(in English): The focus of this thesis is on the narrative strategies of Mario Vargas Llosa in two selected novels: Aunt Julia and the Scriptwriter (Tía Julia y el escribidor, 1977) and Captain Pantoja and the Special Service (Pantaleón y las visitadoras, 1973). Selection of the books is based on the richness of their formal techniques. In the analysis, the most important aspect is the narrator, the composition of the work and the structural schemes used by the author in his narrative strategy. The stylistic experiments and variations of language based on the type of speaker and genre are also part of the analysis. Vargas Llosa works very well with a wide range of narrative means, trying to capture the inexhaustible diversity of reality and reflect it in the structure of his works. Vargas Llosa's books draw reader's attention to the form, forcing them to reflect and to constantly re- evaluate their interpretation of the text. Construction of the novels is complicated and well elaborated. The reader must be active. The aspect that distinguish Mario Vargas Llosa's work from the rest is the abundant range of narrative techniques and the high level of rationality. Mario Vargas Llosa uses very innovative methods, he experiments with form and the structure of the work. The goal of this thesis is not a...

International climate mitigation agendas increasingly focus on the conservation of tropical forests such as the Amazon due to their high potential of sequestering large amounts of carbon. At the same time, Peru’s Amazonian frontier is increasingly subject to market pressures and other factors contributing to deforestation and the expansion of the agricultural frontier. In the face of these processes, the perspectives of local people and indigenous communities are often rendered invisible. Therefore, it becomes increasingly relevant to align goals of forest conservation with strategies to not compromise livelihood needs for rural populations. This thesis explores unheard perspectives of local people and the corresponding struggles to make a life in the Peruvian Amazon. More concrete, it is a case study on livelihoods in the indigenous community Naranjal in San Martín, one of the upper eastern jungle regions of Peru. Through using the conceptual lens of the ‘Extended Livelihood Framework’ and theories rooted in political ecology, the different livelihood activities are analysed both on the village and household level as well as in relation to wider political trends influencing these. Methodologically, qualitative PRA tools such as semi-structured interviews with households and key informants were used. The Findings demonstrate household complexity and livelihood diversity in which tensions between the different activities followed by villagers arise. The contested institutional landscape around Naranjal forms part of this puzzle. A crucial concern is the access to livelihood resources such as old-growth forests and farming land. These are in turn influenced by external ecological and demographic changes as well as political interests by the Peruvian state. Access mechanisms such as social networks and social identity in terms of indigeneity as well as farmer’s local knowledge on ecologies were highlighted, among others. It is argued that political and development actors should consider features of these mechanisms and livelihoods found in Naranjal, as they hold potential to contribute to a more sustainable future for indigenous communities in rural Amazonia. Equally, more collaboration among different development interventions should be aspired to build on synergies and head towards an integrative development approach which includes and considers villager’s own concerns and perspectives.

El distrito de Rímac es considerado por la UNESCO como Patrimonio Cultural de la Humanidad desde 1991, debido a su alta contribución con la identidad peruana y la tradición que se mantiene por sus calles en cuanto a su arquitectura. A pesar de esto, no se le da la importancia debida ya que las calles se encuentran en abandono. Ante esta problemática, este estudio contribuirá a darle una solución mediante actividades culturales y sociales, que integren la zona que actualmente no cuenta con espacios públicos. El diseño arquitectónico peruano de centros culturales no ha evolucionado acorde a las tendencias globales, es por eso que se analizarán la evolución tipológica y de énfasis proyectos, con lo cual se logrará obtener un listado de ambientes preliminar. Se considerará el énfasis en el reciclaje industrial, lo cual se viene haciendo desde siglo XIX, por ejemplo, en Europa. Se analizarán el público objetivo, así como las características de cada uno de los usuarios, lo cual permitirá conocer al mismo cuantitativa y cualitativamente. Luego, se harán esquemas donde se muestre la correlación entre los usuarios y los ambientes del centro; así como la elección del terreno, donde se detallarán los criterios de selección y se elegirá al mejor. Finalmente, se analizará el terreno elegido a detalle y se procederá a crear criterios de diseño que serán los principios básicos en cuanto a énfasis y tipología para diseñar el Centro Cultural de Rímac con énfasis en reciclaje industrial. Se espera que este proyecto ayude de herramienta a que los diseñadores y todos los involucrados a la identidad peruana. / The district of Rimac is considered by UNESCO as Cultural Heritage of Humanity since 1991, due to its high contribution to Peruvian identity and the tradition that is maintained by its streets in terms of its architecture. Despite this, it is not given due importance since the streets are abandoned. Given this problem, this study will help to provide a solution through cultural and social activities that integrate the area that currently does not have public spaces. The Peruvian architectural design of cultural centers has not evolved according to global trends, which is why the typological evolution and emphasis projects will be analyzed, with which a preliminary list of environments will be obtained. The emphasis on industrial recycling will be considered, which has been going on since the 19th century, for example, in Europe. The target audience will be analyzed, as well as the characteristics of each of the users, which will allow them to know the same quantitatively and qualitatively. Then, schemes will be made showing the correlation between users and the center's environments; as well as the choice of the land, where the selection criteria will be detailed and the best one will be chosen. Finally, the terrain chosen in detail will be analyzed and design criteria will be created that will be the basic principles in terms of emphasis and typology to design the Rimac Cultural Center with an emphasis on industrial recycling. This project is expected to help the designers and everyone involved in the Peruvian identity as a tool. / Tesis

La visión de espectadores y cineastas, por igual, en el contexto de la falta de ciencia ficción como género cinematográfico en el Perú, y las teorías detrás de los intereses cinematográficos de los cineastas latinoamericanos. El presente texto tocará una visión analítica de la problemática de producción en el Perú para un género tan universal como lo es la ciencia ficción, a su vez revisará consecutivamente los pormenores del porvenir contextual de la ciencia ficción como género en el mundo, criterios estilísticos de la misma, definiciones, y consideraciones temáticas, adentrándonos en la historia anecdótica de la ciencia ficción, en Latinoamérica también. Por último, la investigación reciclará estos conceptos y reflexiones, y permitirá esclarecer algunos patrones en la historia nacional de las producciones de este tipo. / The vision of viewers and filmmakers, alike, in the context of the lack of science fiction as a film genre in Peru, and the theories behind Latin American filmmaker cinematographic interests. This text will consecutively provide a greater understanding of science fiction as a cinematographic gender in Peru. It will explain the details of Peruvian science fiction production within the last three decades. My work will explore several characteristics and definitions regarding the true “meaning” of science fiction (and its global conceptions). It will conclude with a few thoughts that will put some light on the matter by discovering the causes and effects of the phenomenon. / Trabajo de investigación

This study deals with Francisco G. Penzotti, a Bible colporteur and church planter, opening in 1888 in Peru a branch of the American Bible Society. But the Peruvian con-stitution prohibited any public, non-Catholic religious activities. The country's situation for decades had been confrontation between clerical conserva-tism and progressive liberal forces, thus dividing Peruvian society. Penzotti became a catalyst in this confrontation at a time of critical importance, thus revealing the frailty of the Roman Catholicism as an integrating force in this society. He becomes a "human interface" in the struggle for tolerance and freedom of worship, involving the participa-tion of important sectors of Peruvian society. This paper describes the historical background and Protestant activities prior to Pen-zotti, then his work and person. A missiological summary interprets Penzottis success, acting as a human link between two distinct eras and clearing the way for a future of tolerance and religious freedom in Peru. / Christian Spirituality, Church History and Missiology / M. Th. (Missiology)

En este trabajo se analizan las representaciónes de dos categorías sociales, las mujeres y los indígenas en dos novelas latinoamericanas cuyas tramas acontecen en la primera mitad del siglo XX en Perú y México, respectivamente: La casa verde (1965) del escritor peruano Mario Vargas Llosa y Oficio de tinieblas (1962) de la escritora mexicana Rosario Castellanos. Nos proponemos analizar cómo diferentes formas de discriminación (referidas a clase social, género sexual y etnicidad) se entrecruzan en las novelas. Para ello vamos a realizar un análisis cuantitativo y cualitativo de una selección de diálogos de ambas novelas. Para llevar a cabo el análisis cuantitativo vamos a valernos del test de Bechdel. Mediante el cual podremos comprobar si hay una escasa cantidad de diálogos entre mujeres e indígenas en comparación con otros grupos sociales, lo cual nos permitirá visualizar posibles desigualdades en las representaciones de ambos grupos sociales en las novelas. En nuestra parte cualitativa, a través de un análisis crítico del discurso y utilizando una perspectiva interseccional, analizamos los diálogos directos en los que se habla sobre estos dos grupos sociales, las mujeres y los indígenas, para poder estudiar su representación en las novelas y para ver si encontramos elementos que puedan considerarse discriminatorios con respecto a estos grupos sociales. Finalmente, se compara el resultado cuantitativo con el resultado cualitativo para así poder también probar la conveniencia del test de Bechdel para analizar desigualdades en los medios de ficción. / The aim of this paper is to analyse the representation of two social categories, women and natives, in two Latin American novels, whose plot takes place in the first half of the twentieth century in Peru and Mexico, respectively: The green house/La casa verde (1965) by Peruvian author Mario Vargas Llosa and The book of lamentation/Oficio de tinieblas (1962) by Mexican author Rosario Castellanos. In this study, we will analyse how different forms of discrimination (regarding social class, gender and ethnicity) intersect in both novels. We will use a quantitative and qualitative analysis of selected dialogues of both novels. To perform the quantitative analysis, we will make use of the Bechdeltest. Through this test we can study a small amount of dialogues between women and natives compared to other social groups, allowing us to visualize possible inequalities in the representation of both social groups in the novels. In our qualitative part we will study the dialogues in which the interlocutors talk about these two social groups, women and natives, to interpret their representation in the novels and to find out if there are elements that may be considered discriminatory with respect to these social groups, through a critical discourse analysis and an intersectional perspective. Finally, the quantitative result is compared with the qualitative results so that we can test the suitability of Bechdel test to analyse inequalities in the media fiction.

Pendant la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle, Lima était une ville en train de se moderniser grâce à la richesse du guano. Dans les années 1870 émerge un groupe de femmes de lettres qui s'appuient sur la presse et les institutions littéraires. Elles trouvent des espaces ouverts à leur expression artistique et à leurs idées comme les Veladas Literarias. Après la Guerre du Pacifique (1879-1883), après l'occupation de la ville de Lima par l'armée chilienne, quelques intellectuels ont évolué vers une écriture plus critique de la société. Mercedes Cabello de Carbonera (1842-1909) est la première romancière au Pérou avec une production très importante. Elle construit ses romans à partir d'un regard sociologique sur la condition de la femme, car elle croit que de cela dépend la transformation morale de la société, et par conséquent le progrès.Nous développons notre recherche en trois parties. Dans la première, nous nous occupons du contexte politique, social et culturel et de l'éducation en particulier des femmes de lettres comme Cabello. Dans la deuxième partie, nous analysons les articles et les six romans de Cabello divisés en trois périodes (les romans traditionnels, les romans de la réécriture et les romans de la transgression) ; finalement, dans la dernière partie, nous établissons une comparaison avec d'autres femmes de lettres de l'époque : Soledad Acosta, Colombienne, et Emilia Pardo Bazán, pour distinguer la singularité du réalisme péruvien, et la représentation de la femme, par rapport à la production littéraire d'autres pays hispanophones. / During the second half of the 19th century, Lima was a city in the process of modernization thanks to the wealth proved from the exploitation of the guano. In this context, in the 1870's, emerges a group of women of letters, supported by the press and the principal literary institutions. They find receptive spaces to their ideas and artistic expressions as the Veladas Literarias. Nevertheless, after the War of the Pacific (1879-1883) and especially after the occupation of Lima city by the Chilean army, some intellectuals changed their literary proposal toward one more critical of the society. Among them, one of the most prolific and important was Mercedes Cabello de Carbonera (1842-1909). She constructed her novels with a sociological concern to the condition of women because she believes that they are responsible for the moral transformation of the society and, therefore, its own progress.This dissertation is structured in three parts. The first deals with the political, social and cultural context in which the women of Lima were formed, especially the women of letters such as Cabello. The second part will examine six novels and several articles by the author. With this purpose we have subdivided her work in three parts (traditional novels, novels of the rewriting and novels of the transgression). Finally, we have made a comparison with two contemporaneous female writers of the same period, Soledad Acosta de Samper (Colombian novel) and Emilia Pardo Bazán (Spanish novel), to attempt to distinguish the singularity of Peruvian realism and the representation of women in relation to the literary production of other Spanish-speaking countries.

La gestió de la relació amb el client (CRM) és el procés en què es creen relacions amb els clients i altres actors al llarg de les seves vides. Així, a la base d'aquest procés hi ha el concepte de CLV, conegut com el valor del cicle de vida del client (customer lifetime value), que permet calcular tant el valor net del client com la seva rendibilitat per a l'empresa. Aquesta tesi destaca el fet que el màrqueting teòric ha desenvolupat diferents camps d'aplicació per afrontar el procés de CRM. Un d'aquests, que cada vegada és més important, és la gestió de la relació amb el canal de distribució. Aquesta tesi és un intent per cobrir el buit que hi ha en la recerca de màrqueting sobre aquest tema i esbrinar el veritable paper del CLV en un context concret d'aplicació: les empreses de consum de masses de Lima i els seus distribuïdors. Aquest camp resta gairebé inexplorat i ha estat poc investigat, malgrat que el procés de CMR en el mercat de masses i la relació amb els distribuïdors constitueixen importants camps d'aplicació per al CLV. A partir de l'anàlisi de casos de tres diferents empreses peruanes, mitjançant entrevistes i observacions realitzades al seu personal, aquesta tesi investiga l'aplicació del CLV com a concepte clau i com a eina de mesurament en els processos de gestió de la relació (CRM) amb els seus canals de distribució o intermediaris. L'estudi s'ha dut a terme al Perú perquè aquest país té unes característiques similars als altres països llatinoamericans i la regió gairebé no disposa de cap recerca en CMR. Per això, aquest treball espera proporcionar informació significativa sobre l'aplicació del concepte dogmàtic de CMR. La tesi argüeix que, malgrat que l'evolució cap a una aproximació relacional del màrqueting s'ha estès, la pràctica encara difereix de la teoria en molts mercats, com s'ha observat a les tres empreses estudiades. Per aquest motiu, aquest treball de recerca pot constituir un punt de partida per a investigacions més profundes en la matèria. / La gestión de la relación con el cliente (CRM) es el proceso en el que se crean relaciones con los clientes y otros actores a lo largo de sus vidas. Así, en la base de ese proceso se encuentra el concepto del CLV, conocido como valor de ciclo de vida del cliente (customer lifetime value), que permite calcular tanto el valor neto del cliente y su rentabilidad para la empresa. Esta tesis pone resalta el hecho de que el marketing teórico ha desarrollado diferentes campos de aplicación para encarar el proceso de CRM. Una de estas, y cada vez más importante, es la gestión de relación con el canal de distribución. Además, puesto que este tema constituye un vacío en la investigación de marketing, esta tesis constituye un intento para reducirlo y averiguar el verdadero papel del CLV en un contexto particular de aplicación: las empresas de consumo masivo de Lima y sus distribuidores. Este campo permanece casi inexplorado y cuenta con escasa investigación a pesar de que el proceso de CMR en el mercado masivo y la relación con los distribuidores constituyen importantes campos de aplicación para el CLV. Mediante el análisis de casos de tres diferentes empresas peruanas, mediante entrevistas y observaciones realizadas al personal de las mismas, esta tesis investiga la aplicación del CLV como concepto clave y como herramienta de medición en los procesos de gestión de la relación (CRM) con sus canales de distribución o intermediarios. Este estudio se llevó a cabo en Perú porque este país comparte características similares con el resto de países latinoamericanos y esta región casi no cuenta con investigación en CMR. Por ello este trabajo espera brindar información significativa sobre la aplicación del concepto dogmatico de CMR. Esta tesis arguye que a pesar de que la evolución hacia una aproximación relacional del marketing se ha extendido, todavía la práctica difiere de la teoría en muchos mercados, como se ha observado en las tres compañías estudiadas, por tal razón el presente trabajo de investigación puede constituir un punto de partida para investigaciones más profundas al respecto. / The customer relationship management (CRM) is the process where relationships with customers and other actors are created throughout their lifecycle. Therefore, in the very foundations of this process is CLV, a key concept known as well as customer lifetime value, that allows estimating not only the customer net value over a long period of time , but also his profitability for the company. This dissertation remarks the fact that theoretical Marketing has developed different fields of application to face the complex process of CRM. One of them, in increasing importance, is the CRM with the distribution channel. Since this issue means a gap in marketing research, this dissertation constitutes an attempt to reduce it and find out the very role of CLV when CRM takes place in a particular context of application: massive consume companies from Lima and their distributors. This field is almost unexplored and has little research despite the fact that CRM process in the massive market and the relationship with distributors constitute important fields of application for the CLV. Through an analysis of three cases of different Peruvian companies, by interviewing their staff, this dissertation investigates the application of CLV as a key concept and as a measuring tool for CRM process with the distribution channel or intermediaries. This study took place in Peru because this country has similar characteristics with the rest of Latin American countries and this region has almost no research in CRM process. That is why this dissertation expects to add significant information about the application of the dogmatic concept of CRM. This dissertation argues that despite the fact that an evolutional shift to a Marketing relationship approach is extended around the world, theory and practice still differs each other in a number of markets, as it is observed in the companies selected to this research. Thus this study could be the starting point of more and deeper research about it.

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This study deals with Francisco G. Penzotti, a Bible colporteur and church planter, opening in 1888 in Peru a branch of the American Bible Society. But the Peruvian con-stitution prohibited any public, non-Catholic religious activities. The country's situation for decades had been confrontation between clerical conserva-tism and progressive liberal forces, thus dividing Peruvian society. Penzotti became a catalyst in this confrontation at a time of critical importance, thus revealing the frailty of the Roman Catholicism as an integrating force in this society. He becomes a "human interface" in the struggle for tolerance and freedom of worship, involving the participa-tion of important sectors of Peruvian society. This paper describes the historical background and Protestant activities prior to Pen-zotti, then his work and person. A missiological summary interprets Penzottis success, acting as a human link between two distinct eras and clearing the way for a future of tolerance and religious freedom in Peru. / Christian Spirituality, Church History and Missiology / M. Th. (Missiology)