Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Animal Sciences and Industry / Michael D. Tokach / Eleven experiments using 5,434 growing-finishing pigs were performed in addition to the development of a model to predict dietary NE that yields the greatest economic benefit. Two experiments were conducted to determine the effect of dietary phytogenics on growth and carcass performance of growing-finishing pigs. The addition of the combination of two phytogenics products (EOM 1+2) to diets improved ADFI, HCW, and carcass ADG. However, there was no evidence for treatment differences for growth or carcass performance in a second study. Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of feeding high SID Trp:Lys ratios with and without Ractopamine HCl (RAC) on growth and carcass characteristics of finishing pigs. In Exp. 1, whereas increasing SID Trp:Lys ratio above 20% improved growth and carcass performance when diets contained RAC, pigs fed SID Trp:Lys ratios above 20% in diets without RAC had reduced growth and carcass performance. Contrary in Exp. 2, pigs fed increasing SID Trp:Lys in diet containing RAC did not provide further performance benefits. Three experiments were conducted to determine the optimum dietary SID Lys and CP concentrations in finishing pigs over 100 kg. The SID Lys requirement to obtain 100% of maximum response was 0.55 to 0.63% depending on the response variable. Growth and carcass performance was maximized in diets containing at least 12% dietary CP. Four experiments were conducted to determine the effects of SBM concentration and whether dEB, choline, or K are the reasons that performance is reduced when pigs over 100 kg BW are fed low CP diets. Performance was reduced as SBM concentration was reduced in the diet. Choline, K, and dEB do not appear to be the reason that performance is reduced when SBM concentration is decreased in low CP diets fed to pigs over 100 kg BW. A Microsoft Excel®-based model to predict the value of dietary NE that yields the greatest economic return to the production system was developed. Furthermore, a meta-analysis was conducted to incorporate the impact of NDF on carcass yield in the model.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Animal Sciences and Industry / Duane L. Davis / Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) affects all mammals. In the swine industry IUGR pigs result from intrauterine crowding. Prenatal programming in IUGR pigs has substantial effects on myogenesis and adipogenesis. Prenatal programming due to IUGR is also a problem in humans and long-term effects on adipogenesis are well established for small for gestational age (SGA) babies. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are the precursors for adipocytes. The umbilical cord contains a population of MSCs in Wharton’s jelly (WJ) and they can be harvested postnatally without ethical issues. Therefore, WJMSCs are proposed as models for studying prenatal programming of adipogenesis. We selected genes from studies of adipogenesis in humans and other species and examined their expression in pig WJ. We assigned pigs within litter as High, Medium, or Low birth weight and evaluated these categories for expression of Cox1, Cox2, EGR1, PPARɣ1, PPARɣ2, and Pref1. Differences due to size classification within litter were limited but there were correlations between weaning weight and delta cycle threshold (ΔCt) for EGR1 (r = 0.28; P < 0.009), PPARɣ1 (r = 0.29; P < 0.007), and PPARɣ2 (r = 0.30; P < 0.005). This may be consistent with the reports for SGA babies where EGR1 is upregulated by prenatal growth restriction. To gain insight into when during pregnancy IUGR affects WJ cells we collected umbilical cords at d 60 and d 95. In d 60 umbilical cords, small fetuses had increased (P = 0.06) Cox1 gene expression. We tested the ability of d 60 WJ cells to undergo adipogenic differentiation using standard protocols and a cycling protocol that exposed the cells to adipogenic differentiation conditions interposed with a rest phase with high insulin. It has been reported that the cycling protocol revealed increased glucose uptake in WJ cells from human SGA babies. We found that d 60 WJ cells did not show adipogenic differentiation in any of the protocols tested however glucose uptake correlated negatively with birth weight at Cycle 0 (P < 0.02; r = 0.61). In summary, pig WJ cells reveal some effects of IUGR but they appear to differ from the relationship demonstrated reported for human SGA babies. A new finding was that at midgestation pig WJ cells do not appear to be competent to complete adipogenesis. We also studied nursing managements to improve outcomes for IUGR pigs. Colostrum intake may be a problem, particularly for light weight pigs and those born later during farrowing. Split suckling is the removal of some pigs to allow others unrestricted nursing access. We temporarily removed the six heaviest pigs and this treatment increased gain and weight by d 7 of age. Colostrum intake was highest for the high birth weight pigs. When we temporarily removed the first half of the litter, colostrum intake was increased for the second half of litter born and the difference in immunocrit was reduced between the two litter halves.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) has been used in recent years for various purposes; to produce copies of genetically superior animals or genetically modified animals. Mainly as a research tool, trying to understand aspects related to cell reprogramming. Despite past several years since birth first animal cloned from a somatic cell, the efficiency remains low. The causes are multifactorial and may involve species particularities, the cell used as nuclear donor or enucleated cytoplasts. Currently it is known that the main problem found in cloned embryos is related to an incomplete cellular reprogramming, which in turn compromises the expression of genes required for normal embryonic development. In the present work we studied different cell cycle associations between cytoplasts (oocytes) and donor cells and its relation with a histone deacetylase inhibitor on the reprogramming of pig embryos produced by SCNT. Oocytes were enucleated at MII or TII (pre-activated) and the associated with previously synchronized cells in G1/G0 and G2/M phase of the cell cycle using or not a histone deacetylase inhibitor Scriptaid in the first hours of embryo culture. The results showed cell cycle incompatibilities between TII cytoplasts and G1/G0 cells even as MII cytoplasts G2/M cells regarding cell reprogramming. Scriptaid treatment showed a cell cycle dependent effect, since the improvement in embryo development was observed when using MII cytoplasts, regardless of the cell used as the donor nucleus. Although widely used in order to improve cell reprogramming in cloned embryos, it was demonstrated the relationship between inhibition of deacetylation with cell cycle interactions between and cytoplasts donor cells on the development of pig embryos produced by SCNT. / A clonagem por transferência nuclear de células somáticas (SCNT) têm sido utilizada nos últimos anos para diversos fins, tanto para a produção de cópias de animais geneticamente superiores quanto para a produção de animais geneticamente modificados. Principalmente como ferramenta de pesquisa básica, buscando compreender aspectos relacionados a reprogramação celular. Apesar de passados vários anos desde o nascimento do primeiro animal clonado a partir de uma célula somática, a eficiência da técnica ainda permanece baixa. As causas são multifatoriais, podem envolver características da especie com que se está trabalhando bem como o tipo de célula utilizada como doadora de núcleo e citoplasto utilizado com receptor. Atualmente sabe-se que um dos principais problemas encontrados em embriões provenientes de clonagem estão relacionados a uma incompleta reprogramação da célula utilizada como doadora de núcleo, o que acaba por comprometer a expressão de genes necessários ao desenvolvimento embrionário normal. No presente trabalho foram estudadas diferentes associaçoes de ciclo celular entre citoplastos (oócitos) receptores e células doadoras de núcleo e sua relação com inibidores de deacetilase sobre a reprogramação de embriões suínos produzidos por SCNT. Oócitos foram enucleados no estágio de MII ou TII (pré-ativados) e associados a células previamente sincronizadas nas fases G1/G0 ou G2/M do ciclo celular, para cada grupo ainda foi utilizado ou não o tratamento com o inibidor de deacetilase Scriptaid nas primeiras horas de cultivo embrionário. O resultados obtidos permitem afirmar que existem incompatibilidades de ciclo celular entre citoplastos em TII e células em G1/G0 assim como entre citoplastos em MII e células em G2/M quanto à reprogramação celular. O tratamento com Scriptaid mostrou ter um efeito ciclo celular dependente, uma vez que só foi observada melhora no desenvolvimento embrionário quando utilizado com citoplastos em MII, independente da célula utilizada como doadora de núcleo. Apesar de amplamente utilizados com a finalidade de melhorar a reprogramação celular em embriões clonados, foi demostrado pela primeira vez a relação da inibição da desacetilação com diferentes interações de ciclo celular entre citoplastos e células doadoras de núcleo sobre o desenvolvimento de embriões produzidos por SCNT.

This diploma thesis deals with the issue of impact of the euro adoption to less developed EU countries, namely the PIGS countries. The first part defines the Maastricht criteria and their fulfillment by those States before joining the euro area. In the other two parts is analyzed the evolution of macroeconomic indicators before and after the outbreak of the financial crisis. These are the indicators of inflation, current account and net investment positions, the housing market and private loans, public finance, GDP and unemployment. In conclusion, there is an evaluation of the development of the individual countries on the basis of these indicators, assessed the suitability of the Maastricht criteria and the benefits of integrating these countries into EMU both for them and for the euro area as a whole.

This diploma thesis discuss the influence of the euro currency on economical situation and its development in Italy, Portugal, Greece and Spain. It is also concerned with the debt crisis which these countries are passing through. First, I analyze development of these countries in the last 20 years prior to entering the eurozone. After that, I focus on the fulfiling of Maastricht criterias and Optimal currency area theory, mainly the convergence of business cycles. Next chapter puts in place the questions of positive expectations, which should have be brought be the euro. In the fourth chapter the work shifts in time to the period after adopting the euro and it analyses the development of several macroeconomic values in the years 2001 - 2010 in southern countries. The results of these research are explained with focus on the influence of the euro. Last chapter concerns about the path of Italy, Portugal, Greece and Spain to the debt crisis, which peaked by the incapability of further finacing some of these countries. It research the possible effects of euro as well.

Pasteurella multocida é um dos principais patógenos envolvidos nas broncopneumonias infecciosas em suínos. Apesar de ser considerada agente secundário à pneumonia enzoótica causada pelo Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae e por agentes virais como o vírus da influenza suína, há evidências do seu envolvimento como agente primário. Neste contexto, o primeiro estudo desenvolvido teve como objetivo desenvolver um método de reprodução experimental de pneumonia por P. multocida A cepa 11246 em suínos infectados com diferentes concentrações de inóculo. Um segundo estudo foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de demonstrar diferenças fenotípicas, moleculares e patogênicas entre cepas de P. multocida A isoladas de casos clínicos de pneumonia em granjas comerciais de suínos de vários estados brasileiros. No primeiro experimento os suínos foram desafiados por gotejamento intranasal lento com inóculo de diferentes concentrações de P. multocida A cepa 11246 [Grupo (G1): 108 Unidades Formadoras de Colônias (UFC)/ml; G2: 107 UFC/ml; G3: 106 UFC/ml e G4: 105 UFC/ml]. Foram utilizados dois suínos por grupo com aproximadamente 100 dias de idade. Neste, todas as concentrações de inóculo demonstraram a capacidade da bactéria em causar doença respiratória grave e septicemia nos animais inoculados. Utilizando-se a mesma metodologia de desafio, com inóculo de 107 UFC/ml, o segundo estudo, ao desafiar 64 suínos igualmente distribuídos em oito grupos (G1 a G8) com oito diferentes cepas de P. multocida A (uma cepa por grupo), os resultados demonstraram a presença de cepas muito patogênicas (G1-11246, G2-11229, G3-16614 e G7-17044); pouco patogênicas (G4-16618 e G5-16972); e apatogênicas (G6-17034 e G8-17078), de acordo com a gravidade das alterações clinico-patológicas desenvolvidas. Na avaliação patológica dos animais desafiados, observaram-se três padrões de lesões distintas, associadas ou não entre si: 1. broncopneumonia fibrinonecrótica cranioventral com pleurite fibrinosa (G1, G3, G7); 2. pleurite difusa uni ou bilateral, associada ou não com pericardite e peritonite (G3, G5, G7) e; 3. pleuropneumonia necrossupurativa focal, geralmente no lobo cardíaco (G1, G2; G3, G4, G7). Na análise genotípica, nos padrões de PFGE obtidos após a macro-restrição com a enzima ApaI, as cepas patogênicas (Nos 11246, 11229, 16614, 16618, 16972 e 17044) foram classificadas no mesmo grupo, com homologia variando de 67,3 a 100%, diferenciando-se das cepas apatogências (Nos 17034 e 17078), que pertenceram a outro grupo, com homologia de apenas 52,7% com as demais amostras. Coletivamente, os resultados demonstraram padrões distintos de patogenicidade de diferentes cepas de P. multocida, os quais podem estar associados à características genéticas das cepas. Adicionalmente o estudo demonstrou a atuação primária de algumas cepas de P. multocida em pneumonias, pleurites e septicemias em suínos. / Pasteurella multocida is one of the main pathogens involved in infectious bronchopneumonia in swine. Although considered a secondary agent to the enzootic pneumonia caused by Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and viral agents as the swine influenza, there are evidences related to its involvement as a primary agent. In this context, the first study undertaken aimed at developing an experimental reproduction method of pneumonia caused by P. multocida A Strain 11246 in swine infected with different inoculum concentrations. A second study was conducted aiming demonstrating phenotypic, molecular and pathogenic differences between the strains of P. multocida A isolated from clinical cases of pneumonia in commercial swine farms in several Brazilian states. In the first experiment, swine were challenged by slow intranasal drip with different inoculum concentrations of P. multocida A strain 11246 [Group (G1): 108 Colony Forming Units (CFU)/ml; G2: 107 CFU/ml; G3: 106 CFU/ml and G4: 105 CFU/ml]. Two swine per group with approximately 100 days of age were used. In these animals all inoculum concentrations demonstrated the bacteria capability to cause severe respiratory disease and septicemia in the inoculated animals. Using the same challenge methodology inoculating 107 CFU/ml at the second study when challenging 64 swine equally distributed into eight groups (G1 to G8) with eight different strains of P. multocida A (one strain per group) results showed the presence of highly pathogenic strains (G1-11246, G2- 11229, G3-16614 e G7-17044); less pathogenic (G4-16618 e G5-16972); and apathogenic (G6-17034 e G8-17078), according to the severity of the clinical and pathological alterations developed. In the pathologic evaluation of challenged animals, we observed three distinct patterns of injuries associated or not with each other: 1. Cranioventral fibrinonecrotic bronchopneumonia with fibrinous pleuritis (G1, G3, G7); 2. Difuse uni or bilateral pleuritis pleuritis, associated or not with pericarditis and peritonitis (G3, G5, G7) and; 3. Necrosuppurative focal pleuropneumonia, generally in the cardiac lobe (G1, G2, G3, G4, G7). In genotypic analysis, the PFGE patterns obtained after the macro-restriction with ApaI enzyme, the pathogenic strains (# 11246, 11229, 16614, 16618, 16972 and 17044) were classified in the same group, with homology ranging from 67.3 to 100%, differing from the apathogenic strains (# 17034 and 17078), which belonged to another group, with only 52.7% homology with the other samples. Collectively, the results showed distinct patterns in different pathogenic strains of P. multocida, which may be associated with the genetic features of the strains. Additionally, the reasearch demonstrated the primary role of some strains of P. multocida in pneumonia, pleuritis and septicemia in swine.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar misturas (blends) de acidificantes e seus sais como alternativas aos antimicrobianos melhoradores do desempenho de leitões na fase de creche. Foi realizado um experimento em blocos casualizados, com 34 dias de duração para testar cinco tratamentos. Para o período de 1 a 14 dias, os tratamentos foram: Am (antimicrobiano) - dieta pré-inicial com 0,004% de sulfato de colistina (40 ppm); A1 (acidificante 1) - pré-inicial com 0,5% do blend 1 (contendo ácido fórmico, 145.000 ppm; ácido fosfórico, 85.000 ppm); A2 (acidificante 2) - pré-inicial com 0,15% do blend 2 (butirato de sódio, 64.000 ppm) e 0,4% do blend 3 (ácido láctico, 620.000 ppm; ácido fórmico, 40.000 ppm); A3 (acidificante 3) - pré-inicial com 0,8% do blend 4 (ácido propiônico, 198.000 ppm; ácido acético, 196.000 ppm; ácido fórmico, 196.000 ppm; ácido fosfórico, 21.000 ppm; ácido cítrico, 8.500 ppm); A4 (acidificante 4) - dieta basal com 0,6% do blend 4 e 0,15% do blend 5 (ácido benzóico, 590.000 ppm; ácido fórmico, 70.000 ppm; ácido fosfórico, 50.000 ppm; ácido cítrico, 40.000 ppm). Para o período de 14 a 34 dias, os tratamentos foram: Am - dieta inicial com 0,004% de sulfato de colistina; A1 - inicial com 0,3% do blend 1; A2 - inicial com 0,1% do blend 2 e 0,3% do blend 3; A3 - inicial com 0,6% do blend 4; A4 - inicial com 0,5% do blend 4 e 0,1% do blend 5. Foram utilizados 160 leitões Topigs recém-desmamados, com idade média em torno de 24 dias e peso inicial de 6,69±1,82 kg. Foram alocados quatro leitões (dois machos castrados e duas fêmeas) em cada baia (unidade experimental). Para os dados de desempenho e freqüência de diarréia, foram utilizadas 8 repetições (blocos) por tratamento. Ao final do experimento, um animal de cada baia, dos 4 primeiros blocos, foi abatido para análise da morfologia intestinal, pH estomacal e cecal e morfometria de órgãos. Durante a fase pré-inicial, o tratamento A2 (combinação dos blends 2 e 3) proporcionou melhor peso aos 14 dias (P14) (P=0,03) e ganho diário de peso (GDP) (P=0,04) que o tratamento A3 (blend 4), e melhor conversão alimentar (CA) (P=0,004) que o tratamento Am (antimicrobiano). Para o período total, o tratamento A4 (blends 4 e 5) apresentou melhor CA (P=0,0006) que o tratamento Am (antimicrobiano). Os tratamentos não afetaram (P>0,05) a freqüência de diarréia e o pH estomacal. O tratamento A4 (blends 4 e 5) apresentou menor valor de pH cecal (P=0,015) que o tratamento Am e menor valor de peso relativo do pâncreas (P=0,013), comparado aos tratamentos Am e A2. Para morfologia intestinal, o tratamento A2 proporcionou menores valores de profundidade de cripta (PC) (P=0,03) do jejuno que os tratamentos A3 e Am e maior relação altura de vilosidade:profundidade de cripta (P=0,04) do jejuno que os tratamentos A1 e A3. A análise econômica, no período de 1 a 14 dias, mostrou que os acidificantes propiciaram custos por kg de GDP, no mínimo, 4,09% inferiores ao antimicrobiano (Am). No período de 1 a 34 dias, os tratamentos A1 e A4 apresentaram custos por kg de GDP até 1,08% menores que o Am. Assim, o presente estudo mostrou que misturas de ácidos orgânicos, inorgânicos e seus sais podem ser uma alternativa viável aos antimicrobianos melhoradores do desempenho de leitões na fase de creche. / The purpose of this work was to evaluate several acidifier blends as alternatives to antimicrobial growth promoters of weanling pigs. A 34-d randomized complete block design experiment was carried out to compare five treatments. For 1-14 d experimental period, the treatments were: Am (antimicrobial) - pre-starter diet with 0.004% of colistin sulfate (40 ppm); A1 (acidifier 1) - pre-starter diet with 0.5% of blend 1 (containing formic acid, 145,000 ppm; phosphoric acid, 85,000 ppm); A2 (acidifier 2) - pre-starter diet with 0.15% of blend 2 (butyric acid, 64,000 ppm) and 0.4% of blend 3 (lactic acid, 620,000 ppm; formic acid, 40,000 ppm); A3 (acidifier 3) - pre-starter diet with 0.8% of blend 4 (propionic acid, 198,000 ppm; acetic acid, 196,000 ppm; formic acid, 196,000 ppm; phosphoric acid, 21,000 ppm; citric acid, 8,500 ppm); and A4 (acidifier 4) - pre-starter diet with 0.6% of blend 4 and 0.15% of blend 5 (benzoic acid, 590,000 ppm; formic acid, 70,000 ppm; phosphoric acid, 50,000 ppm; citric acid, 40,000 ppm). For 14-34 d experimental period, the treatments were: Am - starter diet with 0.004% of colistin sulfate; A1 - starter diet with 0.3% of blend 1; A2 - starter diet with 0.1% of blend 2 and 0.3% of blend 3; A3 - starter diet with 0.6% of blend 4; and A4 - starter diet with 0.5% of blend 4 and 0.1% of blend 5. One hundred and sixty Topigs 24-d-weaned pigs, with 6.69±1.82 kg live weight were allotted to 20 suspended pens, with four pigs (two castrated male and two female) per pen (experimental unit). For performance and diarrhea incidence data, 8 replications per treatment were used. On 34th day of experimental period, an animal of each pen of first 4 blocks was slaughtered for small intestine morphology, stomach and caecum pH and organs morphometry. For 1-14 d experimental period, treatment A2 (combination of blends 2 and 3) gave better body weight at 14th day (BW14) (P=.03) and average daily gain (ADG) (P=.04) than treatment A3 (blend 4), and better feed conversion (FC) (P=.004) than treatment Am (antimicrobial). For total experimental period (1-34 d), treatment A4 (blends 4 and 5) gave better FC (P=.0006) than treatment Am (antimicrobial). Treatments did not affect (P>.05) diarrhea frequency and stomach pH. Treatment A4 (blends 4 and 5) gave lower pH value (P=.015) than treatment Am and smaller relative pancreas weight (P=.013) than treatments Am and A2. For intestinal morphology, treatment A2 provided smaller (P=.003) jejunum crypt depth (CD) than treatments A3 and Am, and bigger (P=.04) ratio of jejunum villus height:crypt depth than treatments A1 and A3. Economical analysis showed, for 1-14 d experimental period, that the acidifiers provided cost per kg of ADG at least 4.09% lower than antimicrobial (Am). For 1-34 d experimental period, treatments A1 and A4 showed cost per kg of ADG until 1.08% lower than Am. Therefore, this study showed that blends of organic and inorganic acids and their salts can be viable alternatives to antimicrobial growth promoters of weanling pigs.

Animals in distress can experience an attenuation of their stress response if provided companionship. This thesis studied the social support phenomenon in 72 nine-week old juvenile pigs (Sus scrofa domesticus) of the crossbreed Yorkshire/Hampshire. Pigs were placed either alone or with a familiar or an unfamiliar age-matched conspecific of the opposite sex in a stunning box. Half of the groups were exposed to an air-filled foam inside of the box and the other half was exposed to an empty box. All pigs underwent an individual behaviour assessment at eight-weeks of age for a personality evaluation. The results of this thesis indicate that pigs were startled by the foam exposure as suggested by changes in activity, escape attempts and vocalisations. Indications of social buffering were found with regards to performance of escape attempts, altered activity patterns and engagement in affiliative social behaviours. Differences were observed in the social behaviour of familiar and unfamiliar pig pairs, suggesting that familiarity between pigs should be preferred from a welfare perspective. Correlations between possible personality traits and the pigs’ behaviour in the foam box study can be understood within the coping style framework. The results suggest that pigs show variation in their need for social support and that personality could have been a bias in interpreting the pigs’ behavioural response to the foam stunning situation. This thesis provide support that the welfare of pigs during foam stunning may be improved if pigs are stunned in groups of familiar individuals.

Introdução: A variação da pressão de pulso (PP) tem se mostrado ser uma ferramenta indicadora da responsividade à terapia de fluídos em estudos clínicos e experimentais. Entretanto, esses parâmetros ainda não foram adequadamente estudados em situações de variação aguda da viscosidade sanguínea, como ocorre durante hemodiluição normovolêmica aguda (HNA). O propósito desse estudo é comparar o comportamento do PP em modelo experimental de HNA em suínos com reposição volêmica com solução salina ou colóide. Métodos: Vinte e um suínos de peso médio de 32kg foram anestesiados e randomizados em três grupos de estudo: HES, o sangue removido foi reposto com solução de amido hidroxietílico 6%; SS, solução salina a 0,9% utilizada na reposição volêmica, e grupo controle, no qual os animais foram somente anestesiados. Parâmetros hemodinâmicos foram mensurados no início do procedimento (basal) (T0), metade processo de HNA (T2), 1 hora e 2 horas depois da HNA (T3 e T4 respectivamente), e imediatamente e 1 hora depois da retransfusão sanguínea (T5, T6). Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância para medidas repetidas, seguida de teste de Tukey. As distribuições das variáveis mensuradas em mais de uma condição de avaliação, sem distribuição normal, foram comparadas com o teste Friedman e os grupos foram comparados com o teste de Mann-Whitney. Os valores de p<0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significantes. Resultados: Depois da HNA, os parâmetros dinâmicos de responsividade a reposição volêmica, representados pelo PP, foram diferentes quando os animais foram tratados com solução colóide ou cristalóide (6,1 ± 2,5 e 14,1 ± 3,4 respectivamente). Os parâmetros estáticos tais como pressão de oclusão de artéria pulmonar (HES 11 ± 3; SS 8 ± 3) e pressão venosa central (HES 8 ± 2; SS 7 ± 4) são contraditórios quando comparados com PP. Conclusão: Durante o processo de HNA a solução colóide mantém os valores de PP próximos ao basal quando comparado com o grupo solução salina, provavelmente devido à diferença na meia vida do HES e da solução salina no espaço intravascular. / Background: Pulse pressure variation (PPV), have been shown to be useful tools to indicate fluid responsiveness in clinical and experimental studies. However, this parameter has not been adequately explored in situations of acute variation of blood viscosity, as happens in acute normovolemic hemodilution (ANH). The purpose of this research was to compare the behavior of PPV in a porcine model of ANH replaced with either normal saline or starch. Methods: Twenty one pigs 32Kg were anesthetized and randomly allocated in three groups: HES, blood removal was replaced with 6% hydroxyethyl starch; NS, normal saline was utilized as fluid replacement, and CONTROL, animals remained anesthetized without any intervention. Hemodynamic parameters were measured at baseline (T0), middle of ANH (T1), immediately after ANH (T2), 1h and 2h after ANH (T3 and T4 respectively), and immediately and 1h after blood re-infusion (T5,T6). Data were submitted to analysis of variance for repeated measures followed by Tukey test or Friedman test followed by Mann-Whitney test when appropriate. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: After ANH, dynamic parameters of fluid responsiveness, herein represented by PPV, presented different response when animals were treated with either starch (6,1 ± 2,2) or saline (14,1 ± 3,4). Besides, static parameters: pulmonary artery wedge pressure (HES 11 ± 3; 8 ± 3) and central venous pressure (HES 8 ± 2; NS 7 ± 4) presented contradictory values when compared to PPV. Conclusion: During ANH process colloids restored PPV values to baseline when compared o to normal saline, probably due to a difference in half-lives of HES and normal saline in the intravascular space.

La scoliose est une déformation en trois dimensions de la colonne vertérbale. Les traitements chirurgicaux actuels sont à l’origine d’une perte de mobilité et de croissance du rachis. Pour palier à ces difficultés, un implant innovant de correction à été développé. Cet implant de type « fusionless » a pour but de préserver la mobilité et la croissance de la colonne vertébrale. Des études morphométriques nous ont permis de connaître la croissance du rachis chez le porc. Cette dernière est maximale entre la 6ème et la 10ème semaine de vie. Les corridors d’insertion des vis pédiculaires ont également pu être décrit. Ensuite, des essais biomécaniques nous ont permis de connaître les contraintes s’exerçant sur le rachis du porc au cours de l’apparition des déformations scoliotiques et de décrire la résistance à l’arrachement des vis pédicualires. Chez le porcs, leur implantation doit etre bicorticale. Enfin, le dispositif a pu être implanté avec succès et a été suivi pendant 2 mois chez 6 porcs charcutiers. Nous avons pu montrer que le dispositif ne semble altérer ni la croissance ni la mobilité rachidienne. Aucune dégénérescence discale n’a été observée / Scoliosis is a three-dimensional deformity of the spine. Current surgical treatment are associated with a lost of spine mobility and growth. To avoid those complications, a new fusionless device, preserving spine growth and mobility, has been develloped. Morphometrics studies allow us to evaluated spinal growth in the pigs. This latter one is maximal between the 6th and 10th weeks. Safe corridor of implantation of pedicle screws was also described. During biomechanicals studies, in vivo measurements of forces observed pigs during soliosis deformities induction in a porcine model was performed. Pullout ressitance of pedicle screw in pigs verterbra was also measured in ordre to optimize pedicle screw fixation in the porcine model. In growing pigs, bicortical screw implantation should be used.Finally, the device was implanted during two months in 6 pigs. Spine growth and mobility were not affected and no disc degeneration was observed during the follow up period