Σκοπός της παρούσας μελέτης ήταν να εξετάσει τις στρατηγικές μάθησης της ανάγνωσης και της ορθογραφημένης γραφής, τις οποίες εφαρμόζουν οι Έλληνες μαθητές που φοιτούν στις πρώτες τάξεις του δημοτικού σχολείου και το κατά πόσο αυτές είναι σύμφωνες με το μοντέλο της διττής θεμελίωσης της ανάγνωσης που έχει προταθεί για τη μάθηση της ανάγνωσης στην αγγλική γλώσσα. Η συγκεκριμένη έρευνα εντάσσεται στο πλαίσιο μια ευρύτερης διευρωπαϊκής προσπάθειας (LiteracyAcquisitioninEuropeanOrthographies) για τη διερεύνηση της μάθησης της ανάγνωσης σε διαφορετικά ορθογραφικά συστήματα γραφής. Συγκεκριμένα, στην παρούσα εργασία επιχειρήθηκε να διερευνηθεί διαχρονικά η μάθηση της ανάγνωσης και της ορθογραφημένης γραφής των μαθητών. Για το λόγο αυτό η έρευνα κινήθηκε σε δύο άξονες. Ο πρώτος αφορούσε τη μελέτη της ανάπτυξης των αναγνωστικών και ορθογραφικών δεξιοτήτων 50 μαθητών της Α΄ τάξης, οι οποίοι εξετάσθηκαν σε τέσσερις διαφορετικές χρονικές στιγμές κατά τη διάρκεια της φοίτησής τους στην Α΄ Δημοτικού. Στο δεύτερο άξονα της μελέτης αξιολογήθηκε η αναγνωστική και ορθογραφική ανάπτυξη 100 μαθητών της Α΄, Β΄, Γ΄και Δ΄ τάξης του δημοτικού σχολείου. Η αναγνωστική επίδοση των μαθητών αξιολογήθηκε με βάση το χρόνο και την ακρίβεια ανάγνωσης λέξεων και ψευδολέξεων, ενώ συνυπολογίστηκαν μεταβλητές όπως η ορθογραφική συνέπεια, το μήκος, η συλλαβική δομή, η συχνότητα κ.α. Επιπλέον, η μελέτη περιελάμβανε και την αξιολόγηση μεταβλητών ελέγχου, το επίπεδο γλωσσικής επίγνωσης, τη νοημοσύνη, τη μνήμη κ.α. Με βάση την ανάλυση των δεδομένων προέκυψαν τα ακόλουθα συμπεράσματα: (1) οι μαθητές φαίνεται να κατακτούν γρήγορα και με σχετική ευκολία το στάδιο της θεμελιακής ανάγνωσης, (2) η ταχεία μάθηση των γραμμάτων, η γρήγορη ανάπτυξη των δεξιοτήτων φωνολογικής επίγνωσης και η ακολουθούμενη μέθοδος διδασκαλίας προωθούν την υιοθέτηση της αλφαβητικής στρατηγικής στην ανάγνωση κατά τα πρώτα στάδια, (3) δεν αποδεικνύεται η ύπαρξη του λογογραφικού σταδίου της ανάγνωσης στην ελληνική γλώσσα, (4) αντίθετα τα δεδομένα φαίνεται ότι επιβεβαιώνουν την ύπαρξη της ορθογραφικής στρατηγικής ανάγνωσης, (5) στο τέλος της Α΄ τάξης υπάρχουν ενδείξεις ότι οι Έλληνες μαθητές βρίσκονται στο στάδιο της μορφογραφικής ανάγνωσης, (6) η βασική μονάδα αποκωδικοποίησης στην ανάγνωση φαίνεται ότι είναι η συλλαβή, (7) προς το τέλος της Α΄ τάξης οι μαθητές χρησιμοποιούν μια πιο ολική στρατηγική ανάγνωσης, η οποία δε φαίνεται να επηρεάζεται από τη δομή της συλλαβής ή τις ορθογραφικές συμβάσεις τις γλώσσας, (8) η θέση της εξαιρέσιμης συλλαβής αποτελεί παράγοντα που επιδρά τόσο στο χρόνο ανάγνωσης όσο και στο ποσοστό αναγνωστικής επιτυχίας και, (9) η απόδοση των μαθητών στην άσκηση της ταχείας κατονομασίας είναι δυνατό να προβλέψει τη μεταγενέστερη αναγνωστική επίδοση έως την τετάρτη τάξη του δημοτικού σχολείου. / The aim of this study was to examine the learning strategies of reading and spelling that Greek primary school children apply. Moreover, it is evaluated whether these strategies are compatible with the dual foundation model of reading development that has been proposed for learning to read in the English language. This study is part of a wider cross-european project (Literacy Acquisition in European Orthographies) that focuses on the investigation of learning to read in different orthographic writing systems. More specifically, the present thesis attempted to investigate reading development over time and for that reason a two-axis design was adopted. The first axis focused on the reading and spelling development of 50 children attending primary 1, who were evaluated in four different testing points throughout the year. The second axis assessed the reading and orthographic growth of 100 students of grades A΄, B΄, C and D΄. Reading achievement was evaluated on the basis of word and nonword reading fluency and accuracy, while variables as orthographic consistency, item length, syllabic structure, frequency etc were taken into account. Furthermore, this study included the evaluation of testing variables such as the level of phonological awareness, intelligence, working memory as well as control processes. Data analysis revealed the following conclusions: (1) children quite quickly and relatively easy acquire the foundation level of reading development, (2) the rapid acquisition of letter knowledge, the phonological awareness skills, as well as the standard reaching approach induce the development of the alphabetic process in the early stages of reading acquisition, (3) evidence acquired from data analysis does not support the existence of a logographic phase in reading development in the Greek language, (4) on the contrary, data analysis confirms the existence of an orthographic reading phase, (5) at the end of primary 1, children’s reading strategies appear compatible with the development of the morphographic phase of reading, (6) syllable seems to be the basic linguistic unit used in decoding, (7) towards the end of Primary 1 children tend to use a more holistic strategy in reading, which is not affected by either the syllabic structure or the orthographic conventions of the Greek language, (8) a position-of-irregularity effect can be detected on both reading speed and accuracy and, last but not least, (9) performance on rapid naming task may predict later reading performance through fourth grade.

Detta är en kvalitativ studie med syftet att undersöka lärares uppfattningar om lässvårigheter i grundskolans tidigare år. Vidare syftar studien även till att undersöka hur lärare stödjer eleverna utifrån deras behov samt vilka tillvägagångssätt de använder sig av för att upptäcka lässvårigheter i tid. För att utföra studien har en kvalitativ intervju genomförts med sju verksamma lärare, varav en av dem är verksam i förskoleklass. Resultatet tyder på att det finns många faktorer som påverkar elevers lässvårigheter. Det kan bero på att elever inte har en fonologisk medvetenhet, saknar god ordavkodning eller saknar inre eller yttre motivation. Fortsättningsvis kan det även bero på att någon form av diagnos, så som dyslexi, påverkar elevens läsförmåga. En viktig faktor som tas upp i studien är att elevers problem med läsning aldrig ser likadana ut.  Alla behov ser olika ut och det är lärarens uppgift att hitta en lösning och kunna stödja elevernas fortsatta väg mot inlärning. Slutligen har ytterligare en viktig faktor framkommit av studien, nämligen att en lärare aldrig skall kunna bli överraskad över att en elev visar sig ha lässvårigheter. Det är snarare något de redan skall ha jobbat med för att upptäcka svårigheterna så tidigt som möjligt i undervisningen. / This is a qualitative study with the purpose of examining teachers’ perceptions of reading difficulties in elementary school. Furthermore, the purpose is to examine how teachers support their students based on their needs, as well as what different approaches they use to detect reading difficulties. To examine this, qualitative interviews have been performed with seven active teachers, one of them being active in elementary school. The result that emerged from the study is that there are many factors that affect students with reading difficulties. It can depend on the students not having a phonological awareness, lack of decent word decoding and/or lack of intrinsic or extrinsic motivations. Additionally, it can depend on a diagnosis, such as dyslexia, being involved. An important factor that is brought up in the study is that problems with students’ reading never look the same. Everyone’s needs are different, and it is the teachers’ duty to find a solution and support the students in their continued process of learning. Finally, another factor that has emerged through this study is the fact that a student’s reading difficulties should never come as a surprise as it ought to be the teachers aim to discover reading difficulties as early as possible.

This paper reflects on the conceptual issues regarding the notion of phonological awareness as a prerequisite for the acquisition of written language and the concepts of phoneme and sound. Despite repeatedly being used by researches in the areas of language pathology, the terms phoneme and sound have constantly been regarded as two equal entities, which implies in theoretical and methodological consequences in the research in these fields. The appropriation of these terms from Linguistics, in the phonological awareness researches was discussed in this dissertation based on the theoretical constructs of Structural Linguistics, especially those prepared by the precursors of the area of Phonology, as Trubetzkoy and Jakobson, and the American linguist Edward Sapir. Their reflections served as a conceptual support to confront the "appropriation" of the terms from Linguistics and the theoretical commitment maintained by the areas of language disorders with their original concepts. This work originated from theoretical reflections on the data from an experiment conducted with deaf and hearing children, students from 1st to 3rd grade of elementary school, whose aim was to evaluate the phonological awareness based on a copy activity of monosyllabic and trisyllabic words and pseudo-words. The initial concepts that guided the study, as well as the point of view of theories about phonological awareness and its assumption as a pre-requisite for the acquisition of an alphabetic written language, were confronted with the support of the Linguistics. / Este trabalho tece considerações sobre questões conceituais no que diz respeito à noção de consciência fonológica como pré-requisito para a aquisição de escrita e aos conceitos de fonema e som. Apesar de diversas vezes serem utilizados pelas pesquisas nas áreas de estudo das patologias de linguagem, os termos fonema e som têm, constantemente, sido considerados como duas entidades iguais, o que implica consequências teóricas e metodológicas nos trabalhos destes campos de estudo. A apropriação desses termos provindos da Linguística nas pesquisas sobre consciência fonológica foi discutida nesta dissertação com base nos construtos teóricos da Linguística Estruturalista, principalmente aqueles elaborados pelos precursores da área da Fonologia, como Trubetzkoy e Jakobson, e pelo estruturalista americano Edward Sapir. Suas reflexões conceituais serviram de apoio para confrontar o empréstimo dos termos da Linguística bem como o compromisso teórico mantido pelas áreas das patologias de linguagem com seus conceitos originais. Este trabalho originou-se a partir das reflexões teóricas sobre os dados de um experimento realizado com crianças surdas e ouvintes, alunas de 1ª a 3ª série do Ensino Fundamental, cujo objetivo foi avaliar a consciência fonológica com base em uma atividade de cópia de palavras e pseudopalavras monossílabas e trissílabas. Foram confrontados com apoio da Linguística os conceitos de partida que nortearam o estudo, o ponto de vista das teorizações sobre a consciência fonológica e a sua consideração como um pré-requisito para aquisição de escrita de uma língua alfabética.

ARAUJO, Maria das Doris Moreira de. O ensino-aprendizagem da consciência fonológica em materiais didáticos de educação infantil e de séries iniciais do ensino fundamental. 2014. 151f. – Dissertação (Mestrado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departamento de Letras Vernáculas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Linguística, Fortaleza (CE), 2014. / Submitted by Márcia Araújo (marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2014-10-20T13:22:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_dis_mdmaraujo.pdf: 8646239 bytes, checksum: d33c25cce39af20934db8e49902fa982 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Márcia Araújo(marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2014-10-20T15:45:31Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_dis_mdmaraujo.pdf: 8646239 bytes, checksum: d33c25cce39af20934db8e49902fa982 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-20T15:45:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_dis_mdmaraujo.pdf: 8646239 bytes, checksum: d33c25cce39af20934db8e49902fa982 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / This study has as objective investigate how the pedagogic materials of the first school years work out the phonological awareness. As theoretical support, we report to the contribution of Barrera (2003), Guimarães (1995) and Bradley and Bryant (1985), who stands up for phonological awareness as a kind of metalinguistic ability necessary for the learning of reading and writing. We have followed the theoretical principles of Morais (2012), Capovilla et al (2007), Adams et al (2006), Cielo (2001) and (1996), arguing that the phonological awareness is manifested by the child capacity of reflecting upon linguistic structures and the capacity of segmenting them in minimum units. Thus, sentences are formed of words, words are formed of sounds sequences, and phonemes are blended with graphemes. Such presuppositions constitute the initial part of this work. Taking that into consideration, we have presented some graphic and phonological principals which require the development of this ability, according to Faraco (2005) and Silva (1993); then, we have discussed the role of pedagogic materials as mediators of the teaching-learning process. Finally, we have conducted a documental research with seven pedagogic materials from the Child Education IV to the 3rd Grade of Elementary School, adopted by county public schools of Sobral, Ceará. The analysis allowed us notice that the pedagogic materials have a great contribution in the development of phonological awareness. Since the Child Education IV, the child is exposed to metaphonological activities related to the identification of words’ initial sounds. In terms of linguistic knowledge, all the activities of this school stage follow this pattern, alongside with others that work out the idea of symbol, visual perception, and motor coordination. The metaphonological activities of recognition of words’ initial sounds are extended to the Child Education IV with other types, such as identification of rhymes and letters for completing words. In the 1rst Grade, almost all the activities proposed by the materials are metaphonological, since this school year is addressed to the learning of reading and writing accord to the guidelines of MEC. The 2nd and 3rd Grades’ materials also present a significant amount of metaphonological activities. Despite embracing a substantial number of metaphonological activities, we have noticed the absence of concepts and examples regarding the contents studied in order to guide the teachers and the children during the activities accomplishment. / Este estudo tem por objetivo investigar como os materiais didáticos dos primeiros anos escolares trabalham a consciência fonológica. Como suporte teórico, contamos com a contribuição de Barrera (2003), Guimarães (1995) e Bradley e Bryant (1985), que defendem consciência fonológica como um tipo de habilidade metalinguística necessária para a aprendizagem da leitura e da escrita. Seguimos os princípios teóricos de Morais (2012), Capovilla et al (2007), Adams et al (2006), Cielo (2001 e 1996) defendendo que a consciência fonológica se manifesta pela capacidade de a criança refletir sobre as estruturas linguísticas e pela capacidade de segmentá-las em unidades mínimas. Assim, frases são formadas por palavras, palavras são formadas por sequências de sons, e fonemas estão unidos a grafemas. Tais pressupostos constituem a parte inicial do trabalho. Partindo disso, apresentamos alguns princípios gráficos e fonológicos que implicam o desenvolvimento desta habilidade, na perspectiva de Faraco (2005) e Silva (1993); depois, discutimos o papel dos materiais didáticos como mediadores do processo de ensino-aprendizagem. Por fim, apresentamos a análise. Para esta parte do nosso estudo, realizamos uma pesquisa documental com sete materiais didáticos do Infantil IV ao 3º ano do ensino fundamental, adotados atualmente nas escolas públicas municipais de Sobral, Ceará. A análise permitiu-nos constatar que os materiais didáticos têm uma grande contribuição no desenvolvimento da consciência fonológica. Desde o Infantil IV, são propostas para a criança atividades metafonológicas, relacionadas à identificação de sons iniciais das palavras. Em termos de conhecimento linguístico, todas as atividades desta etapa escolar são desta natureza e dividem espaço com outras que trabalham a ideia de símbolo, percepção visual e desenvolvimento da coordenação motora. As atividades metafonológicas de reconhecimento de sons iniciais de palavras se estendem ao Infantil V com outros tipos, como identificação de rimas e de letras para completar palavras. No 1º ano, quase todas as atividades presentes no material são metafonológicas, pois este ano escolar, segundo os parâmetros de avaliação do MEC, é específico para a aprendizagem da leitura e da escrita. Os materiais do 2º e 3º ano também apresentam um número significativo de atividades metafonológicas. Apesar de estes materiais contemplarem um número significativo de atividades metafonológicas, percebemos a ausência de conceitos e exemplos sobre os conteúdos trabalhados, que orientem os professores e as crianças na realização das atividades.

The aim of this thesis is to research the influence of phonological and morphological awareness on reading of primary school children (second to fifth grade). Until recently, the research of morphological influence on reading had received little attention by researchers and educators. The thesis is divided into two parts ? the theoretical and practical part. The theoretical part is concern with the characteristic of dependent variables (reading speed, reading comprehension) and independent variables (phonological and morphological awareness). It also sheds light on reading literacy. The practical part is concern with the research of these effects. There have been set up the targets and hypotheses and characterized the sample of examined children. It has been also described the testing methods themselves, which had been used, as well as the procedure at the tests assignment. Especially the research results and their interpretation were introduced in the thesis.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:24:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-10-04Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:11:50Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 andrade_ovca_me_mar.pdf: 1246872 bytes, checksum: 9e939f60a328df57b62f8791a8645295 (MD5) / A dislexia do desenvolvimento não é ambiental, mas sim uma desordem neurológica de origem genética que afeta em países desenvolvidos 8-10% das crianças que, à despeito de uma inteligência normal e oportunidades adequadas, apresentam uma inesperada dificuldade de aquisição da leitura-escrita. Prejuízos no processamento fonológico, incluindo a consciência fonológica (refletir sobre os sons das palavras tais como rimas, aliterações e fonemas), a memória verbal de curto-prazo e a nomeação rápida, dificultam as conversões letra-som e representam os principais fatores de risco para a dislexia. No Brasil grande parte dos alunos encaminhados a atendimento especializado não apresenta realmente qualquer distúrbio, fato que sobrecarrega o sistema público alcunhado de “síndrome do encaminhamento”. Este problema é causado principalmente porque o sistema educacional brasileiro e as concepções pedagógicas predominantes não enfatizam (até mesmo inibem) as relações grafo-fonológicas na alfabetização, nem a formação qualificada dos educadores sobre os diferentes transtornos de aprendizagem e suas manifestações. A conjunção desses dois fatores culmina numa quase ausência de critérios bem definidos e instrumentos pedagógicos de rastreamento dos fatores de risco para as dificuldades de leitura que orientem a adoção adequada dos encaminhamentos. Portanto, a presente pesquisa possui dois estudos. O Estudo 1 voltado para uma ampla revisão da literatura sobre a relação entre linguagem oral e escrita, os processos envolvidos na leitura-escrita e suas implicações para a alfabetização e para os transtornos de aprendizagem, objetivando proporcionar aos educadores uma visão científica e crítica da área e do debate em torno da escolha dos métodos de ensino da leitura-escrita. Concluímos que as evidências da psicolinguística experimental... / Dyslexia is not environmental, it is a neurodevelopmental condition with a genetic origin affecting 8-10% of children in developed countries who, despite normal intelligence and adequate opportunities have unexpected and severe difficulties in literacy acquisition. Dyslexia is causally associated with disruptions on phonological processing, namely, phonological awareness (the ability to consciously think upon structural features of spoken language such as onset-rime and phonemes), verbal working memory and rapid automatic naming, resulting in severe difficulties in establisghing letter-sound relations. In Brazil, many children are mistakenly labeled as having learning disabilities and improperly referred each year to specialized public services without actually presenting any problem, thus overloading the public system and making too many children left behind. This highly undesirable picture reflects the educator´s lack of a good theoretical and empirical knowledge on the different types and manifestations of learning disabilities (hence, their difficulties to differentiate between reading difficulties caused by environmental factors and dyslexia) as well as the almost absence of collective screening instruments that improve recognition of risk factors for reading difficulties early on literacy acquisition. All these problems rest in part on the fact that Brazilian educational system does not prioritize literacy methods that emphasize letter-to-sound correspondences neither the high-quality training for teachers and educators with respect to learning disabilities. Therefore, the present research addresses these two basic problems by being divided into two different but related studies. The first study constitutes a detailed review of the literature on the cognitive processes involved in reading and their implications for literacy acquisition, aiming to provide educators with a scientific... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:31:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-03-18Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:22:50Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 tosim_pf_dr_mar.pdf: 1031531 bytes, checksum: 282fbd989998b0a5ed115a7f4dd24b75 (MD5) / INTRODUÇÃO: As dificuldades escolares apresentadas por crianças podem ter várias causas e sofrer influência de diversos fatores, dentre os quais o transtorno do processamento auditivo (TPA). Frequentemente, os comportamentos sugestivos de TPA e dificuldades quanto às habilidades fonológicas estão associados a problemas de aprendizagem. Portanto, é de suma importância a avaliação das habilidades auditivas e fonológicas visando à realização de uma intervenção apropriada. OBJETIVOS: O objetivo principal deste estudo foi elaborar e aplicar um modelo de treinamento, o treinamento auditivo-fonológico, destinado a escolares com dificuldades de aprendizagem e comportamentos sugestivos de TPA, bem como verificar a sua eficácia. MÉTODOS: Participaram deste estudo 3 escolares do gênero feminino, com idade de 8 anos e 7 meses a 10 anos e 1 mês, de 2ª e 3ª séries do Ensino Fundamental, previamente selecionadas tendo em comum a participação na sala de reforço devido a dificuldades de aprendizagem. A pesquisa realizou-se em 3 etapas: a) etapa pré-treinamento, b) treinamento e c) pós-treinamento. No início do pré-treinamento, realizaram-se entrevista com os pais e entrevista com as professoras das escolares. Em seguida, foi feita a avaliação do processamento auditivo (PA) das participantes por meio da triagem do processamento auditivo teste de dissílabos alternados (SSW), teste Fala com Ruído, teste PSI e avaliação da consciência fonológica aplicando-se a Prova de Consciência Fonológica. O treinamento constituiu-se de 12 sessões individuais nas quais foram desenvolvidas atividades para estimular as habilidades auditivas e fonológicas. Sua frequência foi de duas vezes por semana, com duração aproximada de dois meses. Após o término do treinamento, fez-se a reavaliação das escolares com os mesmos procedimentos acima descritos. Os dados obtidos durante as... / Children's difficulties in school may have many causes and be influenced by various factors, among which auditory processing disorder (APD). The behaviors suggesting APD and disabilities in phonological skills are frequently associated with learning problems. Therefore, an evaluation of auditory and phonological skills is of utmost importance to determine an appropriate intervention. The main purpose of this study was to devise and apply a training model, the phonological auditory training, addressed to children who have learning difficulties and behaviors that characterize APD, as well as to assess its effectiveness. Three school-girls (ages between 8 years/7 months old and 10 years/1 month old) from the 2nd. and 3rd. grades of Primary Education were previously selected as they were attending reinforcement classes for students with learning difficulties. The investigation was carried out in 3 phases: a) pre-training, b) training and c) post-training. In the pre-training phase, an interview with the students’ parents and an interview with their teachers were initially conducted. Afterwards, the participants’ auditory processing was evaluated by means of screening tests, namely alternate dissyllable test (SSW), Speech- in-Noise test, PSI test and evaluation of phonological awareness using the Phonological Awareness Test. The training phase consisted of 12 individual sessions involving activities aimed to stimulate phonological and auditory skills. These sessions took place twice a week and lasted about three months. After the end of the training period, the participants were re-evaluated following the same procedures described above. The data obtained both during the training sessions and the evaluations of the participants’ performance before and after the training phase were analyzed quantitatively and comparatively. The results showed the three students had improved in auditory ...(Complete abstract click electronic address below)

Orientador: Tânia Moron Saes Braga / Banca: Andréa Lopes Cintra / Banca: Dágma Venturini Marques Abramides / Banca: Débora Deliberato / Banca: Simone Aparecida Capellini / Resumo: INTRODUÇÃO: As dificuldades escolares apresentadas por crianças podem ter várias causas e sofrer influência de diversos fatores, dentre os quais o transtorno do processamento auditivo (TPA). Frequentemente, os comportamentos sugestivos de TPA e dificuldades quanto às habilidades fonológicas estão associados a problemas de aprendizagem. Portanto, é de suma importância a avaliação das habilidades auditivas e fonológicas visando à realização de uma intervenção apropriada. OBJETIVOS: O objetivo principal deste estudo foi elaborar e aplicar um modelo de treinamento, o treinamento auditivo-fonológico, destinado a escolares com dificuldades de aprendizagem e comportamentos sugestivos de TPA, bem como verificar a sua eficácia. MÉTODOS: Participaram deste estudo 3 escolares do gênero feminino, com idade de 8 anos e 7 meses a 10 anos e 1 mês, de 2ª e 3ª séries do Ensino Fundamental, previamente selecionadas tendo em comum a participação na sala de reforço devido a dificuldades de aprendizagem. A pesquisa realizou-se em 3 etapas: a) etapa pré-treinamento, b) treinamento e c) pós-treinamento. No início do pré-treinamento, realizaram-se entrevista com os pais e entrevista com as professoras das escolares. Em seguida, foi feita a avaliação do processamento auditivo (PA) das participantes por meio da triagem do processamento auditivo teste de dissílabos alternados (SSW), teste Fala com Ruído, teste PSI e avaliação da consciência fonológica aplicando-se a Prova de Consciência Fonológica. O treinamento constituiu-se de 12 sessões individuais nas quais foram desenvolvidas atividades para estimular as habilidades auditivas e fonológicas. Sua frequência foi de duas vezes por semana, com duração aproximada de dois meses. Após o término do treinamento, fez-se a reavaliação das escolares com os mesmos procedimentos acima descritos. Os dados obtidos durante as ...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract:Children's difficulties in school may have many causes and be influenced by various factors, among which auditory processing disorder (APD). The behaviors suggesting APD and disabilities in phonological skills are frequently associated with learning problems. Therefore, an evaluation of auditory and phonological skills is of utmost importance to determine an appropriate intervention. The main purpose of this study was to devise and apply a training model, the phonological auditory training, addressed to children who have learning difficulties and behaviors that characterize APD, as well as to assess its effectiveness. Three school-girls (ages between 8 years/7 months old and 10 years/1 month old) from the 2nd. and 3rd. grades of Primary Education were previously selected as they were attending reinforcement classes for students with learning difficulties. The investigation was carried out in 3 phases: a) pre-training, b) training and c) post-training. In the pre-training phase, an interview with the students' parents and an interview with their teachers were initially conducted. Afterwards, the participants' auditory processing was evaluated by means of screening tests, namely alternate dissyllable test (SSW), Speech- in-Noise test, PSI test and evaluation of phonological awareness using the Phonological Awareness Test. The training phase consisted of 12 individual sessions involving activities aimed to stimulate phonological and auditory skills. These sessions took place twice a week and lasted about three months. After the end of the training period, the participants were re-evaluated following the same procedures described above. The data obtained both during the training sessions and the evaluations of the participants' performance before and after the training phase were analyzed quantitatively and comparatively. The results showed the three students had improved in auditory ...(Complete abstract click electronic address below) / Doutor

Resumo: A dislexia do desenvolvimento não é ambiental, mas sim uma desordem neurológica de origem genética que afeta em países desenvolvidos 8-10% das crianças que, à despeito de uma inteligência normal e oportunidades adequadas, apresentam uma inesperada dificuldade de aquisição da leitura-escrita. Prejuízos no processamento fonológico, incluindo a consciência fonológica (refletir sobre os sons das palavras tais como rimas, aliterações e fonemas), a memória verbal de curto-prazo e a nomeação rápida, dificultam as conversões letra-som e representam os principais fatores de risco para a dislexia. No Brasil grande parte dos alunos encaminhados a atendimento especializado não apresenta realmente qualquer distúrbio, fato que sobrecarrega o sistema público alcunhado de "síndrome do encaminhamento". Este problema é causado principalmente porque o sistema educacional brasileiro e as concepções pedagógicas predominantes não enfatizam (até mesmo inibem) as relações grafo-fonológicas na alfabetização, nem a formação qualificada dos educadores sobre os diferentes transtornos de aprendizagem e suas manifestações. A conjunção desses dois fatores culmina numa quase ausência de critérios bem definidos e instrumentos pedagógicos de rastreamento dos fatores de risco para as dificuldades de leitura que orientem a adoção adequada dos encaminhamentos. Portanto, a presente pesquisa possui dois estudos. O Estudo 1 voltado para uma ampla revisão da literatura sobre a relação entre linguagem oral e escrita, os processos envolvidos na leitura-escrita e suas implicações para a alfabetização e para os transtornos de aprendizagem, objetivando proporcionar aos educadores uma visão científica e crítica da área e do debate em torno da escolha dos métodos de ensino da leitura-escrita. Concluímos que as evidências da psicolinguística experimental... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Dyslexia is not environmental, it is a neurodevelopmental condition with a genetic origin affecting 8-10% of children in developed countries who, despite normal intelligence and adequate opportunities have unexpected and severe difficulties in literacy acquisition. Dyslexia is causally associated with disruptions on phonological processing, namely, phonological awareness (the ability to consciously think upon structural features of spoken language such as onset-rime and phonemes), verbal working memory and rapid automatic naming, resulting in severe difficulties in establisghing letter-sound relations. In Brazil, many children are mistakenly labeled as having learning disabilities and improperly referred each year to specialized public services without actually presenting any problem, thus overloading the public system and making too many children left behind. This highly undesirable picture reflects the educator's lack of a good theoretical and empirical knowledge on the different types and manifestations of learning disabilities (hence, their difficulties to differentiate between reading difficulties caused by environmental factors and dyslexia) as well as the almost absence of collective screening instruments that improve recognition of risk factors for reading difficulties early on literacy acquisition. All these problems rest in part on the fact that Brazilian educational system does not prioritize literacy methods that emphasize letter-to-sound correspondences neither the high-quality training for teachers and educators with respect to learning disabilities. Therefore, the present research addresses these two basic problems by being divided into two different but related studies. The first study constitutes a detailed review of the literature on the cognitive processes involved in reading and their implications for literacy acquisition, aiming to provide educators with a scientific... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Orientador: Simone Aparecida Capellini / Coorientador: Paulo Sérgio Teixeira do Prado / Banca: Clara Regina Brandão de Àvila / Banca: Tânia Moron Saes Braga / Mestre

Submitted by MARIA CAROLINA CABESTRE GAMBA YOSHIDA (carolcabestre@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-05-23T18:44:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ATIVIDADESDEESTIMULAÇÃODACONSCIÊNCIAFONOLÓGICA.pdf: 2001586 bytes, checksum: 27b6c0b012b0e2c1129f5b8c2d89fc8c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luiz Galeffi (luizgaleffi@gmail.com) on 2017-05-23T18:48:37Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 yoshida_mccg_me_bauru.pdf: 2001586 bytes, checksum: 27b6c0b012b0e2c1129f5b8c2d89fc8c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-23T18:48:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 yoshida_mccg_me_bauru.pdf: 2001586 bytes, checksum: 27b6c0b012b0e2c1129f5b8c2d89fc8c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-27 / Sabe-se que a consciência fonológica, uma das estruturas da metalinguística, é preditora de um letramento com sucesso para pessoas com ou sem deficiência e assim o é, para a pessoa com deficiência auditiva/surdez. A pessoa com deficiência auditiva que faz uso da abordagem oral, se fizer acompanhamento adequado, poderá desenvolver a consciência fonológica, tal qual um ouvinte e a pessoa com surdez, por sua vez, que faz uso de uma língua de sinais, se estiver em contato com a mesma desde a mais tenra idade, terá uma percepção fonológica das estruturas mínimas de sua língua visuoespacial. Uma aliada tanto da promoção da consciência fonológica, quanto do letramento, é a contação de histórias. Portanto, este trabalho objetivou, por meio de um livreto composto por narrativas curtas, incentivar o ensino de estruturas da consciência fonológica de forma lúdica, pela contação de histórias ou leitura a ser realizada por professores de alunos com deficiência auditiva/surdez em sua prática docente; também buscou verificar a usabilidade de tal livreto e suas respectivas instruções, pelo viés do professor. As instruções foram elaboradas seguindo a perspectiva vigotskiana, em que o professor ensina e dá feedback ao aluno em seu momento de mediação. Participaram dessa pesquisa, onze professores cursistas do Ambiente Virtual de Aprendizagem AVA, plataforma Moodle Rede de Formação (Redefor), e cinco professores de uma cidade de médio porte do interior do estado de São Paulo; nove alunos com surdez e sete com deficiência auditiva. Os professores, após receberem o livreto e confirmarem a participação, responderam a um questionário por meio do “drive - formulários do google” sobre a usabilidade do livreto, e três instruções I, II e III de atividades de detecção de estruturas da consciência fonológica, destinadas aos alunos com deficiência auditiva/surdez, bem como procurou caracterizar esses alunos. Pelas análises das respostas constatou-se como resultado, que 100% dos professores consideraram o livreto “útil” e possível de ser aplicado aos alunos indistintamente; quanto às Instruções I, 54% dos alunos atentaram para a sonoridade das palavras e em relação às Instruções II e III, 36% dos alunos com surdez perceberam a repetição de sinais semelhantes.As respostas também revelaram que dos 67% dos alunos que apresentaram maiores dificuldades na leitura e escrita eram em sua maioria alunos com surdez; 59% precisaram de “auxílio” para responder questões referentes às narrativas; 51% dos alunos com deficiência auditiva estavam no Ensino Fundamental I e dos com surdez, 38% no Fundamental II e 50% no Ensino Médio, apontando certa discrepância nesses últimos dois grupos, por ainda se encontrarem em fase de letramento,segundo os professores; constatando-se a necessidade de se alertar profissionais das áreas de Educação, saúde e familiares sobre a urgência de procedimentos de ensino e de reabilitações no que se refere à aquisição de linguagem, seja ela a língua de sinais ou a língua oral, bem como a utilização de atividades que envolvam “consciência fonológica” no letramento. / It is known that phonological awareness, one of the metalingüísticas structures, is a predictor of a successful literacy for people with or without disabilities and so it is, for the person with hearing impairment and deafness. The person with hearing impairment who makes use of the oral approach, if followed properly, can develop phonological awareness, just like a listener and the person with deafness, in turn, who makes use of a sign language, if they are in contact with the sign language from the earliest age, will have a phonological perception of the minimal structures in their language visio-espacional. A big ally of both development of phonological awareness and a literacy, is the storytelling. Therefore, this work aimed to create a reading material composed of short narratives, to encourage the training of structures of phonological awareness by playful form, through storytelling and to be applied by teachers of students with hearing impairments/deafness in their teaching practice; as well as the elaboration of specific instructions for each audiences or students and characterization of them. The instructions were elaborated following the Vigotskian perspective, in which the teacher teaches and gives feedback to the student in his moment of mediation. Participated in this research, 11 teachers of a course of the Virtual Learning Environment (AVA), Moodle platform- Network of Formation Redefor, and five teachers from a medium-sized city of the state of São Paulo, who are received the material and confirmed the participation, and responded to a questionnaire through the "drive - google forms" about the "applicability of the material" and three types of intructions I, II, III with searching for activities of phonological awareness as well as the characterizations, designed for students with hearing impairments/deafness. The answer also revealed that the 67% of students with deafness had greater difficulties in reading and writing; 59% of them needed a help to answer questions regarding narratives by teachers. 51% of students with hearing impairments were in Elementary School, and 38% of the students with deafness were in Middle School, and 50% of the students with deafness were in High School. This result pointed out the discrepancy existes in the last two groups due to the process of literacy according to teachers, which means that the professionals in the areas of education, health and family need to be aweared of the urgency of educational and rehabilitational procedures regarding to the acquisition of language whether the sign language or oral language, as well as activities involving "phonological awareness" in literacy.