Submitted by Nadir Basilio (nadirsb@uninove.br) on 2016-05-25T14:39:25Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Jacqueline Cristina Boldorini.pdf: 957761 bytes, checksum: 6169068bc003f505074c3812dc35d652 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-25T14:39:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jacqueline Cristina Boldorini.pdf: 957761 bytes, checksum: 6169068bc003f505074c3812dc35d652 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-04-27 / Introduction: As a consequence of the structural changes in the pulmonary parenchyma, the main impact of bronchiectasis (BCT) is the worsening in lung function, characterized by the obstructive spirometric pattern and, in a subgroup of patients, restrictive. In obstructive patients, it is common the use of bronchodilator (BD). Aims: To investigate which field test, six-minute walk test (6MWT) or endurance shuttle walk test (ESWT), is more responsive to detect functional improvement after BD, to compare the physiological responses between 6MWT and incremental SWTI and to verify the differences in the physiological responses in the 6MWT and ESWT among patients presenting with obstructive and restrictive ventilatory disorders (OVD and DVR, respectively). Methods: This is a randomized, double blind, placebo (PL) controlled crossover study, in which 32 patients with BCT performed, on separate days (48 hours), the ISWT, 6MWT and ESWT, preceded by either PL or BD (400 µg of salbutamol). The cardiopulmonary and metabolic parameters were monitored during all tests by a telemetry system of the expired gases. Results: There was no statistically significant difference in distance walked between the ESWT-BD and 6MWT in the PL and BD conditions (910 ± 589 m, 526 ± 80 m, 527 ± 86 m). The distance walked and the time duration time of the test in the 6MWT and ISWT were statistically different (527 ± 86 m and 6 ± 0 min vs. 443 ± 119m and 7 ± 1 min, respectively). Patients with OVD and RVD presented with similar physiological responses at the peak of exercise. Conclusion: ESWT is the most suitable test to assess the acute effects of BD on functional response; the 6MWT and ISWT elicit similar physiological responses at peak exercise and the type of ventilatory disorder cannot be differentiated by the performance on the ESWT and 6MWT. / Introdução: Como consequência das alterações estruturais no parênquima pulmonar, o principal impacto da bronquiectasia (BCQ) é a alteração da função pulmonar, caracterizada por obstrução e, num subgrupo de pacientes, por restrição. Nos pacientes obstrutivos, é comum o uso de broncodilatador (BD). Objetivos: Avaliar qual teste clínico de campo, teste da caminhada de seis minutos (TC6) ou shuttle walk teste endurance (SWTE), é mais responsivo em detectar a melhora funcional após o uso de BD; avaliar o comportamento das variáveis cardiopulmonares, metabólicas e de percepção do esforço entre TC6 e o shuttle walk teste incremental (SWTI) e, verificar se há diferença no perfil de resposta cardiorrespiratória e metabólica em ambos os testes (TC6 e SWTE) entre os pacientes que apresentam distúrbio ventilatório obstrutivo (DVO) e restritivo (DVR) na espirometria. Métodos: Este é um estudo randomizado, duplo cego, placebo controlado e cruzado, no qual 32 pacientes com BCQ realizaram o SWTI, o TC6 e o SWTE, em dias separados (48h), precedidos por placebo (PL) ou BD (400 g de salbutamol). Os parâmetros cardiopulmonares e metabólicos forma monitorizados em todos os testes por sistema de telemetria dos gases expirados. Resultados: Houve diferença estatisticamente significante quando comparada a distância percorrida entre SWTE-BD e o TC6 nas condições PL e BD (910 ± 589 m; 526 ± 80 m e 527 ± 86 m). A diferença na distância percorrida e no tempo de duração do SWTI e TC6 foram estatisticamente significantes (TC6: 527 ± 86 m, 6 ± 0 min. vs SWTI: 443 ± 119 m, 7 ± 1 min). Os pacientes com DVO e DVR apresentaram respostas fisiológicas similares no pico do exercício. Conclusão: O SWTE é o teste mais indicado para avaliar a resposta funcional ao uso agudo do broncodilatador, o TC6 e SWTI elicitam respostas fisiológicas similares no pico do exercício e o tipo de distúrbio ventilatório espirométrico não pôde ser diferenciado pelo desempenho no SWTE e TC6.

Tesis por compendio / [ES] A lo largo de la historia, el hombre ha explotado los recursos minerales de la tierra para su supervivencia y desarrollo tecnológico sin un equilibrio con su regeneración. Dado el crecimiento de la población mundial y la reducción de recursos, el hombre comenzó a buscar nuevos depósitos que se encontraron en la década de 1960 en las profundidades de los océanos. Con estos, la humanidad empezò a pensar en extraer los minerales de estos depósitos y esto llevò al nacimiento de Deep Sea Mining (DSM). Las consecuencias de las actividades mineras en las profundidades del mar no se conocen realmente y los efectos pueden ser diferentes: contaminación acústica, contaminación lumínica, contaminación química, destrucción del hábitat, fragmentación del hábitat y pérdida de especies que son la base de muchos sistemas vitales. El impacto acústico de estas actividades puede tener importantes consecuencias en las especies marinas, aunque este es el tema más ignorado. El propósito de este proyecto de doctorado fue proporcionar una comprensión básica de los posibles impactos acústicos del DSM en la biodiversidad antes de que comiencen estas actividades. Para hacer esto, el proyecto de doctorado se organizó en varios pasos. Primero, durante un experimento indoor, se analizaron las respuestas bioquímicas en invertebrados sometidos a estrés acústico, Arbacia lixula y Mytilus galloprovincialis. Los resultados demostraron efectos significativos en la actividad de citotoxicidad, expresión de heat shock protein (HSPs) y actividades enzimáticas (esterasas, fosfatasas alcalinas, peroxidasas) en el líquido celomático de los erizos de mar sometidos a estrés acústico. También se observaron efectos significativos en el nivel de glucosa, la citotoxicidad y las actividades enzimáticas (esterasa, fosfatasa alcalina, peroxidasa) de la glándula digestiva del mejillón. En segundo lugar, se analizaron las respuestas bioquímicas de vertebrados e invertebrados sometidos in-situ a la emisión de watergun: Chromis chromis, Holothuria tubulosa y Arbacia lixula. Se encontraron efectos significativos sobre los niveles de cortisol en peces y las actividades enzimáticas (esterasas, fosfatasas alcalinas, peroxidasas y superoxide dismutasas) en membrana peristomial de erizo de mar. Además, las respuestas bioquímicas enzimáticas analizadas en los fluidos celómicos de los equinodermos fue significativa solo por A. lixula y solo en la activade peroxidasica. Tercero se estudiaron los cambios de comportamiento en las condiciones experimentales en juveniles de Sparus aurata sometidos a 4 frecuencias de emisión acústica diferentes. Este experimento demostró que solo las bajas frecuencias tuvieron efectos en todas las respuestas comportamental: altura de natación, motilidad y dispersión del grupo. Sobre la base de los datos de comportamiento obtenidos in vivo en peces jóvenes, se creó un modelo numérico para predecir los impactos de diferentes frecuencias de emisión acústica. Utilizando los resultados obtenidos y la bibliografía científica, se propuso un primer estándar técnico que es útil para la minería. / [CA] A lo llarc de l'historia, l'home ha explotat els recursos minerals de la terra per a la seua supervivencia i desenroll tecnologic sense un equilibri en la seua regeneracio. Donat el creiximent de la poblacio mundial i la reduccio de recursos, l'home escomençà a buscar nous deposits que se trobaren en la decada de 1960 en les fondaries dels oceans. En estos, l'humanitat empezò a pensar en extraure els minerals d'estos deposits i aço llevò al naiximent de Deep Sea Mining (DSM). Les conseqüencies de les activitats mineres en les fondaries del mar no se coneixen realment i els efectes poden ser diferents: contaminacio acustica, contaminacio lluminica, contaminacio quimica, destruccio de l'habitat, fragmentacio de l'habitat i perdua d'especies que son la base de molts sistemes vitals. L'impacte acustic d'estes activitats pot tindre importants conseqüencies en les especies marines, encara que este es el tema mes ignorat. El proposit d'este proyecte de doctorat fon proporcionar una comprensio basica dels possibles impactes acustics del DSM en la biodiversidad abans de que escomencen estes activitats. Per a fer aço, el proyecte de doctorat s'organisà en varis passos. Primer, durant un experiment indoor, s'analisaren les respostes bioquimiques en invertebrats somesos a estrés acustic, Arbacia lixula i Mytilus galloprovincialis. Els resultats demostraren efectes significatius en l'activitat de citotoxicidad, expressio d'heat shock protein (HSPS) i activitats enzimáticas (esterasa, fosfatasas alcalina, peroxidasas) en el liquit celomático dels capellanets de mar somesos a estrés acustic. Tambe s'observaren efectes significatius en el nivell de glucosa, la citotoxicidad i les activitats enzimáticas (esterasa, fosfatasa alcalina, peroxidasas) de la glandula digestiva de la clochina. En segon lloc, s'analisaren les respostes bioquimiques de vertebrats i invertebrats somesos in-situ a l'emissio de watergun: Chromis chromis, Holothuria tubulosa i Arbacia lixula. se trobaren efectes significatius sobre els nivells de cortisol en peixos i les activitats enzimáticas (esterasas, fosfatasas alcalines, peroxidasas y superoxide dimutases) en peristomes de capellanet de mar. Ademes, les respostes bioquimiques enzimáticas analisades en els decorreguts celómicos dels equinoderms fon significativa nomes per A. lixula i nomes en l'activade peroxidasica. Tercer s'estudiaren els canvis de comportament en les condicions experimentals en jovenils de Sparus aurata somesos a 4 freqüencies d'emissio acustica diferents. Este experiment demostrà que nomes les baixes freqüencies tingueren efectes en totes les respostes comportamental: alçada de natacio, motilidad i escampada del grup. Sobre la base de les senyes de comportament obtinguts in vivo en peixos jovens, se creó un model numeric per a predecir els impactes de diferents freqüencies d'emissio acustica. Utilisant els resultats obtinguts i la bibliografia cientifica, se propongue un primer estandart tecnic que es util per a la mineria. / [EN] Throughout history, man has exploited the earth's mineral resources for its survival and for technological development without regard for their regeneration. Given the growth of the world population and given the fall in resources, man started looking for new deposits, which were found in 1960s in the ocean depths. Humankind then began to consider extracting minerals from these deposits and this gave origin to Deep Sea Mining (DSM). The consequences of mining activities in the deep sea are not entirely known and the effects can be varied: noise pollution, light pollution, chemical pollution, habitat destruction, habitat fragmentation and the loss of species which we consider the basis of many life systems. The acoustic impact of these activities could have significant consequences on marine species; nevertheless, this has been the most overlooked issue to date. The aim of this PhD project was to provide baseline knowledge of possible acoustic impacts of DSM on biodiversity before mining begins. In order to do this, the PhD project was organised into 3 different stages. First, during an indoor experiment, the biochemical responses of invertebrates Arbacia lixula and Mytilus galloprovincialis subjected to acoustic stress were analysed. The results showed significant changes in cytotoxicity activity, expression of heat shock proteins (HSPs), and enzyme activities (esterases, alkaline phosphatases, peroxidases) in the coelomic fluid of sea urchins subjected to acoustic stress. Significant effects were also observed in glucose levels, cytotoxicity and enzyme activities (esterase, alkaline phosphatase, peroxidase) in the digestive gland of the mussel. Second, the biochemical responses of vertebrates and invertebrates subjected in-situ to watergun emission were analysed: Chromis chromis, Holothuria tubulosa and Arbacia lixula. Significant effects on fish cortisol levels and on enzyme activities in sea urchin peristomes were found. Furthermore, the enzyme biochemical responses analysed in the coelomic fluids of echinoderms showed significant effects only in A. lixula sea urchin and only in peroxidase activity. Third, behavioural changes in experimental conditions were studied in juveniles of Sparus aurata subjected to 4 different acoustic emission frequencies. This experiment showed that only low frequencies had effects on all the behavioural responses analysed: swimming height, motility and dispersion of the group. Based on behavioural data obtained in vivo on juvenile fish, a numerical model was created to predict the impacts of different acoustic emission frequencies. Using the results obtained and literature, a first technical standard useful for mining activities was drawn up. / The study of the Section 3.3 was supported by grants from MIUR (Ministry of Education, University and Research), Fondo Finalizzato alla Ricerca di Ateneo (FFR, 2018-2021) to M.V. and by the CNR research project: IMPLEMENTATION OF THE SOS CONVENTION - Offshore Platforms & Impacts between MATTM and CNR-DTA, (Capo Granitola, Campobello di Mazara) Work Package E: Indepth technical and scientific evaluation of the effects on marine ecosystems of airgun technologies and the effects of a watergun The study of the Section 3.4 study was conducted in the framework of the PhD program in Mediterranean Biodiversity XXXII cycle (International) of the University of Palermo. I. Perez-Arjona, M. Bou-Cabo and V. Espinosa acknowledge the financial support of the European Comission -project 11.0661/2018794607/SUB/ENV.C2. Risk-based Approaches to Good Environmental Status (RAGES). The other founding supports come from PhD Innovative with Industrial Characterization PON 2014-2020 and the projects CAIMAR Joint Laboratory Italy-Argentina (Laboratori Congiunti Bilaterali Internazionali of the Italian National Reseach Council, 2017-2019) and BOSS – Study of bioacoustics and applications for the sustainable exploitation of marine resources (Projects of major importance in the Scientific and Technological Collaboration Executive Programmes, funded by the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation). / Mauro, M. (2020). Mining extraction in the ocean depths: a baseline to understand and reduce acoustic impact on biodiversity [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/144131 / Compendio

The physiological responses of Myriophyllum spicatum to 2,4-D, diquat and copper were quantified using a plant tissue viability assay, and daily measures of dissolved oxygen and pH. Correlations of herbicide tissue residues to physiological response measures were determined and the relationship was used to develop exposure-response models. Diquat and copper had a greater effect on plant tissue viability than was observed for 2,4-D. Diquat produced greater reductions in dissolved oxygen concentrations and pH values than 2,4-D or copper. Copper exposure had the least effect on these parameters. Exposure-response models developed for 2,4-D predicted effective control at plant tissue residues ranging from 4000 to 4700 mg/kg. Aqueous exposure concentrations necessary to produce effective control plant tissue residues ranged from 0.20 to 0.40 mg/L. Exposure-response models developed for diquat predicted effective control at plant tissue residues ranging from 225 to 280 mg/kg. Aqueous exposure concentrations necessary to produce effective control plant tissue residues ranged from 0.113 to 0.169 mg/L. Exposure-response models developed for copper predicted effective control at plant tissue residues ranging from 680 to 790 mg/kg. Aqueous exposure concentrations necessary to produce effective control plant tissue residues ranged from 0.32 to 0.64 mg/L. Model predictions for 2,4-D, diquat and copper were within 0.5 mg/L of the manufacturers' label recommendations for these herbicides. The use of laboratory microcosms in development of exposure-response models for diquat and copper produced results comparable to those using the larger-scale greenhouse systems. Diquat effectively controlled M. spicatum at lower tissue residues than 2,4-D or copper. In addition, initial aqueous exposure concentrations were also lower for diquat. Use of these models in field situations should be coupled with considerations of quantity of biomass present and environmental conditions, such as turbidity, in order to accurately calculate exposure concentrations necessary for effective tissue residues. Thus, the use of these models can be used to optimize the impact on the target species while minimizing exposure for nontarget species.

The present research examined respiratory responses of blue crabs to long term (4, 13, and 21 days) hypercapnic hypoxia in freshwater at 23 C. Hypoxic conditions (50-60 & 75-85 mmHg O2) were induced by allowing the crabs to consume their oxygen supply, resulting in a hypercapnic induced decrease in pH that remained through the exposure. Postbranchial hemolymph responses to hypoxia/hypercapnia in freshwater demonstrate decreases in PO2, increases in PCO2, and decreases in pH. Lactate levels decreased over time, but hemocyanin concentration was highly variable with no trends. PH, lactate, and hemocyanin observations also demonstrated high variability and a variety of different responses in individual crabs. There was no evidence of improving oxygen transport abilities. Despite varying responses high mortality rates were observed. The high mortality rate suggests blue crabs are not able to survive the multiple stress of hypoxia/hypercapnia along with the stress of living in freshwater. The mortality rates observed are much greater than previous blue crab hypoxic studies in saltwater. Elevated mortality may result from a failure of oxygen transport, acid-base balance or ion regulation.

Gli ecosistemi acquatici sono il comparto ambientale finale per molti contaminanti introdotti nell’ambiente, specialmente per quelli persistenti, provenienti da diverse attività antropiche. Gli organismi acquatici sono esposti simultaneamente a differenti classi di composti chimici e, la loro fisiologia può esserne affetta anche da basse concentrazioni ambientali che ne determinano un effetto a cascata drammatico sull’intero ciclo vitale delle stesse. Per identificare gli effetti ecotossicologici si devono scegliere delle variabili di studio che sono sensibili a cambiamenti di esposizione e quindi possono registrare informazioni a differenti livelli di organizzazione biologica (ad es.: comunità, specie, alterazioni cellulari, molecolari). Il presente lavoro ha come scopo di studiare biomarker biochimici e bioindicatori su invertebrati acquatici capaci di rispondere all’effetto dei contaminanti e predirne il rischio di tossicità, requisito fondamentale dell’attuale legislazione comunitaria ambientale. Questo lavoro, nell’ambito della Water Frame Directive (WFD), affronta questa tematica con diversi tipi di approccio per implementare un sistema di monitorizzazione efficiente. Lo SPEAR ad esempio è in grado di diagnosticare la contaminazione di ecosistemi acquatici da pesticidi operando a livello di comunità di invertebrati acquatici. Inoltre si sono presi in considerazione anche biomarker a livello cellulare in bivalvi (Tapes philipphinarum and Mya arenaria): attività enzimatiche coinvolti nelle risposte aerobiche (CCO) e antiossidative (SOD and CAT), risposte genotossicologiche come la frequenza dei micronuclei, e, infine, a livello di organismo, risposte di carattere comportamentale. / Aquatic ecosystems are the final sink for most of contaminants introduced in the environment, especially persistent organic pollutants coming from different human activities. Most of the freshwater and coastal organisms are exposed simultaneously to different classes of chemicals, and their physiology may be affected by toxic chemical even at low environmental concentrations with a cascade event on population dynamics. Identifying ecotoxicological effects requires descriptors that are sensitive to changes in exposure and thus can indicate information at different levels of biological organisation (i.e. communities, sub-individual level). The present work aims to investigate biochemical biomarkers and bioindicators in aquatic invertebrates able to detect biological effects and predict risk of toxicity, with a special focus paid to the requirements of current EU regulation. Therefore, the present work faced on different kinds of approach identified to be efficient tools within the context of the WFD requirements (Water Frame Directive, 2000/60/EC), for investigative and operational monitoring. Work include the SPEAR approach as trait based indicator descriptor of freshwater aquatic macroinvertebrates communities, able to diagnose pesticide contamination in aquatic ecosystems. Further diagnostic approaches in environmental status are included, as assay representing biological responses for different enzymes involved in the aerobic (CCO) and antioxidant responses, (SOD, and CAT), behavioural endpoints, and genotoxicity biomarker associated with micronuclei frequency in bivalve species (Tapes philipphinarum and Mya arenaria).

Heat stress is influenced by environmental conditions, workload and clothing. A critical environment is the upper limit of compensable heat stress for a given metabolic rate and clothing ensemble. The physiological strains associated with heat stress are core and skin temperatures, heart rate and physiological strain index (PSI). Because heat dissipation mechanisms may differ between men and women, there may be gender differences in the critical environment and the associated physiological variables. Gender differences were explored between acclimated men (n = 20) and women (n = 9) at the upper limit of compensable heat stress. Participants walked on a motorized treadmill at a target metabolic rate of 160W/m2 while wearing five different clothing ensembles (cotton work clothes, cotton coveralls, and three coveralls of particle barrier, liquid barrier, and vapor barrier properties). The starting air temperature (Tdb) was 34°C and humidity was held constant at 50%. Once thermal equilibrium was achieved, Tdb was increased 1°C every five minutes until loss of thermal equilibrium or termination criteria were met. Upon initial analysis, several gender differences were found. A significant difference (p = 0.035) was found for WBGTcrit, where values were 32.5°C for men and 33.1°C for women. Women had higher average heart rates (hr = 125 and 112 bpm), average skin temperatures (Tsk =36.4 and 36.2°C), and psi values (4.5 and 3.8) than men. No significant difference was found between genders for core temperature (tre) (p = 0.147). The target metabolic rate of 160W/m2 was not achieved and there were significant differences (p <0.0001) between men (172 W/m2) and women (152 W/m2). The effects of metabolic rate on WBGTcrit was examined and it was discovered that the difference in WGBTcrit could be explained by the difference in metabolic rate. The same logic was applied to the physiological responses and confirmed a difference between genders for Tre, HR, and PSI. The differences for Tsk disappeared. These findings indicate that women experienced a greater cardiovascular strain at the critical conditon and also greater heat strain than men at the same heat load.

Orientador: Elizabeth Orika Ono / Resumo: O tomateiro é uma hortaliça de importância econômica e sua produção está relacionada, principalmente, à utilização de produtos químicos, podendo ser reguladores vegetais como as poliaminas e nesse estudo, foi avaliada a ação da putrescina (Put). Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as respostas fisiológicas do tomateiro à putrescina na redução dos efeitos de estresse hídrico. Para tanto, foram conduzidos dois experimentos em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso (DIC) em esquema fatorial 2 x 4, plantas com e sem deficiência hídrica e quatro doses de putrescina (Put 0, 4, 8 e 12μM), com quatro repetições cada. As doses foram aplicadas via foliar na cultura no momento de submissão do tomateiro ao estresse hídrico, sendo esse no terceiro racemo de flores de cada experimento. O efeito das doses do produto foi avaliado por análises biométricas, bioquímicas de folhas, produtivas e físico/químicas dos frutos pós-colheita. Os resultados obtidos apresentaram maior atividade da putrescina na dose de 12 μM em plantas nos dois experimentos realizados. / Abstract: The tomato is a vegetable of economic importance and its production is available, mainly, to the use of chemical products, which can be plant regulators such as polyamines and, in this study, it was evaluated in a putrescine action (Put). Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the borrower's physiological responses to putrescine in reducing the effects of water stress. For this purpose, two experiments were conducted in outdoor design (DIC) in a 2 x 4 factorial scheme, plants with and without hydric and four doses of putrescine (Put 0, 4, 8 and 12μM), with four replicates each. As the doses were applied via leaf culture at the time of the borrower's submission to water stress, this being the third flower motif of each experiment. The effect of product doses was evaluated by biometric, biochemical leaf, productive and physical / chemical analysis of post-harvest fruits. The results obtained showed greater putrescine activity at a dose of 12 μM in plants in the two experiments performed. / Mestre

Both pictures and films are widely used elicitors in experimental approach to emotions. However, there is no consensus regarding their relative impact. I describe conceptual underpinning of these methods, their theoretical comparison, and related methods. In a study of 124 students I assess and compare the impact of pictures and films on experiential, behavioural and physiological reactions. There were stronger reactions in response to positive film than to positive pictures. Negative film and pictures were similar in strength yet different in kind of reactions they yielded. The difference can be explained by different temporal characteristics of both methods. Present study is the second study dealing with this topic, and the only study that engaged multiple reaction levels. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

The video game industry is evolving day by day with new technologies being introduced to enhance the player experience. Using Artificial Intelligence (AI) in games can be seen as one of the major areas that many game companies focus on due to therapid technological development that it has seen in recent years. Even though the application and use of modern AI techniques such as deep learning can be rarely seenin the commercial video game industry in comparison to the area of academic research,we can see that many game developers use AI methodologies to overcome Dynamic Difficulty Adjustment (DDA) and enemy path-finding problems that persist in their games. This paper focuses on looking into how AI can be used in horror games to elevate tension inducing player experiences by researching on the work that has been done with regard to how tension and fear are created in the genre of horror, how to track and identify player emotions in game and finally, coming up with a hypothetic alsolution that can be used to track player emotions in order to create tension experiences in horror games with the help of AI, together with the physiological responses of the player. The findings of this paper give an idea on the feasibility of the solution system as well as the potential use of physiological responses in commercial video games as well as future work that is to be done to implement and test the solution system proposed in this paper.

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