Effective physician-patient communication is primary to successful medical consultation and encourages a collaborative interactional process between patient and doctor. Collaborative communication, rather than one-way authoritarian, physician-led medical interview, is significant in navigating difficult circumstances such as delivering "bad news" to patients diagnosed with cancer. Additionally, the potential psychological effects of breaking bad news in an abrupt and insensitive manner can be devastating and long-lasting for both the patient and his or her family. The topic of delivering unfavorable news to patients is an issue that many medical professionals find to be challenging and is now getting the attention of medical professionals in many countries, including the former Soviet Union (FSU) republics. The limited literature on communication skills in oncology in the FSU republics supports that the physician-patient communication style is perceived as significantly physician-oriented rather than patient-oriented. More specifically, the Soviet medical education system, as well as post-graduate medical education, has placed little to no emphasis on physician-patient communication training. Physician-oriented communication leads to patients being less forthcoming and open regarding their own feelings about being diagnosed with cancer, which may exacerbate the overall communication problem. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of the training program "Delivering Unfavorable News to Patients Diagnosed with Cancer" (Baile et al., 2000) conducted in Uzbekistan, one of the FSU republics. A total of 50 oncologists from the National Oncology Center of Uzbekistan (N = 50, n = 25 , n = 25 ) completed Self-Efficacy, Interpersonal skills (FIRO-B), Empathy (JSPE), and Physician Belief (PBS), and demographic instruments before, immediately after, and then two weeks after the training intervention. Results of MANOVA and bivariate statistical analyses revealed significant differences in self-efficacy, empathy, and PBS scores within the experimental group, but not within the control group, from pre-test to post-test. The follow-up data analysis suggested that participants maintained the level of change that occurred immediately after the training intervention.

Research shows that health disparities exist among patients of varying races, ethnicities, and cultures in the United States. Numerous studies have suggested that these disparities may be partly associated with physician-patient communication. The larger project that this thesis is a part of is a mixed-methods analysis of physician-patient communication across patient race, ethnicity, and culture. This thesis specifically excluded qualitative studies and focused on how such communication can affect health outcomes. Sixty-nine studies were identified and appraised for quality. Of these, only four associated physician-patient communication with the health outcomes of patients. These studies had inconsistent results, highlighting the gap in research exploring the association between communication, patient ethnicity, and health outcomes.

Gydytojo ir paciento santykiai visais laikais buvo medicinos dėmesio centre. Naujų technologijų taikymas leido gydytojui turėti objektyviais duomenimis pagrįstą paciento sveikatos būklės vaizdą, todėl gydytojas mažiau linkęs gilintis į subjektyvius paciento išgyvenimus. Gydytojų-pacient�� santykių etinių problemų sprendimas neįmanomas be valstybės ekonominių, politinių ir teisinių veiksmų. Darbo tikslas. Įvertinti Prienų PSPC gydytojų ir pacientų santykių etinius aspektus pacientų požiūriu. Tyrimo metodai. 2007m. sausio – vasario mėn. buvo atlikta Prienų PSPC pacientų, kurie apsilankė pas BPG (n=304), anketinė apklausa. Duomenų analizė atlikta naudojant statistinės analizės paketą SPSS (9,0). Dviejų požymių priklausomumas buvo tiriamas naudojant χ² kriterijų. Nulinė hipotezė buvo atmetama, kai p<0,05. Rezultatai. Didžioji vyriausios bei jauniausios amžiaus grupės, turinčių pradinį bei aukštąjį išsimokslinimą bei dideles pajamas pacientų dalis buvo patenkinti gydytojo bendravimu su jais bei palankiai vertina gydytojo ir paciento santykių administravim����, o nepasitenkinimą nurodė vidutinio amžiaus, vidurinio išsimokslinimo, mažas pajamas turintys respondentai. Labiausiai pritaria teisiniams klausimams vyriausios bei jauniausios amžiaus grupės miesto respondentai, turintys dideles pajamas. Nepatenkinti teisiniais santykiais vidutinio vyresniojo amžiaus mažų pajamų kaimo pacientai. Išvados. Pacientai patenkinti juos aptarnaujančio šeimos (BPG) gydytojo bendražmogiškomis... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The relationship between a physician and a patient has always been a centre of medical attention. Application of modern technologies enables a physician to receive a clear picture of a patient’s health rather than become concerned about his/her personal feelings. The solution of physician–patient ethical problems is not possible without state economical, political and legal measures. Aim of the study. To assess the ethical aspects of physician-patient relationship of Prienai Primary Health Care Centre from the patients’ attitude. Methods. In January – February 2007, a survey was conducted in order to receive the opinion from Prienai district residents, who visited a GP (n=304). Statistical analysis package SPSS (9.0) was used to analyse the data. Dependence of two symptoms was researched with of the Chi-Square test (χ²). Zero hypothesis was rejected, when p<0,05. Results. A greater part of elderly and young people who have a higher or primary education and high income were satisfied with physician–patient relationship and gave favourable assessment of the administration of the relationship. Middle-aged people who have secondary education and low income were most dissatisfied with the above mentioned. Most favourable opinion about the legal matters was provided by the oldest and youngest group of the city respondents who have high income, whereas middle-aged senior country people who have low income were dissatisfied with the legal matters. Conclusions. The patients were... [to full text]

Darbo tikslas. Atskleisti LSMU Kauno klinikų šeimos medicinos klinikoje dirbančių šeimos gydytojų ir besilankančių pacientų požiūrį į gydytojo medicininės konsultacijos tikslus ir pacientui skirto laiko panaudojimą apsilankymo metu.
Uždaviniai: 1.Atskleisti gydytojų ir pacientų požiūrį į medicininės konsultacijos tikslus; 2.Atskleisti gydytojų ir pacientų lūkesčius, susijusius su gydytojų/pacientų elgesiu konsultacijose; 3.Išryškinti pagrindinius veiksmingo gydytojo konsultacijos laiko panaudojimo kliuvinius; 4.Atskleisti ir aptarti šeimos gydytojo konsultacijai skirto laiko panaudojimo optimizavimo galimybes.
Tyrimo metodika. Tyrimo objektas – LSMU Kauno klinikų šeimos medicinos klinikos šeimos gydytojai ir klinikos pacientai. Tyrimas atliktas pagal kokybinio tyrimo metodologiją. Duomenys rinkti naudojant pusiau struktūruoto interviu metodą. Tyrimo analizė atlikta naudojant teminės analizės metodą.
Rezultatai. Tyrimo metu atsiskleidė, kad kreipdamiesi į šeimos gydytoją pacientai tikisi gauti gydymą ir pagalbą įveikiant ligą. Gydytojams pagrindinis tikslas yra suteikti pagalbą. Paaiškėjo, kad gydytojai tikisi iš pacientų bendradarbiavimo ir pasitikėjimo, o pacientai – dėmeso pacientui kaip asmeniui bei jo problemai ir galimybę gauti reikiamą informaciją. Atskleidėme, kad veiksmingo gydytojo konsultacijos laiko panaudojimo kliuvinių yra tarpasmeninėje gydytojo ir paciento sąveikoje bei netobuloje sveikatos priežiūros... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The aim of the study. Reveal general practitioners' and outpatients' attitude to aims of medical consultation and to outpatients' given time use effectiveness during visitation at Clinic of Family Medicine, LUHS Kaunas Clinics. Objectives: 1. Reveal general practitioners’ and outpatients’ attitude to aims of medical consultation; 2. Reveal general practitioners’ and outpatients’ expectations which are related to their behaviour during consultation. 3. Emphasize main obstacles of effective physician’s consultation. 4. Reveal and discuss the given time use optimization opportunities for general practitioners’ consultation. Methodology of the study. Object of the study – general practitioners and outpatients at Clinic of Family Medicine, LUHS Kaunas Clinics. The study was conducted by qualitative research methodology. The data was collected using a semi-structured interview method. The study was examined using thematic analysis. Results. The study revealed that patients who see a general practitioner expect to receive treatment and assistance to overcome a disease. The main aim of general practitioners is to give assistance to patients. It was identified that physicians expect cooperation and trust from patients while patients - attention to their complaints and to be treated as individual persons as well as to receive the necessary information. We have estimated that obstacles of the effective use of medical appointments are interpersonal physician-patient interaction and... [to full text]

The overall aim of this thesis was to cast light on the new phenomenon of Internet-based medical consultation. This was approached by studies of the use of an Ask the doctor service, by a web survey to the users who sent enquiries to the service, and by a questionnaire to the answering physicians of their respective expericence of the service. Written communication is becoming increasingly important, not only for communication between individuals outwith health care (e.g. by email, SMS and instant messaging), but also between doctors and patients. There is an ongoing shift in the way individuals look for medical information with an increasing number going first to the Internet berfore talking with their physicians. Also, there is an increasing interest from patients in accessing Internet-based services, including text-based consultations with doctors. These consultations can be part of the regular communication between a patient and his/her doctor or be carried out without any previous relationship. Our studies of the latter consultation type emanate from the free of charge Ask the doctor service at a Swedish public health web portal, Infomedica, financed by health authorities. At the Ask the doctor service, the communication has been merely text-based and the individual using the consultation service (here called the enquirer) might have been anonymous. We followed the development of the first four years use of the service (38 217 enquiries), finding that the typical enquirer was a woman aged 21-60 years. Three quarters of the enquirers were women, thus exceeding the gender difference seen in regular health care. The service was used all times of the day and night, seven days a week, and it was most used in densely populated areas as defined from postal codes. The enquiries submitted to the service included a broad variety of medical issues. Most enquirers asked on their own behalf. Almost half of the enquiries concerned a matter not previously evaluated by a medical professional. Only a few were frequent enquirers. The service was used e.g. for a primary evaluation of a medical problem, for getting more information on a medical issue under treatment, and for a second opinion. The most common reasons for turning to a doctor on the Internet were convenience, wish for anonymity and that doctors were experinced too busy. In free text a considerable number of participants expressed discontent and communication problems with a previous doctor as a reason to turn to the Ask the doctor service. Many participants expressed a view of the service as a complement to regular health care, and the majority were satisfied with the answer. Nearly half of the participants in the web survey stated that they received sufficient information in their answer and that they would not pursue their question further. The family physicians answering the enquiries at the Ask the doctor service were stimulated and challenged by the new task, in spite of the limitations caused by the lack of personal meetings and physical examinations. The opportunity to reflect on the answer before replying was appreciated, and the task was regarded as having a high educational value for themselves. The Internet not only allows easy access to medical information but also to medical consultation – to date mostly text-based. It is probable that in the near future an increasing number of doctors will adopt text-based communication via the Internet to be a natural part of their communication with patients. Therefore, training in text-based communication and carrying out Internet consultations should be integrated into the curricula of medical schools and of continuous professional development. Ethical guidelines should be established.

Este estudo teve como proposições: compreender o processo da interação entre profissionais de saúde e usuários estrangeiros nas Unidades Básicas de Saúde (UBS) e Programa Saúde da Família (PSF); conhecer o significado da experiência dos profissionais de saúde ao interagir com os usuários estrangeiros; evidenciar questões bioéticas na experiência de interação entre profissionais e usuários estrangeiros. Utilizou-se como referencial teórico o Interacionismo Simbólico e como referencial metodológico a Teoria Fundamentada nos Dados, até a codificação axial. A análise dos dados, apresentada como ordenamento conceitual, levou à definição de quatro grandes temas: (1) procurando comunicar-se; (2) percebendo limites; (3) percebendo interação como processo; (4) percebendo perspectivas diferentes. O percurso de interação profissional usuário estrangeiro foi desencadeado a partir de uma escolha: atender a todos indiscriminadamente, tornando possível a aproximação. Perceber ou não no usuário estrangeiro sua dignidade de pessoa humana parece ser determinante na abertura do profissional à interação, na sua disposição a buscar estratégias. / This study had the following objectives: to understand the interaction processes among health professionals and foreign users in the Unidades Básicas de Saúde (UBS) and the Program for Family Health (PSF); to get to know the significance of the health professionals experience as they interact with foreign users; to put in evidence bioetiques issues in the experience of professionals and foreign users interaction.It was used as a theorical referential the Symbolic Interacionism and as methodological reference a Grounded Theory up to an axial coding. Data analysis presented as conceptual ordering, lead to the definition of four great issues: (1) trying to communicate; (2) detecting limits; (3) recognizing interaction as a process; (4) recognizing different perspectives. The route of professional foreign users interaction was developed from one choice: attend everyone (indiscriminately) making approximation possible. To recognize or fail to recognize in the foreign user the dignity of human person seems to be the determining factor for the openness of the professional to the interaction, in his disposition to seek strategies.

Este estudo analisa o processo terapêutico da Medicina Homeopática, destacando a relevância de seus componentes na construção de um espaço interativo entre médicos e pacientes, capaz de propiciar novos sentidos para a compreensão do adoecimento e para a perspectiva da cura. As questões que motivaram o trabalho surgiram a partir de preocupações a respeito da insuficiência do tecnicismo da medicina atual para atender às expectativas dos sujeitos participantes das práticas de saúde. Discutimos que a centralidade da pessoa, no paradigma da Medicina Homeopática. ao privilegiar a situação de adoecimento dos pacientes, confere características específicas à sua abordagem, capazes de resgatar a dimensão do cuidado na ação terapêutica. Tomamos, como base empírica, duas unidades de saúde da cidade de São Paulo, onde foram realizadas entrevistas com médicos e pacientes, e colhidos depoimentos espontâneos que surgiram durante o atendimento clínico da autora. O material obtido foi trabalhado qualitativamente e permitiu identificar certos núcleos de sentidos, tais como, St~jeito, Pessoa, E-;cuta, Ver. Vinculo, Tempo, Cura e Medicamento, capazes de refletirem as dimensões essenciais, que traduzem a especificidade do processo terapêutico da Homeopatia. Através das narrativas de sujeitos da prática homeopática, pudemos evidenciar que a construção de um espaço de intersubjetividade, em que pacientes e médicos possam compartilhar a experiência do adoecer, permite introduzir a perspectiva do cuidado e a possibilidade de um projeto de recuperação da saúde. Tais aspectos foram considerados, ao buscarmos compreender a efetividade da Homeopatia, como prática terapêutica. Um desdobramento relevante deste estudo pode ser a análise dos fundamentos da legitimidade da Medicina Homeopática nas práticas de saúde, segundo critérios que preservem a identidade de sua episteme. / This study analyses the therapeutic process of Homeopathic Medicine. It highlights the relevance o f the components o f homeopathy in the construction o f an interactive setting between doctors and patients capable of providing the process o f becoming ill and the perspective o f cure with new meanings. Concems with respect to the insufficiencies of contemporary technological medicine in attending to the expectations and demands of subjects participating in health practices were the issues that motivated this research. The central position occupied by the person in the paradigm of Homeopathic Medicine is discussed. By granting a privileged position to the situation of becoming ill, specific characteristics are conferred to the approach in question, which enable it to redeem the dimension o f care to therapeutic action. Two health units in Sao Paulo City constitute the empírica! basis for the present study. Interviews with doctors and patients were carried out there, as well as clinicai consultations conducted by the author during the course of which spontaneous statements also emerged and were recorded. The material obtained was submitted to a qualitative analysis which led to the identification of certain nuclei of meaning such as, Subject, Person, Hearing, Looking, Bond, Time, Cure, Medication, capable of reflecting essential dimensions which translate the specificity ofthe homeopathic therapeutic process. The narratives of the subjects involved in homeopathic practice document the construction of an intersubjective setting, where patients and doctors may share the experience of becoming ill. Within this setting, it is possible to introduce the perspective of care and the possibility o f a project o f health recuperation. These aspects were taken into consideration when we strove to comprehend the effectiveness of homeopathy as a therapeutic practice. One of the relevant extensions of this project may be the analysis of the basis of legitimacy of Homeopathic Medicine on health care practices through criteria that preserve the identity of its epistemic.

Wu Yan Fei. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 161-189). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Chapter 1. --- BACKGROUND --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Hong Kong health care system --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Medication compliance and treatment responses --- p.2 / Chapter 1.3 --- Definition of compliance --- p.5 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Compliance --- p.5 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Adherence --- p.6 / Chapter 1.3.3 --- Concordance --- p.7 / Chapter 1.4 --- Definitions of satisfactory compliance --- p.9 / Chapter 1.5 --- Importance of compliance --- p.10 / Chapter 1.6 --- Non-compliance as a behavioral disease --- p.12 / Chapter 1.6.1 --- Disease manifestation (Patterns of non-compliance) --- p.12 / Chapter 1.6.2 --- Prevalence/Epidemiology (Rate of non-compliance) --- p.14 / Chapter 1.6.3 --- Diagnosis (Detecting non-compliance) --- p.15 / Chapter 1.6.3.1 --- Direct methods --- p.16 / Chapter 1.6.3.1.1 --- Use of biological fluids --- p.17 / Chapter 1.6.3.1.2 --- Biological surrogate (Drug) markers --- p.18 / Chapter 1.6.3.1.3 --- Pharmacological indicators --- p.20 / Chapter 1.6.3.2 --- Indirect methods --- p.22 / Chapter 1.6.3.2.1 --- Self-report / Direct questioning --- p.24 / Chapter 1.6.3.2.2 --- Pill counts --- p.25 / Chapter 1.6.3.2.3 --- Diaries --- p.27 / Chapter 1.6.3.2.4 --- Electronic monitoring --- p.27 / Chapter 1.6.3.2.5 --- Physician estimates --- p.31 / Chapter 1.6.3.2.6 --- Outcome measurement and clinical judgment --- p.32 / Chapter 1.6.3.2.7 --- Presence of side effects --- p.33 / Chapter 1.6.3.2.8 --- Keeping of appointments --- p.34 / Chapter 1.6.3.2.9 --- Prescription refill rates --- p.34 / Chapter 1.6.3.3 --- Direct observation --- p.35 / Chapter 1.6.3.4 --- The ideal detection method --- p.36 / Chapter 1.6.4 --- Risk factors (Related factors of non-compliance) --- p.37 / Chapter 1 .6.4.1 --- Patient related factors --- p.37 / Chapter 1.6.4.1.1 --- Understanding and comprehension --- p.37 / Chapter 1.6.4.1.2 --- Health beliefs --- p.39 / Chapter 1.6.4.1.3 --- Socio-demographic factors --- p.44 / Chapter 1.6.4.1.4 --- Forgetfulness --- p.45 / Chapter 1.6.4.2 --- Illness --- p.46 / Chapter 1.6.4.3 --- Therapeutic regimen --- p.46 / Chapter 1 .6.4.4 --- Patient-practitioner relationship --- p.48 / Chapter 1.6.5 --- Treatment (Interventions) --- p.50 / Chapter 1.6.5.1 --- Education --- p.51 / Chapter 1.6.5.2 --- Dosing regimen planning --- p.55 / Chapter 1.6.5.3 --- Clinic scheduling --- p.57 / Chapter 1.6.5.4 --- Communication --- p.57 / Chapter 1.6.6 --- Intelligent non-compliance --- p.60 / Chapter 1.6.7 --- Overview of problems with compliance studies --- p.63 / Chapter 1.6.7.1 --- Complex and not effective --- p.64 / Chapter 1.6.7.2 --- Lack theoretical framework --- p.64 / Chapter 1.6.7.3 --- Fragmented studies --- p.65 / Chapter 1.6.7.4 --- Lack high quality compliance study --- p.66 / Chapter 1.6.7.5 --- Without long term follow up --- p.67 / Chapter 1.6.7.6 --- Correlation between compliance and desired therapeutic outcomes --- p.68 / Chapter 2 --- HYPOTHESIS AND OBJECTIVES --- p.71 / Chapter 3 --- METHODS --- p.75 / Chapter 3.1 --- Study design --- p.76 / Chapter 3.2 --- Outcome measures --- p.80 / Chapter 3.3 --- Statistical analysis --- p.81 / Chapter 3.4 --- Power analysis --- p.82 / Chapter 4. --- RESULTS --- p.85 / Chapter 4.1 --- Patient demographics --- p.85 / Chapter 4.2 --- Clinic attended and drug usage --- p.85 / Chapter 4.3 --- Non-compliant rates and its patterns --- p.86 / Chapter 4.4 --- Reasons for non-compliance --- p.86 / Chapter 4.5 --- Relationship between drug class and medication compliance --- p.86 / Chapter 4.6 --- Relationship between dosage frequency and medication compliance --- p.87 / Chapter 4.7 --- Clinical characteristics of compliant and non-compliant patients --- p.87 / Chapter 4.8 --- Comparison of non-compliant patients identified at baseline during the second reassessment --- p.88 / Chapter 4.9 --- Effects of pharmacist's telephone intervention on tertiary outcomes --- p.88 / Chapter 4.9.1 --- Medication compliance --- p.88 / Chapter 4.9.2 --- Blood pressure --- p.89 / Chapter 4.10 --- Effects of pharmacist's telephone intervention on secondary outcomes --- p.90 / Chapter 4.11 --- Primary end-points of compliant versus non-compliant patients --- p.91 / Chapter 4.12 --- Best predictors of mortality rate for the studied population --- p.92 / Chapter 4.13 --- Effects of pharmacist's telephone intervention on primary outcomes --- p.92 / Chapter 4.14 --- Clinical characteristics of non-compliant patients with / without second follow up --- p.93 / Chapter 4.15 --- Clinical outcomes of defaulted patients at the second visit --- p.93 / Chapter 5. --- DISCUSSION --- p.126 / Chapter 5.1 --- Study design --- p.126 / Chapter 5.2 --- Compliance assessment method --- p.126 / Chapter 5.3 --- Patient demographics and drug prescribing pattern --- p.128 / Chapter 5.4 --- Extent and pattern of non-compliance --- p.128 / Chapter 5.5 --- Reasons for non-compliance --- p.129 / Chapter 5.5.1 --- Lack of knowledge --- p.129 / Chapter 5.5.1.1 --- Dosing instructions --- p.129 / Chapter 5.5.1.2 --- Drug identification --- p.130 / Chapter 5.5.1.3 --- Storage --- p.131 / Chapter 5.5.2 --- Forgetfulness --- p.131 / Chapter 5.5.3 --- Problems with health beliefs --- p.132 / Chapter 5.5.3.1 --- Common myths or misconceptions --- p.132 / Chapter 5.5.4 --- Presence of side effects --- p.133 / Chapter 5.6 --- Predictability of non-compliance --- p.134 / Chapter 5.6.1 --- Socio-demographics --- p.134 / Chapter 5.6.2 --- Polypharmacy --- p.135 / Chapter 5.6.3 --- Dosing frequency --- p.137 / Chapter 5.6.3.1 --- "Little difference between daily, twice daily and thrice daily dosing." --- p.137 / Chapter 5.6.3.2 --- Importance of drug property in determining the impact of usual dosages --- p.138 / Chapter 5.6.3.3 --- The impact of missed dosage on clinical condition --- p.139 / Chapter 5.6.3.4 --- Practical issues regarding dosing frequency --- p.140 / Chapter 5.6.4 --- Drug Profiles --- p.141 / Chapter 5.7 --- Outcomes measure --- p.142 / Chapter 5.8 --- The role of pharmacist in chronic care --- p.147 / Chapter 5.9 --- The role of physician in chronic care --- p.155 / Chapter 5.10 --- Possible sources of bias and limitations --- p.156 / Chapter 5.11 --- Further studies --- p.156 / Chapter 5.12 --- Concluding remarks --- p.159 / Chapter 6. --- REFERENCES --- p.161 / Chapter 7. --- APPENDICES --- p.190

Este trabalho volta-se ao estudo das diretivas antecipadas sobre o fim da vida na relação médica no Brasil. Pretende-se verificar a legitimidade bioética e a legitimidade e possibilidade jurídicas da prática das diretivas antecipadas sobre o fim da vida como objetivo central. Busca-se aferir a adequação, bioética e jurídica, das diretivas antecipadas como veículo próprio de autodeterminação da pessoa diante de suas possibilidades existenciais e da formulação de seu projeto de vida e de morte digna. Ademais, especificamente, procura-se determinar a possibilidade jurídica das diretivas antecipadas no Ordenamento brasileiro: a coerência com as garantias constitucionais e a existência de institutos aptos a tal prática. Propõe-se sustentar a legitimação jurídica das diretivas antecipadas no Brasil, indicando possíveis caminhos às soluções interpretativas no plano jurídico, e os efeitos na relação médica a partir, também, das considerações bioéticas. Com essa finalidade, pretende-se averiguar a compatibilidade entre as normas deontológicas de origem bioética e as normas jurídicas de status constitucional de proteção à pessoa humana. A tese também propõe a análise do contexto em que as diretivas antecipadas são utilizadas para (i) problematizar as ideias de capacidade e competência para a prática desse ato de autonomia pessoal, (ii) problematizar sobre como a perspectiva familiar, a perspectiva técnica dos profissionais da saúde e a perspectiva do Poder Judiciário contingenciam a liberdade desse ato e (iii) aferir a eficácia desses atos no espaço clínico e familiar. Para tanto, será empreendido estudo teórico mediante pesquisa bibliográfica e de referências, que levantará as publicações, nacionais e internacionais, sobre os temas da tese. O levantamento bibliográfico compreenderá, preferencialmente, obras sobre filosofia, ética, bioética e direito, que permitam a análise das questões teóricas envolvidas no estudo. O desenvolvimento do trabalho estrutura-se em três capítulos. O primeiro pretende estabelecer as bases conceituais e os fundamentos legais das diretivas antecipadas. O segundo capítulo apresentará a sistematização entre os valores bioéticos e jurídicos que se relacionam a tal prática. O capítulo três apresentará as questões fundamentais pertinentes à validade e eficácia da prática das diretivas antecipadas no Brasil. A partir das premissas construídas ao longo do desenvolvimento, o desfecho da pesquisa pretende reforçar seu argumento central demonstrando, então, a legitimação bioética e a legitimidade e a possibilidade jurídicas das diretivas antecipadas sobre o fim da vida no atual contexto brasileiro.

A atenção primária à saúde constitui hoje área prioritária nas políticas de saúde em diversas partes do mundo, constituindo, no Brasil, elemento estratégico para a organização dos sistemas de atenção. A complexidade e especificidade das demandas e características do cuidado em saúde na atenção primária exige, contudo, renovados esforços conceituais e práticos no sentido da construção de processos comunicacionais e interativos entre médicos e pacientes que caminhem para além da anamnese tradicional, pautada por uma racionalidade estritamente biomédica Objetivo: identificar e compreender fundamentos e contribuições de quatro influentes correntes teóricas que, a partir da década de 90, vêm problematizando as interações e a comunicação entre médicos e pacientes na atenção primária à saúde: Medicina Centrada no Paciente, Medicina Baseada em Narrativa, Abordagem Integral (Comprehensive Care) e Integralidade da Atenção à Saúde. Metodologia: Levantamento e estudo interpretativo, apoiado na filosofia hermenêutica de Hans-Georg Gadamer e Paul Ricoeur, de produção bibliográfica indexada nas bases MEDLINE e LILACS de 1990 a 1999. Resultados: A Medicina Centrada no Paciente orienta-se, fundamentalmente, para a identificação de domínios específicos que devem ser integrados à anamnese médica tradicional para ampliar seu escopo prático, utiliza metodologia de pesquisa quantitativa como modo predominante de fundamentação de suas proposições e propõe inúmeras metodologias ativas de ensino-aprendizado. A Medicina Baseada em Narrativa detém-se no como construir narrativas ao longo do diálogo entre médicos e pacientes, utiliza a metodologia qualitativa como principal recurso de pesquisa e fundamentação de suas proposições e desenvolve diversas estratégias de ensino-aprendizado com utilização de textos literários e narrativos. A Abordagem Integral (Comprehensive Care) utiliza como referencial teórico o modelo biopsicossocial de abordagem do processo saúde-doença e busca desenvolver propostas de assistência integral à saúde de grupos populacionais prioritários do ponto de vista médico-sanitário. A integralidade privilegia a transformação da organização dos serviços e dos processos de trabalho em saúde como primeira instância para a qualificação dos processos comunicacionais entre médicos e pacientes. Não foram identificados nas tradições da Abordagem Integral (Comprehensive Care) e da Integralidade a discussão de estratégias de ensino-aprendizado de abordagens comunicacionais, o que é bastante enfatizado nas outras duas. Conclusão: As quatro tradições estudadas apresentam inovações e pressupostos teórico-práticos que se complementam. Mostra-se imprescindível estabelecer uma fusão de horizontes entre tais proposições de forma a qualificar os diálogos e processos de comunicação-interação estabelecidos entre médicos e pacientes no nível da atenção primária à saúde / The primary health care is currently a priority area in health policies in different parts of the world, being a strategic element to the care systems organization in Brazil. Nevertheless, the complexity and the specificity of demands and characteristics of healthcare in primary health care require conceptual and practical renewed efforts with respect to the construction of interactive and communicational processes between doctors and patients that go beyond the traditional anamnesis, regulated by a rationality strictly biomedics. Objective: identify and understand fundaments and contributions of four theoretical perspectives of relevance which have been problematizing, since the 90s, the interactions and the communication between doctors and patients in primary health care: Patient-Centered Medicine, Narrative Based Medicine, Comprehensive Care and Integrality in Healthcare. Methodology: Survey and interpretive study based on Hans-Georg Gadamers and Paul Ricoeurs philosophical hermeneutics of indexed bibliography in MEDLINE and LILACS from 1990 to 1999. Results: Patient-Centered Medicine is fundamentally guided towards the identification of specific domains that must be integrated with traditional medical anamnesis in order to broaden its practical scope. It uses quantitative research methodology as a predominant way of laying the foundations of its propositions, recommending various active teaching-learning methodologies. The Narrative Based Medicine withholds on \"how\" to construct narratives throughout the dialogue between doctors and patients. It applies a qualitative methodology as the major resource of research and of fundamenting its propositions, besides developing various teaching-learning strategies using literary and narrative texts. The Comprehensive Care uses the biopsychosocial model of addressing the health-disease process as a theoretical approach and aims at developing proposals for Integrality in Healthcare for population groups who have priority in terms of medical health care. Comprehensiveness privileges the transformation of services organization and of work processes in health as the first instance to the quality of communication processes between doctors and patients. In the traditions of Comprehensive Care and of Integrality in Healthcare, the discussion of teaching-learning strategies of communication approaches, which is quite emphasized in the other two approaches, was not identified. Conclusion: The four theoretical perspectives studied present innovations and theoretical-practical propositions that complement themselves. It is imperative to establish a \"fusion of horizons\" between such propositions for qualifying the dialogue and the communication-interaction processes established between doctors and patients at the primary health care level