procedural legitimacy, and argues that its role in the adjudicative process is vital. The argument is founded on the conditions of uncertainty in which legal decisions are made. I show that both liability determinations and damages determinations in personal injury actions are made in conditions of uncertainty, and are dependent on consistency in procedure to maintain legitimacy. Ultimately, I apply the procedural legitimacy argument to admissibility and use of scientific evidence, and endorse the recommendations of the Goudge Inquiry in that respect.

Fler vegetationsbränder förväntas framöver i Sverige som följd av temperaturökning och förändrat nederbördsmönster. För att distribuera resurser effektivt vid ett släckningsarbete i vegetation kan information som tillgänglighet och brandbenägenhet vara önskvärt. Riskområden för personsäkerhet i samband med släckningsarbete bör granskas för att undvika onödiga risker. Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur brandbenägenhet, tillgänglighet och personskaderisk varierade geografiskt inom Arvika kommun. Med rasteranalys och weighted overlay beräknades brandbenägenhet med faktorerna: krontäthet, lutning, lutningsriktning, skogens utvecklingsfas och vegetation. Tillgängligheten beräknades med följande faktorer: avstånd till väg, avstånd till vatten, körtid, lutning, skogens utvecklingsfas och vegetation. Personskaderisken beräknades enligt följande faktorer: elektrifierad järnväg, förorenade områden, kraftledning, lutning och militära områden. Analysen visar att brandbenägenheten är mycket hög i ett fåtal områden, den största delen av studieområdet har brandbenägenhet mellan värde 4,1–6 av 10. Tillgängligheten är hög eller mycket hög i 98 % av studieområdet. Den lägsta tillgängligheten finns i studieområdets norra och södra delar. 92 % av studieområdet har en låg eller mycket låg personskaderisk med värde mellan 1–4 av 10. Brandbenägenhet, tillgänglighet och personskaderisk studerades på platser där bränder rapporterats åren 2008–2019. Bränder mellan år 2008–2017 med avbränd areal större än 1 hektar studerades igen. Den största faktorn för brandbenägenheten är lutningsriktning för dessa platser. Tillgänglighetens viktigaste faktorer är avstånd till väg och vegetation. Personskaderiskens största faktor är förorenade områden där bränderna var rapporterade. Brandbenägenheten inom studieområdet var störst vid lutning mot syd eller sydväst. Plana områden har generellt låg brandbenägenhet. Enligt analysen är tillgängligheten lägst i studieområdets yttre delar, speciellt dem sydligaste och nordligaste delarna. Områden i närhet av brandstationer har generellt en bättre tillgänglighet. Personskaderisken är koncentrerad till elektrifierad järnväg och kraftledning som medför direkt fara. Potentiellt förorenade områden finns spridda i hela studieområdet. Hur dessa påverkar människor är ovisst och varierar beroende på förorening. / In the future, more wildfires are expected in Sweden because of increasing temperature and changing precipitation. To being able to effectively distribute the resources of the firefighters, information about accessibility and fire tendency can come in handy. In order to avoid unnecessary risks, areas with potential hazard for the firefighters should be examined. The purpose of this study is to analyse how fire tendency, accessibility and personal injury risk varies in Arvika municipality, Sweden. Raster analysis and weighted overlay were applied in this study to examine fire tendency using the factors: crown closure, slope, aspect, the stage of stand development and vegetation. Accessibility was calculated including the following factors: distance to roads, distance to water, driving time, slope, the stage of stand development and vegetation. The personal injury risk was calculated by the following factors: electrified railways, polluted areas, power lines, slopes and military areas. The results show a high fire tendency in a few areas. Most of the areas have a fire tendency value between 4. 1–6 out of 10. Areas with a good or very good accessibility covers 98 % of the study area. Only a few spots have a very low accessibility. Areas with a low or very low personal injury risk covers 92 % of the study area. In the next part sites, with wildfires reported too MSB between 2008–2019 were studied. Wildfires larger than 10 000 square meters were studied again. Aspect was considered as a factor with a high impact on fire tendency. The major factor of the accessibility is distance to the road and the vegetation of those places. Polluted areas have the largest risk for extinguishing the fire in those places. Fire tendency shows its peaks in areas with slopes and aspect to the south or southwest thanks to the results. Flat areas receive a low risk of fire tendency. Accessibility is lowest in the outer parts of the study area, especially the southern and northern parts. Areas with risks for firefighter injury are concentrated to electrified railways and power lines, especially those that cross polluted areas. However, not all the polluted areas have been investigated in this study, therefore the effect of the pollution on the people’s health is uncertain.

Text in Afrikaans / Summary in English / Until recently damages were only awarded in South African law for the loss of an object which was utilised for the generation of income. In Kellerman v South African Transport Services' damages were awarded for the first time for the loss of use of an object, which was used for non-business purposes. In this dissertation the writer aims to indicate that the personal loss that a plaintiff suffers by the loss of the object is so closely related to the physical possession through which it is served, that the Jaw should protect such personal interest. In such circumstances damages should be awarded in principle, irrespective of whether the plaintiff used the object for business purposes or whether he indeed hired a substitute or not. There is room in the South African law for development in the area of delictual damages for the Joss of the possibility to use a material object. / Private Law / LL.M.

Text in Afrikaans / Summary in English / Until recently damages were only awarded in South African law for the loss of an object which was utilised for the generation of income. In Kellerman v South African Transport Services' damages were awarded for the first time for the loss of use of an object, which was used for non-business purposes. In this dissertation the writer aims to indicate that the personal loss that a plaintiff suffers by the loss of the object is so closely related to the physical possession through which it is served, that the Jaw should protect such personal interest. In such circumstances damages should be awarded in principle, irrespective of whether the plaintiff used the object for business purposes or whether he indeed hired a substitute or not. There is room in the South African law for development in the area of delictual damages for the Joss of the possibility to use a material object. / Private Law / LL.M.

Submitted by Biblioteca Central (biblioteca@unicap.br) on 2018-09-06T15:10:52Z No. of bitstreams: 2 raissa_maria_bittencourt_morais.pdf: 983280 bytes, checksum: 07d53ce6339e27c0431124f40ccf2bd0 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-06T15:10:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 raissa_maria_bittencourt_morais.pdf: 983280 bytes, checksum: 07d53ce6339e27c0431124f40ccf2bd0 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-07-20 / This study aimed to understand how women who suffered an acquired spinal cord injury (re)construct themselves and their sexual lives. The medullary lesions (ML) are all injuries that affect the structures contained in the spinal canal and can lead to motor, sensory, autonomic and psychoaffective alterations. It is one of the situations that can most affect the life of any individual and that can bring with it many biopsychosocial repercussions. The research that serves as the basis to this dissertation is of qualitative character and is founded theoretically and methodologically in the writings of Michel Foucault and of other authors that dialogue with his thought. As methodological strategies, the Narrative Interviews and the Field Diary were used as tools for the construction of the narratives of the women with acquired spinal cord injury, which were analyzed through a descriptive analytics of the subject of Foucauldian inspiration. These analysis have pointed out that these women are crossed by diverse discursive formations, institutions, knowledge/power games that constitute them as capable of organizing their own methods and ways to perform a sexual life satisfactorily in the way it is possible to live it. The condition of woman, the exercise of a sexual life after a trauma or accident, and the way in which they act upon their subjectivity showed themselves as difficult paths; it is evident the importance of looking at sexuality as a dispositif; it is emphasized the existence of a society that considers certain bodies, and here the bodies with spinal cord injury, as abjects and the suffering experienced by each one of them is verified when faced with the change of an accepted body. Thus, in the narratives we find the certainty that women with acquired spinal cord injury are not considered as asexual, on the contrary, all of them reported experiencing - or having lived - one or more loving, affective and sexual relationships. We hope that our research will contribute to the broadening of women's voices and struggles as well as to the greater opening of spaces for dialogue on the subject of sexuality in what concerns people with physical disabilities, especially women with acquired spinal cord injuries. / adquirida (re)constroem a si mesmas e as suas vidas sexuais. As lesões medulares (LM) são todas as injúrias que acometem às estruturas contidas no canal medular podendo levar à alterações motoras, sensitivas, autonômicas e psicoafetivas. É uma das situações que mais pode afetar a vida de qualquer indivíduo e traz consigo inúmeras repercussões biopsicossociais. A pesquisa que deu base a esta dissertação é de cunho qualitativo e se fundamenta teórica e metodologicamente nos escritos de Michel Foucault e de outros autores que dialogam com o seu pensamento. Como estratégias metodológicas foram utilizadas as Entrevistas Narrativas e o Diário de Campo, como instrumentos para a construção das narrativas das mulheres com lesão medular adquirida, que foram analisadas através de uma analítica descritiva do sujeito de inspiração foucaultiana. Essas análises apontaram que essas mulheres são atravessadas por diversas formações discursivas, instituições, jogos de saber/poder que as constituem como capazes de agenciarem seus próprios métodos e caminhos para executar satisfatoriamente uma vida sexual do modo como é possível vivê-la. A condição de mulher, o exercício de uma vida sexual após um trauma ou acidente, e o modo pelos quais elas se subjetivam se mostraram caminhos difíceis; evidencia-se a importância de se olhar a sexualidade como um dispositivo; enfatiza-se a existência de uma sociedade que considera determinados corpos, e aqui os corpos com lesão medular, como abjetos e verificase o sofrimento vivido por cada uma delas ao se depararem com a mudança de um corpo aceito. Deste modo, nas narrativas encontramos a certeza de que as mulheres com lesão medular adquirida não se consideram assexuais, ao contrário, todas relataram vivenciar – ou já ter vivido – um ou mais relacionamentos amorosos, afetivos e sexuais. Esperamos que nossa pesquisa contribua para a ampliação das vozes e luta dessas mulheres assim como para a maior abertura de espaços de diálogos acerca da temática da sexualidade no recorte das pessoas com deficiências físicas adquiridas, em especial, das mulheres com lesões medulares adquiridas.

Le principe de réparation intégrale du préjudice corporel démontre les limites de son application actuelle. Alors que notre système juridique paraît enclin à toutes les sollicitudes envers la victime, celui-ci manque largement à son but : la multiplicité des régimes d'indemnisation, l'hétérogénéité des méthodes d'évaluation et l'insuffisante fermeté des concepts mis en oeuvre apparaissent comme autant de facteurs de disparités entre les victimes. À l'appui d'une étude ouverte au droit international, aux solutions doctrinales ainsi qu'à une appréhension ajustée de la notion de victime; cette thèse oeuvre pour une autonomisation du droit du dommage corporel respectant les valeurs d'égalité, d'humanité et de justice de l'indemnisation propres au principe de réparation intégrale du préjudice corporel. / The principle of full reparation for bodily injury demonstrates the limits of its current application. While our legal system seems inclined to all the requests to the victim, it largely misses its goal : the multiplicity of compensation schemes, heterogeneity assessment methods and insufficient firmness concepts implemented appear as factors of disparities between the victims. In support of an open study with international law, to the doctrinal solutions as well as an adjustedunderstanding of the concept of victim ; this thesis works for the empowerment of personal injury law respecting the values of equality, humanity and justice of compensation specific to the full compensation principle of reparation for bodily injury .

Un niveau élevé de protection de la santé humaine est assuré dans la définition et la mise en oeuvre de toutes les politiques et actions de l’Union européenne. L’une des politiques les plus importantes, conformément aux enjeux de santé et au développement économique, est celle des médicaments. Leur sécurité est garantie par un cadre juridique donné par une législation pharmaceutique d’envergure présidant à l’octroi de l’autorisation de mise sur le marché et au suivi post-autorisation. Ce cadre juridique est supporté par un dispositif institutionnel d’exception, caractérisé par une interaction étroite entre l’Agence européenne des médicaments, la Commission européenne et les autorités nationales compétentes. Il a récemment été réformé à travers la nouvelle législation de pharmacovigilance. Le concept de sécurité sanitaire est ainsi devenu le principe directeur de la gestion du risque pharmaceutique. Toutefois, lorsque le risque inhérent à tout produit pharmaceutique se manifeste, le dommage médicamenteux se produit ainsi que la demande de réparation. Face à la nécessité d’indemniser les victimes de tels accidents, les réponses nationales des systèmes juridiques français et italien, par les biais de la responsabilité civile de droit commun et de la responsabilité du fait des produits défectueux issue de la directive 85/374/CEE, se révèlent inefficaces, car peu respectueuses de la spécificité du médicament. Ce constat conduit à plaider en faveur d’une dissociation entre responsabilité et indemnisation, en garantissant cette dernière à travers la création d’un fonds d’indemnisation général pour les dommages médicamenteux à participation mixte public-privé. Cette solution garantit une socialisation des risques justifiée par le caractère social du risque thérapeutique. Cela constitue le contrepoids aux dangers inhérents aux innovations de la science, tout en faisant profiter les malades des bénéfices thérapeutiques de demain. En prônant une approche holistique de la politique du médicament, la proposition de ce fonds constitue un instrument d’une politique de santé publique qui ne voit dans l’indemnisation des risques médicamenteux qu’un complément et un prolongement de la garantie de sécurité à la base de la législation pharmaceutique européenne. / The definition and implementation of the European Union’s policies and activities guarantee a very high level of human health protection. One of its most important policies, in accordance with the relative health and economic development issues, is that on medicinal products. Drug safety is guaranteed by a legal framework, constructed on the pharmaceutical legislation laying down rules and procedures for obtaining marketing authorisation and for post authorisation monitoring. This legal framework is supported by a special institutional system,which in particular ensures close interaction between the European Medicines Agency, the European Commission and the national competent authorities. This legal framework has recently been revised as a result of the new pharmacovigilance legislation. As such, health safety has become a key directive in managing pharmaceutical risk. Yet, whenever a risk relating directly to a particular pharmaceutical product becomes apparent, medical damages and compensation claims arise. The response of the national French and Italian legal systems to the application for compensation of the victims of such accidents, by way of the ordinary rules of civil liability and the liability for defective products as defined in Council Directive85/374/EEC, has proven ineffective: they fail to take into account the specific nature ofpharmaceutical products. Based on this observation, there is a sound case for separating liability from compensation: the latter can be guaranteed by setting up a general compensationfund for medical damages, with both public and private sector participation. This solutionwould guarantee a socialisation of risks that is justified by the social nature of therapeutic risk. It would provide a counterbalance to the dangers inherent in scientific innovation, whilst simultaneously allowing patients to benefit from future therapeutic developments. By advocating a holistic approach to drug policy, this proposed compensation fund would act as apublic health policy instrument, in the context of which compensation for medical risks would only be considered an addition to, and extension of, the security guarantee that constitutes the cornerstone of the European pharmaceutical legislation.

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) is a popular measure of psychosocial functioning and psychopathology in the assessment of individuals in a variety of settings. However, the method of construction employed with the MMPI more than 60 years ago with psychiatric patients challenges the applicability of the scales for determining the psychosocial functioning of individuals from different settings. The restandardisation conducted in 1987 made no effort to eradicate the item overlap that was a result of the criterion keying method with contrasted groups. Although restandardized and updated with more contemporary language and content, the original psychiatric constructs were retained in order to maintain continuity with its predecessor. The aims of this investigation were to develop a new structure for the MMPI-2 constructed at the item-level, empirically derived and which specifically represents the dimensions that are relevant and appropriate in evaluating the psychosocial functioning of personal injury claimants. This task included comparisons with a comparable scale-level analysis and developing optimal scoring strategies where items in components and facets are allocated weightings based upon their strength of association. Study 1 was conducted using a sample of 2989 personal injury claimants assessed in Australia and the United States of America. The final sample of 3230, included 241 normal individuals, was utilized to develop a scale-level structure from 79 standard MMPI-2 scales and subscales. A nine-component solution consisting of General Maladjustment /Emotional Distress, Asocial Beliefs, Social Vulnerability, Somatic Complaints, Psychological Disturbance, Impulsive Expression, Antisocial Practices, Stereotypic Fears and Family Difficulties was derived using principal component analysis. However, intercorrelation between components in the structure signaled the need to develop a structure that would eradicate problems that were perpetuated by item overlap. The second study was conducted with a set of best practice procedures with the same clinical sample of 2989 personal injury claimants as Study 1. Forty-one components were derived through principal component analysis. Through the application of a set of criteria, a 35-component solution was retained. The pattern coefficients from the allocation of items to components determined the weightings to be applied to each item. Further analysis of the 35 components derived a substructure of 37 facets. The 35 components included only 442 of the 567 items, with the reliability coefficients of the first 25 components that ranged between .5 and .97, and the remaining 10 components that ranged from .29 to .49. The latter unreliable components were not included in the final Structural Summary, leaving 25 components (400 items) and their 33 facets for interpretation. Hence, in demonstrating the utility of the newly-derived structure, only 25 components and their 33 facets were interpreted. The 25 components were grouped conceptually into six domains. In the emotional domain were Psychological Distress (PsyDist), Anger, Fears, Psychotic Symptoms (PsyS), Paranoia (Par), Irritability (Irrit), Elation (Elat), Fear of the Dark (FD), and Financial Worry (FinWo). Somatic Complaints (SomC), Sexual Concerns (SexCon), and Gastrointestinal Problems (GasP) made up the measures in the physiological domain. In the behavioural domain were Cognitive Difficulties (CogDiff), Stimulus-Seeking (StimuS), Discipline (Dis), and Delinquency (Del) whilst the interpersonal domain was formed by Social Withdrawal (SoW), Negative Interpersonal Attitude (NIA), Timidity (Tim), Lie, Dissatisfaction with Self (DWS) and Family Relationship Difficulties (FReD). Alcoholism (Alco) was the only measure in the substance abuse domain, and the gender domain was comprised of Masculinity (Mas) and Femininity (Fem). The third study established preliminary normative means and standard deviations using a small opportunistic Australian university student sample (N = 219). No substantial gender differences were found but gender norms were maintained to facilitate comparisons with the traditional MMPI-2 approach. Comparisons of frequency of 'true' item response between the Australian university student sample and the U.S. restandardisation sample found relatively little differences and permitted evaluation of between sample differences on components and facets. The utility of the structure was demonstrated with the illustration of two clinical case examples, and a comparison was made with the standard MMPI-2 scales and subscales. The Structural Summary for the MMPI-2 demonstrated discriminative measures of psychosocial functioning that were a result of no item overlap, and the ability to attend to the different levels of intensity of self-report items because of differential weightings.