A análise em tempo real de pares de imagens estereoscópicas para extração de características dimensionais da cena tem apresentado crescente interesse, possibilitando robusta navegação robótica e identificação de objetos em cenários dinâmicos. A presente dissertação propõe um método que emprega a análise pixel a pixel e observação de janelas, em pares de imagens estereoscópicas, para extração de denso mapa de disparidades. A arquitetura de processamento proposta é única em sua constituição, misturando elementos de processamento concorrente e seqüencial. O algoritmo estrutura-se em processamento pipeline, permitindo sua implementação em dispositivos de lógica programável e obtenção de resultados em tempo real. / Real-time analysis of stereo images for extraction of dimensional features has been focus of great interest, providing means for autonomous robot navigation and identification of objects in dynamic environments. This work describes a method based in pixel-to-pixel and windows based matching analysis, in stereo images, for constructing dense disparity maps. The proposed processing structure is unique, mixing concurrent and sequential elements. Pipelines structure is employed, targeting implementation in FPGA devices and enabling real-time results.

Uppsatsens har som avsikt att behandla ämnet könsfördelning inom ledningsgrupper i bolag.Detta genom att belysa de läckor som teorin “The leaky pipeline” tar upp som orsaker till attkvinnor i större utsträckning än män inte når de högre positionerna inom organisationer. Vilkametoder som skall användas för att nå en jämnare könsfördelning är en fråga som ständigtdiskuteras och debatteras. Det råder delade meningar om hur man bör gå till väga och ämnetär på många sätt högaktuellt. Då ingen av sidorna hittat ett tillräckligt bra tillvägagångssätt föratt lösa situationen anser vi att det vore intressant med en fördjupning i detta ämne. Vi harupprättat en litteraturgenomgång, teori samt en kvalitativ studie för att finna samband och eneventuell lösning.Syftet med uppsatsen är att med hjälp av individer på ledande positioner i organisationer få enförståelse kring orsaken till att kvinnor faller bort i sin karriär oftare än män, samt hur dettakan motverkas. Resultatet av vår studie visar de olika läckor som återfinns i teorin “The leakypipeline” och de tillvägagångsätt som kan användas för att motverka dessa. Vi identifierar deredan givna läckorna: exkludering, brist på motivation och stöttning från organisationen, menser även att läckan, brist på erfarenhet, bör finnas i teorin. Den läckan som beskriver bortfalltill följd av barnafödande och familjeliv ser vi blir svagare vilket tyder på att gamla strukturersuddas ut. / This paper seeks to address the topic “gender distribution in corporate management teams”and highlight the leaks in the theory "The leaky pipeline". The theory brings up reasons towhy more men then women reach the higher positions within organizations. Which methodsthat should be used to achieve a better gender balance is an issue that is constantly discussed.There are differing views on how to reach a solution. Since it is such a highly topical subjectthat is still not solved we felt it would be interesting to delve into it. We have chosen toprepare a literature review and theory to try to find a connection with the qualitative study wehave done in the context of the essay.The purpose of this paper is that with the help of individuals in leadership positions inorganizations gain an understanding of why women fall out in their career more often thanmen, and how it can be countered. The results of our study show the various leaks appearingin the theory The leaky pipeline and the procedures that can be used to counter them. Weidentify the already given leaks: exclusion, lack of motivation and jacking from theorganization, but also see that the leak “lack of experience” should be included in the theory.The leak that addresses failures due to childbearing and family life are become weaker,suggesting that old structures are being blurred.This paper is written in Swedish.

Software engineers need to understand the structure of the programs they construct. This task is made difficult by the intangible nature of software, and its complexity, size and changeability. Static analysis tools can help by extracting information from source code and conveying it to software engineers. However, the information provided by typical tools is limited, and some potentially rich veins of information - particularly metrics and visualisations - are under-utilised because developers cannot easily acquire or make use of the data. This thesis documents new tools and techniques for static analysis of software. It addresses the problem of generating parsers directly from standard grammars, thus avoiding the com-mon practice of customising grammars to comply with the limitations of a given parsing al-gorithm, typically LALR(1). This is achieved by a new parser generator that applies a range of bottom-up parsing algorithms to produce a hybrid parsing automaton. Consequently, we can generate more powerful deterministic parsers - up to and including LR(k) - without incurring the combinatorial explosion that makes canonical LR(k) parsers impractical. The range of practical parsers is further extended to include GLR, which was originally developed for natural language parsing but is shown here to also have advantages for static analysis of programming languages. This emphasis on conformance to standard grammars im-proves the rigour of static analysis tools and allows clearer definition and communication of derived information, such as metrics. Beneath the syntactic structure of software (exposed by parsing) lies the deeper semantic structure of declarations, scopes, classes, methods, inheritance, invocations, and so on. In this work, we present a new tool that performs semantic analysis on parse trees to produce a comprehensive semantic model suitable for processing by other static analysis tools. An XML pipeline approach is used to expose the syntactic and semantic models of the software and to derive metrics and visualisations. The approach is demonstrated producing several types of metrics and visualisations for real software, and the value of static analysis for informing software engineering decisions is shown.

TRAPIL est une société Française ayant à charge l'exploitation et l'entretien de pipelines d'hydrocarbures. L'entretien de pipelines enterrés nécessite le passage de racleurs équipés de sondes ultrasons réalisant une cartographie de la structure du pipeline, qui est ensuite analysée à la main afin de détecter et d'identifier les différents défauts pouvant apparaître ou évoluer.L'objectif de ce travail de thèse est d'apporter une solution algorithmique permettant d'accélérer et de compléter le travail des analystes à l'aide des méthodes modernes de traitement d'images et du signal.Notre approche suit le mode opératoire des experts et est découpée en trois partie.Tout d'abord nous réalisons une détection des soudures d'aboutage permettant de séparer le pipelines en les différents tubes qui le composent. Les signaux de sondes représentant la circonférence du tube sont regroupés et compressés dans une détection de rupture par comparaison de moyenne à court et long terme, puis les signaux résultants sont fusionnés à l'aide d'une pondération unique permettant une augmentation majeure du contraste entre bruit et soudure, offrant une détection et une localisation presque sans faille.Les tubes subissent ensuite une première segmentation visant à éliminer le plus grand nombre de pixels sains. Usant de modélisation d'histogramme des valeurs d'épaisseur par un algorithme EM initialisé pour notre problématique, l'algorithme suit un principe récursif comparable aux méthodes de type split and merge pour détecter et isoler les zones dangereuses.Enfin, Les zones dangereuses sont identifiées à l'aide d'une foret aléatoire, apprise sur un grand nombre d'exemples de défauts. Cette troisième partie est centrée sur l'étude de différentes méthodes de reconnaissance de forme appliquées à notre nouvelle problématique.Au travers de ces différentes étapes, les solutions que nous avons apportées permettent à TRAPIL un gain de temps significatif sur les tâches les plus fastidieuses du processus d'analyse (par exemple 30% sur la détection de soudures) et leur offre de nouvelles possibilités commerciales, par exemple la possibilité de fournir un pré-rapport à leur clientèle en quelques jours pendant que l'analyse manuelle est réalisée pouvant prendre plus d'un mois. / TRAPIL is a French society who is in charge of exploitation and maintenance of oil pipelines. Maintenance of buried pipeline implies the use of ultrasonic sensor-equipped devices, providing thickness and structural maps of the pipe, which are analysed by experts in order to detect and identify defects that may appear or evolve.The objective of this work is to provide an algoritmic solution allowing to accelerate and aid the experts's work with modern image and signal processing methods.Our approach follows the experts's operating mode and is divided in three sections.First, a weld detection is realized allowing to split the pipe in tubes. The signals of probes representing the circumference of the pipe are regrouped and compressed through an abrupt change detection, using short and long-term average comparison, then the resulting signals are merged using a unique weightening function allowing a massive increase of the contrast between welds and noise, offering near-perfect detection and localization.The tubes then undergoes a first segmentation aiming at eliminating a large amount of sane pixels. Using histogram modelization through an EM algorithm tuned specially for our purpose, the algorithm follows a recursive approach comparable to split and merge methods to detect and isolate dangerous areas.Finally, those dangerous areas are identified with a Random Forest, which has been learnt on a large amount of defect examples. This third part is greatly focused on the study of different pattern recognition methods applied on our new problematic.Through those different steps, the solution we brought allows TRAPIL to save a lot of time on the most tedious tasks of the analysis process (for example 30% of gain in processing time for the weld detection) and offers new commercial possibilities, like for example the possibility to provide their clients a first report in a matter of days, while the manual analysis is completed, which can take more than a month.

Today, the world faces an energy source transformation that is difficult to grasp. To convert to a green energy society, carbon, oil, and natural gas must faze out as fuels during the upcoming decades. Hydrogen gas has received a lot of attention in recent years regarding the challenges in the energy sector, not only because of its multifunctionality as a fuel but also because it is a great energy carrier. The largest part of the green hydrogen gas produced in the future will be made in locations with great possibilities to produce hydrogen gas from solar energy. This means that a huge amount of this will need to be transported (and stored correctly during transportation) to countries with an increased industrial need for hydrogen but with insufficient production of hydrogen. The report will cover two different ways of transporting hydrogen gas. The first one is intermodal transport of tubes (hydrogen gas) or tanks (cryogenic hydrogen), and the second one is through pipelines. The report will also investigate two different ways of storing hydrogen, as a cryogenic liquid or as a compressed gas. The report will also investigate the production of intermodal commodities for compressed hydrogen gas where a material selection will be made to optimise the possibilities to store and transport hydrogen gas. The material selection analysis showed that a duplex stainless steel was the best material for hydrogen gas tubes. From the result, it is clear that compressed hydrogen gas in tube containers is the cheapest transport method with respect to both Operational Expenses (OpEx) and Capital Investment Expenses (CapEx). / Idag står världen inför en energiomställning med stora hinder. För att ställa om till ett samhälle med grön energi står det klart att kol, olja och naturgas måste fasas ut som bränslen under de kommande decennierna. Vätgas har fått mycket uppmärksamhet under de senaste åren när det gäller utmaningarna inom energisektorn, inte bara på grund av dess multifunktionalitet som bränsle utan också för att det är en utmärkt energibärare. Den största delen av den gröna vätgas som produceras i framtiden kommer att tillverkas på platser med stora möjligheter att producera vätgas från solenergi. Detta innebär att en enorm mängd av detta kommer att behöva transporteras (och lagras korrekt under transporten) till länder med ett ökat industriellt behov av vätgas men med otillräcklig produktion av vätgas. Rapporten kommer att omfatta två olika sätt att transportera vätgas. Det första är intermodal transport av tuber (vätgas) eller tankar (kryogen vätgas), och det andra är genom rörledningar. Rapporten kommer också att undersöka två olika sätt att lagra vätgas, som en kryogen vätska eller som en komprimerad gas. Rapporten kommer också att undersöka produktionen av intermodala råvaror för komprimerad vätgas där ett materialval kommer att göras för att optimera möjligheterna att lagra och transportera vätgas. Materialvalsanalysen visade att duplex rostfritt stål var det bästa materialet för vätgastuber. Av resultatet framgår det tydligt att komprimerad vätgas i rörbehållare är den billigaste transportmetoden med avseende på både Operational Expenses (OpEx) och Capital Investment Expenses (CapEx).

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The increasing demand for energy efficient computing has endorsed the usage of Field-Programmable Gate Arrays to create hardware accelerators for large and complex codes. However, implementing such accelerators involve two complex decisions. The first one lies in deciding which code snippet is the best to create an accelerator, and the second one lies in how to implement the accelerator. When considering both decisions concomitantly, the problem becomes more complicated since the code snippet implementation affects the code snippet choice, creating a combined design space to be explored. As such, a fast design space exploration for the accelerators implementation is crucial to allow the exploration of different code snippets. However, such design space exploration suffers from several time-consuming tasks during the compilation and evaluation steps, making it not a viable option to the snippets exploration. In this work, we focus on the efficient implementation of pipelined hardware accelerators and present our contributions on speeding up the pipelines creation and their design space exploration. Towards loop pipelining, the proposed approaches achieve up to 100× speed-up when compared to the state-uf-the-art methods, leading to 164 hours saving in a full design space exploration with less than 1% impact in the final results quality. Towards design space exploration, the proposed methods achieve up to 9:5× speed-up, keeping less than 1% impact in the results quality. / A demanda crescente por computação energeticamente eficiente tem endossado o uso de Field- Programmable Gate Arrays para a criação de aceleradores de hardware para códigos grandes e complexos. Entretanto, a implementação de tais aceleradores envolve duas decisões complexas. O primeiro reside em decidir qual trecho de código é o melhor para se criar o acelerador, e o segundo reside em como implementar tal acelerador. Quando ambas decisões são consideradas concomitantemente, o problema se torna ainda mais complicado dado que a implementação do trecho de código afeta a seleção dos trechos de código, criando um espaço de projeto combinatorial a ser explorado. Dessa forma, uma exploração do espaço de projeto rápida para a implementação de aceleradores é crucial para habilitar a exploração de diferentes trechos de código. Contudo, tal exploração do espaço de projeto é impedida por várias tarefas que consumem tempo durante os passos de compilação a análise, o que faz da exploração de trechos de códigos inviável. Neste trabalho, focamos na implementação eficiente de aceleradores pipeline em hardware e apresentamos nossas contribuições para o aceleramento da criações de pipelines e de sua exploração do espaço de projeto. Referente à criação de pipelines, as abordagens propostas alcançam uma aceleração de até 100× quando comparadas às abordagens do estado-da-arte, levando à economia de 164 horas em uma exploração de espaço de projeto completa com menos de 1% de impacto na qualidade dos resultados. Referente à exploração do espaço de projeto, as abordagens propostas alcançam uma aceleração de até 9:5×, mantendo menos de 1% de impacto na qualidade dos resultados.

De nos jours, les progrès de l’informatisation de l’imagerie médicale assistent au plus près les médecins dans leur soin au patient. Des modèles personnalisés computationnels sont utilisés pour le diagnostique, prognostique et planification du traitement, en diminuant lesrisques pour le patient, et potentiellement les frais médicaux.Heartflow est l’exemple même d’une compagnie qui réussit ce service dans le domaine cardiovasculaire. À partir d’un modèle extrait d’images tomographiques rayons X, les lésions avec impact fonctionnel sont identifiées dans les artères coronaires. Cette analyse qui combine l’anatomie à la fonction est néanmoins limitée par la résolution de l’image. En aval de ces larges vaisseaux, un examen fonctionnel dénommé Imagerie de Perfusion du Myocarde (IPM) met en évidence les régions du myocarde affectées par un déficit de flux sanguin. Cependant, l’IPM n’établie pas de relation fonctionnelle avec les larges vaisseaux coronaires lésés en amont.L’objectif de ce projet est de construire la connexion fonctionnelle entre les coronaires et le myocarde, en extrapolant l’analyse fonctionnelle depuis les larges vaisseaux vers le lit capillaire. À cette fin, il faut étendre le modèle vasculaire jusqu'aux microvaisseaux, et mener une analyse fonctionnelle en direction du comportement myocardique.Nous étendons une méthode de génération d’arbre vasculaire basée sur la satisfaction de principes fonctionnels, nommée Constrained Constructive Optimization (Optimization Constructive sous Contraintes), pour qu’elle s’applique à de multiples arbres vasculaires en compétition. L’algorithme simule l’angiogénèse avec minimisation du volume vasculaire sous contraintes de flux et de géométrie adaptant la croissance simultanée des arbres aux caractéristiques du patient. Cette méthode fournit un modèle hybride composé de coronaires épicardiales extraites d’images et de vaisseaux synthétiques jusqu’aux artérioles, emplissant le ventricule gauche du myocarde.Puis, nous construisons un pipeline d’analyse fonctionnelle multi-échelle pour étendre la simulation de flux depuis les coronaires vers le myocarde. Cela consiste en un modèle de flux coronaire 1D compatible avec la vasculature hybride, et l’analyse de la distribution spatiale des flux provenant des segments terminaux. Cette dernière est réalisée dans une nomenclature similaire à celle de l’IPM pour permettre la comparaison avec des données de vérité terrain fonctionnelles.Nous avons relié l’anatomie du réseau vasculaire à la distribution de flux dans le myocarde pour plusieurs patients. Cette analyse multi-échelle permet d’identifier des pistes pour affiner les méthodes de génération vasculaire et de simulation de flux. Cette extrapolation anatomique et fonctionnelle personnalisée est une première passerelle pour la simulation de perfusion du myocarde à partir d’imagerie tomographique scanner. La construction d’un tel modèle computationnel personnalisé pourrait aider à la compréhension de la physio-pathologie cardiovasculaire complexe et, enfin, à la santé du patient. / Recent advances in medical image computing have allowed automatedsystems to closely assist physicians in patient therapy. Computationaland personalized patient models benefit diagnosis, prognosisand treatment planning, with a decreased risk for the patient,as well as potentially lower cost. HeartFlow Inc. is a successfull exampleof a company providing such a service in the cardiovascularcontext. Based on patient-specific vascular model extracted from XrayCT images, they identify functionally significant disease in largecoronary arteries. Their combined anatomical and functional analysisis nonetheless limited by the image resolution. At the downstreamscale, a functional exam called Myocardium Perfusion Imaging (MPI)highlights myocardium regions with blood flow deficit. However,MPI does not functionally relate perfusion to the upstream coronarydisease.The goal of our project is to build the functional bridge betweencoronary and myocardium, by extrapolating the functional analysisfrom large coronary toward the capillary bed. This objective requiresextension from the coronary model down to the microvasculaturecombined with a functional analysis leading to the myocardium compartment.We expand a tree generation method subjected to functional principles,named Constrained Constructive Optimization, to generate multiplecompeting vascular trees. The algorithm simulates angiogenesisunder vascular volume minimization with flow-related and geometricalconstraints, adapting the simultaneous tree growths to patientpriors. This method provides a hybrid image-based and synthetic geometricmodel, starting from segmented epicardium coronary downto synthetic arterioles, filling the left ventricle myocardium.We then build a multiscale functional analysis pipeline to allowblood flow simulation from the coronaries to the myocardium. Thisis achieved with a 1D coronary model compatible with the hybridvasculature, and a spatial blood flow distribution analysis of the terminalsegments. The latter is performed using a similar nomenclatureto MPI, to enable patient-specific comparison with functional groundtruthdata.We connected the vascular anatomy to blood flow distribution inthe myocardium on several patient datasets. This multiscale frameworkpoints out several leads to refine the vascular network generationand fluid simulation methods. This patient-specific anatomicaland functional extrapolation is a first gateway toward myocardiumperfusion from X-ray CT data. Building such personalized computational model of patient could potentially help investigating cardiovascularcomplex physio-pathology, and, finally, improve the patientcare.

O trabalho tem como objetivo realizar um estudo experimental na bancada do Laboratório Multipropósito de Escoamento Multifásico com o intuito de estudar o fenômeno de intermitência severa em um sistema pipeline-riser com os fluidos água e ar. A intermitência severa pode ocorrer em sistemas pipeline-riser onde o pipeline é descendente seguido de um riser vertical, além de ser necessário a presença de baixas vazões de fluidos. Esse fenômeno é caracterizado por ser cíclico em que há acúmulo de líquido na base do riser e por acabar causando perdas na produção de petróleo e gás devido a grandes flutuações de pressão e vazão que podem durar horas a depender do comprimento do sistema. Os picos de pressão e vazão também podem causar o desligamento do sistema de separação na plataforma. O estudo se dividiu em várias etapas onde inicialmente foram definidos os procedimentos experimentais a serem utilizados. A calibração de placas de orifício foi necessária para o controle de vazão mássica de gás. Os resultados experimentais foram divididos em casos estáveis e instáveis onde a instabilidade é caracterizada pela presença de ciclos de pressão que podem ser observados em históricos de pressão na base do riser. Mapas de estabilidade foram criados e a região instável obtida experimentalmente foi comparada com a curva de estabilidade obtida pelo uso da teoria de estabilidade linear. Os históricos de pressão na base do riser para os casos instáveis obtidos foram comparados com dois modelos numéricos. A variação da pressão no separador foi usada para verificar a mitigação da intermitência severa e/ou da condição instável obtida no sistema para alguns casos instáveis. / The objective of this work is to do an experimental study of the severe slugging phenomenon in the pipeline-riser system of the Multipurpose Multiphase Flow Laboratory by using the fluids air and water. Severe slugging may occur for low flow rates in pipeline-riser systems where a downward pipeline is followed by a vertical riser. In this phenomenon there is liquid accumulation at the bottom of the riser resulting in production losses due to the great fluctuations of pressure and flow rate during its cycles which may last for hours depending on the length of the system. The high pressure values can also cause shutdown of the platform separation system. The first stage of this study was to define the experimental procedure to be adopted. It was necessary to perform a calibration of the orifice plates in order to have a precise control of the gas mass flow rate. The experimental results were divided in stable and unstable cases. The instability is defined by the presence of pressure oscillations at the bottom of the riser. Stability maps were created to compare the stabiliy curve obtained by the stability linear theory with the experimental results. The experimental pressure oscillations were compared with two numerical models. The pressure variation at the separator was studied to verify the mitigation effects during unstable and/or severe slugging conditions.

O estudo da diversidade viral em amostras ambientais tem se tornado cada vez mais importante devido a funções-chave desempenhadas por esses organismos. Estudos recentes têm fornecido evidências de que vírus de bactérias (bacteriófagos) podem ser os principais determinantes em ciclos biogeoquímicos de grandes ecossistemas, além de atuarem no fluxo de genes entre comunidades ambientais e na plasticidade funcional das mesmas frente a estresses ambientais. Neste trabalho, propomos a investigação e caracterização da diversidade viral presente em amostras de compostagem através de abordagens não dependentes e dependentes de cultivo. Na primeira abordagem, coletamos amostras seriadas de uma unidade de compostagem do zoológico de São Paulo para realização de sequenciamento metagenômico. O conjunto de sequências gerado foi extensivamente minerado (data-mining) para a produção de resultados de diversidade e abundância de táxons virais ao longo do processo de compostagem. Adicionalmente, procedemos com a montagem e recuperação de sequências virais candidatas a genomas completos e/ou parciais de novos vírus ambientais. Os dois protocolos computacionais utilizados para a mineração de dados encontram-se definidos e automatizados, podendo ser aplicados em quaisquer conjuntos de dados de sequenciamento metagenômico ou metatranscritômico obtidos através da plataforma Illumina. A segunda abordagem correspondeu ao isolamento e caracterização de novos fagos de Pseudomonas obtidos de amostras de compostagem. Três novos fagos foram identificados e tiveram os seus genomas sequenciados. A caracterização genômica desses fagos revelou genomas com alto grau de novidade, insights sobre a evolução de Caudovirales e a presença de genes de tRNA, cuja função pode estar relacionada com um mecanismo dos fagos para contornar o viés traducional apresentado pela bactéria hospedeira. A caracterização experimental dos novos fagos isolados demonstrou grande potencial para lise e dissolução de biofilme da cepa Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA14, conhecida como agente causador de infecções hospitalares em pacientes imunodeprimidos. Em suma, os dados reunidos nesta dissertação caracterizam a diversidade presente no viroma da compostagem e contribuem para o entendimento dos perfis taxonômico, funcional e ecológico do processo. / The study of the viral diversity in environmental samples has become increasingly important due to key-roles that are performed by these organisms in our ecosystems. Recent publications provide evidence that viruses of bacteria (bacteriophages) may be key-players in biogeochemical cycles of large ecosystems, as oceans and forests. Besides, they may also be determinant in the genes flux among populations and in the plasticity of the communities face to environmental stresses. In this work, we propose the investigation and characterization of the viral diversity in composting samples through non-culturable and culturable-dependent approaches. In the first approach, we sampled a composting unit from the Sao Paulo Zoo Park in different time points and proceeded with metagenomic sequencing. The dataset generated was extensively mined to provide results of diversity and abundance of viral taxa through the composting process. Additionally, we proceeded with the assembly and retrieval of candidate sequences to partial or/and complete viral genomes. The two computational protocols were automatized as pipelines and can be applied to any metagenomic dataset of illumina reads. The second approach refers to the isolation and characterization of new Pseudomonas phages obtained from composting samples. Three new phages were identified and their genomes were sequenced. A detailed characterization of these genomes revealed high degree of novelty, insights about evolution of tailed-phages and the presence of tRNA genes, which may be related to a mechanism to bypass host translational bias. The experimental characterization of the new phages demonstrated great potential to lyse bacterial cells and to degrade Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA14 biofilms. In short, the data presented in this dissertation shed light to the composting virome diversity, as well as to the functional and ecological profiles of viruses in the composting environment.