Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T14:33:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_liana_viviam_ferreira.pdf: 1066029 bytes, checksum: b8436d77d50bb76efeddb4cb96df3326 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-04 / The cultivation of edible pod peas in greenhouse and hydroponic system can be a viable alternative for obtaining high pods yield in winter and early spring crop-seasons. In addition, this crop system optimizes productive resources and causes reduced environmental impact. Currently, little information is available about edible pods pea crop, especially in greenhouse and hydroponic cultivation conditions. The adoption of this system presupposes to adequate plant density, as well as to produce knowledge and information regarding growth (dry matter production and partitioning) and yield of different genotypes. In this sense, two experiments were conducted with edible pods pea crop grown in hydroponic and greenhouse in winter/spring crop-season at the Campus of the Universidade Federal de Pelotas , in Capão do Leão, RS. The first experiment aimed to evaluate the effect of plant density on dry matter production and partitioning and yield components of edible pods pea crop 'Luana Gigante®'. Five planti densities (3.9, 4.7; 5.9, 7.8 and 11.8 plants m-2) were evaluated from May to November 2011. The second experiment aimed to characterize the growth and production dynamics of two edible pea pods genotypes ('Luana Gigante®' and 'MK10®') in a bifactorial model from May to November 2012. Genotypes composed the plots and evaluation dates composed subplots (0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 95, 115 and 135 days after setting/DAS). In both experiments, biomass was quantified by dry weight of different above-ground plant organs and yield by pods fresh weight. The results obtained in the first experiment indicated that increasing of plant density in the range from 3.9 to 11.8 plants m-2 reduced linearly the growth of all organs and the individual plants pods yield. However, it increased linearly the absolute crop dry matter production and the pods yield per square meter. It did not affect the dry matter partitioning among different plant organs. The vegetative shoot plant organs were the major sinks for photoassimilates, comprising 61.5% of total plant dry matter, while the pods represented 31.7%. Among the yield components, only the number of harvested pods per plant was reduced and there were not negative effects on average pods fresh weight and the percentage of marketable pods. Therefore, we can recommend the plant density of 11.8 plants m-2 for pea crop 'Luana Gigante'. In the second experiment, it was observed that 'Luana Gigante' and 'MK10' presented a sigmoidal type plant growth curve as a function of time. MK10 presented higher vegetative shoot plant parts and crop growth than 'Luana Gigante'. 'MK10' also presented higher pods growth at 95 DAS, but both genotypes presented similar pods growth and yield at the end of the crop cycle. Pods comprised 36% and 43% of the total above-ground dry matter production, respectively, for 'MK10' and 'Luana Gigante' at the end of the crop cycle. Thus 'Luana Gigante' presents greater ability to assimilate distribution to pods growth than 'MK10'. The vegetative shoot organs are the strongest sinks for assimilates of the plant and stems are more beneficed in relation to the partition of dry matter than leaves. / A produção de ervilha torta em ambiente protegido e sistema hidropônico pode ser uma alternativa viável para a obtenção de alto rendimento de vagens no período de inverno e início de primavera, além de proporcionar melhor otimização dos recursos produtivos e reduzido impacto ambiental. Atualmente, existem poucas informações disponíveis sobre esta cultura, principalmente em condições de ambiente protegido e cultivo hidropônico. A adoção deste sistema pressupõe a adequação da densidade de plantio, assim como, produzir conhecimentos e informações referentes ao crescimento (produção e partição de massa seca) e comportamento produtivo de genótipos. Neste sentido, dois experimentos foram realizados com a cultura da ervilha torta em sistema hidropônico e ambiente protegido em ciclo de inverno/primavera no Campus da Universidade Federal de Pelotas, no município de Capão do Leão, RS. O primeiro experimento, realizado de maio a novembro de 2011, objetivou avaliar o efeito da densidade de plantio sobre a produção e a partição da massa seca e os componentes do rendimento de ervilha torta Luana Gigante® , em experimento unifatorial com cinco densidades de plantio (3,9; 4,7; 5,9; 7,8 e 11,8 plantas m-2). O segundo experimento objetivou caracterizar a dinâmica do crescimento e da produção de dois genótipos de ervilha torta ( Luana Gigante e MK10 ) em esquema bifatorial no período de maio a novembro de 2012. As parcelas foram constituídas pelos genótipos e as subparcelas pelas épocas de avaliação das plantas (aos 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 95, 115 e 135 dias após o transplante). Para ambos os experimentos, a biomassa foi quantificada através da massa seca dos diferentes órgãos aéreos da planta e o rendimento através da massa fresca de vagens. Em relação aos resultados obtidos no primeiro experimento, observou-se que o aumento da densidade de plantio no intervalo entre 3,9 a 11,8 plantas m-2 reduz o crescimento de todos os órgãos e a produtividade individual das plantas de forma linear. Porém, aumenta de forma linear a produção absoluta da massa seca da cultura bem como a produtividade por unidade de área e não afeta a partição proporcional de massa seca entre os diferentes órgãos da planta. Os órgãos vegetativos aéreos são os principais drenos de fotoassimilados, representando 61,5% da massa seca total das plantas, enquanto as vagens representam 31,7%. Entre os componentes do rendimento, somente o número de vagens colhidas por planta é reduzido, não havendo efeitos negativos sobre a massa fresca média das vagens e a porcentagem de vagens comerciais colhidas. Portanto, recomenda-se a densidade de 11,8 plantas m-2 para a ervilha torta Luana Gigante . No segundo experimento, observou-se que Luana Gigante e MK10 expressam crescimento da planta do tipo sigmoidal em relação ao acúmulo de MS ao longo do ciclo de cultivo. MK10 apresenta maior crescimento dos órgãos vegetativos aéreos e da cultura do que Luana Gigante . MK10 também apresenta maior crescimento de vagens aos 95 DAT, porém os genótipos se assemelham em relação ao crescimento e à produção de vagens ao final do ciclo de cultivo. As vagens representam 36% e 43% da massa seca aérea da planta, respectivamente de MK10 e Luana Gigante , ao final do ciclo de cultivo. Assim, Luana Gigante apresenta maior capacidade de destinar assimilados para o crescimento de vagens do que MK10 . O conjunto dos órgãos vegetativos aéreos são os principais drenos de assimilados da planta, sendo os caules priorizados na partição de MS em relação às folhas.

L’association mycorhizienne à arbuscules (AM) est le résultat d’une interaction compatible entre les génomes des deux partenaires symbiotiques. Dans ce contexte, le but de mes recherches a été de mieux caractériser le rôle des gènes de pois liés aux stades tardifs de la symbiose, PsSym36, PsSym33 and PsSym40, dans le fonctionnement de la symbiose MA (i) en étudiant l’effet des mutations de ces trois gènes sur l’expression des gènes de la plante et du champignon, et (ii) en créant les conditions pour positionner deux de ces gènes, PsSym36 and PsSym40, sur la carte génétique afin d’envisager leur clonage futur. L’expression d’un groupe de dix gènes fongiques et de huit gènes de plante, déjà décrits pour être activés durant le développement de la mycorhize, a été comparée dans les racines de pois inoculées avec G. intraradices chez les plantes de génotypes sauvages, ou les mutants Pssym36, Pssym33 et Pssym40. L’expression de la plupart des gènes fongiques a été inhibée dans les racines du mutant Pssym36 où la formation des arbuscules est avortée, tandis que l’expression de plusieurs d’entre eux a été activée lorsqu’il existe un développement plus rapide du champignon dans les racines du mutant Pssym40. Des microdisséquats obtenus à partir de racines mycorhizées du mutant PsSym40 confirment l’expression préférentielle de trois gènes de G. intraradices (SOD, DESAT et PEPISOM) dans les cellules contenant les arbuscules. L’inactivation du gène PsSym36 provoque également une inhibition des gènes de plante alors que la mutation des gènes PsSym33 and PsSym40 affecte l’expression des gènes de plante plutôt de façon temporelle. Les résultats indiquent ainsi une implication des gènes SYM de pois dans la modulation des interactions moléculaires entre la plante et le champignon impliquées au niveau de la signalisation, des échanges nutritifs ou de la régulation des réponses au stress durant la formation et/ou le fonctionnement de la symbiose AM. Les conditions pour la localisation des gènes PsSym36 and PsSym40 sur la carte génétique du pois ont été développées pour leur clonage basé sur la cartographie. En utilisant les marqueurs moléculaires obtenus, il a été possible de conclure que la localisation du gène PsSym40 réside vraisemblablement à l’extérieur des groupes de liaison I, II, III ou V de la carte génétique du pois. / The arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) association results from a successful interaction between the genomes of the two symbiotic partners. In this context, the aim of my research was to better characterize the role of the late stage symbiosis-related pea genes PsSym36, PsSym33 and PsSym40 in the functional AM (i) by investigating the effect of mutations in the three genes on fungal and plant gene responses and (ii) by creating conditions for the localization of two of the genes, PsSym36 and PsSym40, on the pea genetic map for future map-based cloning. The expression of a subset of ten fungal and eight plant genes,previously reported to be activated during mycorrhiza development, was compared in Glomus intraradices-inoculated roots of wild type and Pssym36, Pssym33 and Pssym40 mutant pea plants. Most of the fungal genes were down-regulated in roots of the Pssym36 mutant where arbuscule formation is defective, and several were upregulated with more rapid fungal development in roots of the Pssym40 mutant. Microdissection of mycorrhizal PsSym40 roots corroborated preferential expression of the three G. intraradices genes SOD, DESAT and PEPISOM in arbuscule-containing cells. Inactivation of PsSym36 also resulted in down regulation of plant genes whilst mutation of the PsSym33 and PsSym40 genes affected plant gene responses in a more time-dependent way. Results thus indicate an implication of the investigated pea SYM genes in the modulation of plant and fungal molecular interactions linked to signaling, nutrient exchange or stress response regulation during AM symbiosis formation and functioning. Conditions for localization of the PsSym36 and PsSym40 genes on the pea genetic map were developed for their future map-based cloning. Based on the molecular markers obtained, it was possible to conclude that localization of the PsSym40 gene most likely resides outside the linkage groups I, II, III or V of the genetic map of pea. / Формирование арбускулярной микоризы (АМ) является результатом успешного взаимодействия между геномами двух симбиотических партнёров. Целью моего исследования являлось изучение роли поздних симбиотических генов гороха PsSym36, PsSym33 и PsSym40 в формировании функционального АМ симбиоза. Для этого было проведено исследование эффекта мутаций в генах PsSym36, PsSym33 и PsSym40 на экспрессию грибных и растительных генов, предположительно (по литературным данным) вовлечённых в процессы формирования АМ, а так же проведена работа по локализации генов PsSym36 и PsSym40 на генетической карте гороха для последующего более точного картирования и позиционного клонирования данных генов. Экспрессия десяти грибных и восьми растительных генов была определена в корнях растений дикого типа и PsSym36, PsSym33 и PsSym40 мутантов, инокулированных G. intraradices. В корнях PsSym36 мутанта, имеющего дефект развития арбускул, большая часть грибных генов была супрессирована, в то время как в корнях PsSym40 мутанта, для которого характерна более быстрая по сравнению с диким типом микоризация, был отмечен более высокий уровень экспрессии грибных генов. Использование метода микродиссекций позволило выделить клетки, содержащие арбускулы, из микоризованных корней мутанта PsSym40 и подтвердить, что гены G. intraradices SOD, DESAT и PEPISOM преимущественно экспрессируются в клетках, содержащих арбускулы. Мутация в гене PsSym36 также привела к подавлению экспрессии большинства вовлечённых в анализ растительных генов, тогда как мутации в генах PsSym33 и PsSym40 оказали влияние на ксперессию растительных генов в меньшей степени. Полученные результаты свидетельствуют о роли исследуемых SYM генов гороха в контролировании растительно-грибных молекулярных взаимодействий, связанных с сигналингом, обменом питательными веществами и стрессовыми реакциями в процессе формирования и функционирования АМ симбиоза. Проведённое генетическое картирование не привело к локализации генов PsSym36 и PsSym40 на генетической карте гороха. Однако разработка и использование молекулярных маркеров для картирования позволили исключить локализацию гена PsSym40 в I, II, III и V группах сцепления с высокой долей вероятности.

Field pea is an important annual crop due to its contribution to soil fertility and other rotational benefits. However, weeds and ascochyta blight limit pea yield, particularly in organic systems. Leafed and semi-leafless pea types differ in lodging resistance, and may affect weeds and disease through differences in canopy light penetration and air flow. Mixtures of the two leaf types may improve weed and disease suppression and yield compared with monocultures of the same cultivars. To test this hypothesis, replicated field experiments were conducted under organic and conventional management in Saskatoon and Vonda, SK, in 2011 and 2012. Mixtures of a leafed and semi-leafless cultivar, CDC Sonata and CDC Dakota, were sown in ratios of 0:100, 25:75, 50:50, 75:25, and 100:0 leafed to semi-leafless pea, at target seeding rates of 88 and 132 plants m-2. Conventionally managed plots were inoculated with ascochyta blight-infested pea straw and received overhead irrigation to encourage disease. Mixtures of 50% or more semi-leafless pea adopted the greater lodging resistance and weed suppression of the semi-leafless cultivar. Mixtures comprised of 25% leafed and 75% semi-leafless pea increased both seed and biomass yield compared with either cultivar grown alone. Yield enhancement was attributed to the leafed cultivar, whose seed yield was 76% higher in mixture than expected based on monoculture yield. Ascochyta blight epidemics were of moderate severity, and leafed and semi-leafless monocultures reached 36 and 43% necrosis in 2011, and 33 and 38% necrosis in 2012, respectively. The disease reaction of mixtures fell between the two component cultivars. At disease onset in 2012, lower light interception and shorter moisture durations coincided with the lower ascochyta blight severity of leafed monocultures. In 2011 and the later phase of the 2012 epidemic, disease severity was negatively associated with vine length, and positively associated with number of nodes and tissue senescence. Despite the advantages of leafed and semi-leafless pea mixtures, the limited selection of leafed cultivars impedes adoption of this technique by growers. For pea breeders, developing mixtures of pea lines isogenic for leaf type may increase yield compared with single cultivars.

Des semis précoces permettent d'allonger les cycles de culture du pois protéagineux et d'éviter les stress hydriques et thermiques tardifs, ce qui contribue à la maîtrise des variations de rendement. Les objectifs de ce travail sont 1) d'étudier le comportement de différents génotypes de pois au cours de la germination en réponse à la température ; 2) de déterminer l'impact des vitesses de dessiccation à température élevée sur les caractéristiques des graines, leur germination et leur conservation ; 3) d'explorer la reprise du métabolisme énergétique et la mobilisation des sucres solubles au cours de la germination et de déterminer l'impact d'une vitesse de dessiccation rapide après la phase de remplissage et des basses températures pendant la germination. Les pois de printemps Baccara et Térèse et le pois d'hiver Champagne présentent une température de base identique et très basse de -1,1°C. Le génotype Champagne a une vitesse de germination plus rapide que les deux autres génotypes, des basses températures jusqu'à l'optimum. Les vitesses de dessiccation élevées ont peu d'impact sur la germination mais affectent fortement l'aptitude à la conservation des graines, mesurée après détérioration contrôlée. Cela est associé à une augmentation de la conductivité traduisant des dégâts cellulaires, en particulier au niveau des membranes. La vitesse élevée de germination de Champagne s'explique en partie par une grande vitesse d'imbibition, permettant une respiration plus forte. Une corrélation entre la consommation en oxygène et la production d'ATP a été trouvée. Champagne présente également une capacité de la voie alternative, une utilisation d'ATP et de sucres solubles plus élevées que les génotypes de printemps, Baccara et Térèse. L'utilisation des sucres solubles des axes embryonnaires, après mobilisation des RFO, est bien corrélée avec la vitesse de germination. De fortes vitesses de dessiccation entrainent une augmentation de la respiration qui serait à relier à la mise en place de mécanismes de réparation. Les basses températures retardent le processus de germination et de reprise du métabolisme par leur action sur les systèmes enzymatiques, mais lorsque l'échelle de temps est exprimée en temps thermique, le retard disparaît. Cependant, la respiration du génotype Champagne est moins affectée par les basses températures. Les résultats obtenus ont permis de proposer un schéma global résumant les étapes clés permettant une vitesse de germination rapide et un modèlesur le rôle de l'adénylate kinase et de la phosphorylation oxydative mitochondriale dans la régulation du métabolisme en lien avec l'anhydrobiose.

This diploma work was assessed effects of different seed treatment (untreated flour from whole seed, flour from the uterus after soaking seeds, flour from the seeds sprouted cotyledon) by three species of legumes (Pisum sativum conv. Sativum L., Vicia faba L., Lupinus angustifolius L.) yield and composition of protein isolate obtained by isoelectric precipitation. It was found that the seeds of change most affects yield precipitated N (mg) and 45%. When determining the value of the yield of protein was affected by significant interactions (treatment and the type of legume seeds). The largest share was, however, precipitate in untreated and germinated lupine seeds, in which values are around 57%. Furthermore, the thesis was to reverse the precipitation of proteins, using which we obtained protein concentrates from different species of legumes. The yields of protein concentrates reach values in the range of 60-80%. Spectra of soluble proteins is clearly visible high concentration of isolated proteins. Variation of sprouted seeds and soaked that occurred during treatment of seeds for the collapse of proteins with higher molecular weight. Furthermore, these grafts are transferred protein extraction at pH 9.0 in the later produced protein isolates. After acid precipitation is observed on a spectrum that is re-soluble protein isolates.

Orientador: Kuniko Iwamoto Haga / Banca: Marco Eustáquio de Sá / Banca: Juliana Domingues Lima / Resumo: A região de cerrado tem como principais fatores limitantes da produção agrícola as condições climáticas e solos com baixa fertilidade natural. Neste sentido, são importantes estudos para entender os fatores que contribuem para o desempenho das culturas em condições de cerrado, como por exemplo a ervilha. O objetivo foi avaliar o efeito da aplicação foliar do boro, molibdênio e zinco na qualidade de grãos de ervilha e produtividade. A ervilha utilizada foi a variedade Utrillo, cujo cultivo foi realizado na área experimental da Fazenda de Ensino Pesquisa e Extensão-FE-UNESP-Campus de Ilha Solteira. Os tratamentos constaram das combinações entre aplicação de boro, molibdênio e zinco, (Testemunha, B, Mo, Zn, B+Mo, B+Zn, Mo+Zn, B+Mo+Zn). O Mo foi aplicado via foliar aos 20 dias após a emergência das plantas (DAE). O B e o Zn foram aplicados também via foliar aos 30 DAE. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados com quatro repetições, as médias comparadas pelo teste de Duncan a 5% de significância. Analisou-se produtividade e o conteúdo de nutrientes, de amido, de aminoácidos, de proteinas nos grãos e sementes e a qualidade fisiológica das sementes. Os resultados indicaram que os tratamentos alteram significativamente apenas o conteúdo de magnésio e de cobre nos grãos. Os demais fatores estudados não se alteraram devido ao tratamento imposto à cultura. / Abstract: Some times the crops yield in the cerrado area is limited by weather conditions and the soil with a low fertility. The studies in this direction are important to understand the factors that contribute for the performance of the cultures in the cerrado conditions, for example pea's crop. The objective was to evaluate the effect of the foliar application of boron, molybdenum and zinc on the quality of pea grains and grain yield. For experiment were used seeds of pea, cv. Utrillo, cultivated in the experimental area of the Farm of the Teach Research and Extension-FE-UNESP- Campus de Ilha Solteira". The eight treatments consisted of the combinations among application of boron, molybdenum and zinc, (Control, B, Mo, Zn, B+Mo, B+Zn, Mo+Zn, B+Mo+Zn). 20 days after emergency (DAE) was applied Mo by foliar. B and Zn were applied by foliar at 30 DAE. The experimental delineation used was the randomized blocks with four repetitions; the averages had been compared by Duncan test at 5% of significance. It was analyzed the grain nutrient content, grain yield, starch, aminoacids and proteins content in the grains and seeds and physiological seed quality. The results had indicated that the treatments modify significantly only to the copper and magnesium content in the grains. The other studied factors they didn't alter due to the treatment imposed to the culture. / Mestre

Orientador: Kuniko Iwamoto Haga / Banca: Elizabeth Orika Ono / Banca: Guilherme José Gonçalves Pereira / Resumo: Características fisiológicas da semente e de grãos podem determinar a qualidade das mesmas e a qualidade pode estar relacionada com o manejo da cultura, tais como a disponibilidade de água, nutrientes, controle de pragas e doenças. Dentre os nutrientes, o nitrogênio é um dos fatores importantes na produtividade e o zinco está envolvido em processos bioquímicos que são essenciais para o crescimento e desenvolvimento da planta. O cultivo da ervilha nos cerrados vem ganhando espaço e tem sido uma boa opção para o plantio na entressafra, sob regime de irrigação. O experimento foi conduzido na FEP/FE/UNESP - Campus de Ilha Solteira e o delineamento experimental adotado foi de blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial 4 x 4 (doses de nitrogênio x doses de zinco), com três repetições. O trabalho objetivou avaliar o efeito do N e Zn no conteúdo de proteínas, aminoácidos, açúcar livre, amido e polissacarídeos solúveis em água (WSP) nos grãos e sementes de ervilha, cultivar Utrillo, cultivadas em solo de cerrado. Os resultados obtidos permitem verificar que há interação entre a adubação nitrogenada e zinco no conteúdo das reservas dos grãos e de sementes, sendo que o teor de açúcar livre nos grãos verdes apresenta incremento linear com o aumento da dose de N entre 60 e 240 kg ha -1 . A análise dos dados mostra ainda que, o teor de clorofila nos grãos verdes aumenta com as doses crescentes de Zn e N. Verifica-se também, que não houve efeito do Zn e do N na produção. / Abstract: The physiological characteristics of the seed and grains can be determine the quality of the same ones and, the quality can be related with the handling of the culture, such as the available of water, nutrients, control of curses and disease. The nitrogen is one important nutrient and it is a very important factor on the productivity and the zinc is involved in biochemical processes that are essential for the growth and development of the plant. The cultivation of the pea in the cerrado is enhanced and it has been a good option for the planting in the time between harvests, under irrigation management. This experiment was realized in FEP/FE/UNESP - Campus de Ilha Solteira and the experimental design used was the random blocks in the factorial design 4 x 4 (dose of nitrogen x dose of zinc), with three repetitions. The work aimed at to evaluate effect of N and Zn in the protein content, amino acid, free sugar, starch and soluble polysaccharides in water (WSP) in the grains and pea seeds, to cultivate Utrillo, cultivated in cerrado soil. The obtained results allow to verify that there is interaction between the nitrogen fertilization and zinc in the content of the reservations of the grains and of seeds, and the content of free sugar in the green grains presents linear increment with the increase of the dose of N between 60 and 240 kg/ha. The analysis of the date display although, the chlorophyll content, in the green grain, increases with the growing doses of Zn and N. Also verifies, that there was not effect of Zn and of N in the production. / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-07-28Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:39:06Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 cardoso_ed_me_ilha.pdf: 890982 bytes, checksum: d8a4b3da936255f7b7e618877372a931 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Características fisiológicas da semente e de grãos podem determinar a qualidade das mesmas e a qualidade pode estar relacionada com o manejo da cultura, tais como a disponibilidade de água, nutrientes, controle de pragas e doenças. Dentre os nutrientes, o nitrogênio é um dos fatores importantes na produtividade e o zinco está envolvido em processos bioquímicos que são essenciais para o crescimento e desenvolvimento da planta. O cultivo da ervilha nos cerrados vem ganhando espaço e tem sido uma boa opção para o plantio na entressafra, sob regime de irrigação. O experimento foi conduzido na FEP/FE/UNESP - Campus de Ilha Solteira e o delineamento experimental adotado foi de blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial 4 x 4 (doses de nitrogênio x doses de zinco), com três repetições. O trabalho objetivou avaliar o efeito do N e Zn no conteúdo de proteínas, aminoácidos, açúcar livre, amido e polissacarídeos solúveis em água (WSP) nos grãos e sementes de ervilha, cultivar Utrillo, cultivadas em solo de cerrado. Os resultados obtidos permitem verificar que há interação entre a adubação nitrogenada e zinco no conteúdo das reservas dos grãos e de sementes, sendo que o teor de açúcar livre nos grãos verdes apresenta incremento linear com o aumento da dose de N entre 60 e 240 kg ha -1 . A análise dos dados mostra ainda que, o teor de clorofila nos grãos verdes aumenta com as doses crescentes de Zn e N. Verifica-se também, que não houve efeito do Zn e do N na produção. / The physiological characteristics of the seed and grains can be determine the quality of the same ones and, the quality can be related with the handling of the culture, such as the available of water, nutrients, control of curses and disease. The nitrogen is one important nutrient and it is a very important factor on the productivity and the zinc is involved in biochemical processes that are essential for the growth and development of the plant. The cultivation of the pea in the cerrado is enhanced and it has been a good option for the planting in the time between harvests, under irrigation management. This experiment was realized in FEP/FE/UNESP - Campus de Ilha Solteira and the experimental design used was the random blocks in the factorial design 4 x 4 (dose of nitrogen x dose of zinc), with three repetitions. The work aimed at to evaluate effect of N and Zn in the protein content, amino acid, free sugar, starch and soluble polysaccharides in water (WSP) in the grains and pea seeds, to cultivate Utrillo, cultivated in cerrado soil. The obtained results allow to verify that there is interaction between the nitrogen fertilization and zinc in the content of the reservations of the grains and of seeds, and the content of free sugar in the green grains presents linear increment with the increase of the dose of N between 60 and 240 kg/ha. The analysis of the date display although, the chlorophyll content, in the green grain, increases with the growing doses of Zn and N. Also verifies, that there was not effect of Zn and of N in the production.

The development of a plant growth chamber capable of sustaining plant growth over multiple generations is a necessary step towards the attainment of a Controlled Ecological Life Support System (CELSS). The studies herein examine the effects of aeration abilities and rates on plants grown in three model nutrient delivery systems during germination and over the life-cycle of the plant. These studies are the first time a porous tube nutrient delivery system was compared to another active nutrient mist delivery system. During germination an indicator of hypoxic stress, alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) activity, was measured and was more affected by aeration rate than mode of nutrient delivery. Over the life-cycle of the plant, however, plants grown in the porous tube system had the least ADH activity and the highest levels of shoot (leaf + stem), root and leaf biomass. None of the plants in any system, however, produced viable seed. This study highlights the need to optimize aeration capabilities in the root zone of enclosed chambers.

Les associations de cultures céréales légumineuses participent au développement d'agrosystèmes performants et durables. La proportion de chaque espèce dans le couvert ainsi que leur productivité sont cependant fortement dépendantes de l'équilibre entre compétition et complémentarité interspécifique. Le partage de la lumière entre la céréale et la légumineuse est donc déterminant dans le fonctionnement des associations. La structuration physique de la canopée, qui conditionne l'interception du rayonnement lumineux, résulte de la mise en place de l'architecture aérienne des individus composant le peuplement. Afin d'appréhender les relations entre architecture et partage du rayonnement dans les associations blé-pois (Triticum aestivum L.-Pisum sativum L.), un modèle 3D de la morphogénèse aérienne du pois, baptisé L-Pea, a été développé sur la base de l'approche plante virtuelle. Des expérimentations ont été conduites afin i) de caractériser la morphogénèse de génotypes de pois contrastés cultivés sous différentes conditions (serre/champ, pur/associé), et ii) de modéliser l'architecture aérienne du pois. Un simulateur tripartite, intégrant les modèles L-Pea, ADEL-Blé (modèle architecturé de blé) ainsi que CARIBU (modèle de transferts radiatifs), a ensuite été construit afin de créer une association virtuelle. Cette approche de type plante virtuelle s'est révélée pertinente dans l'optique d'étudier le déterminisme architectural du partage de la lumière dans les associations blé-pois. Ce simulateur a par ailleurs montré que des paramètres architecturaux (e.g. ramifications, entrenœuds) peuvent affecter de manière significative et dynamique le partage de la lumière et donc le développement de l'association. Cette thèse se propose i) de démontrer la pertinence de l'approche plante virtuelle pour appréhender le partage du rayonnement dans les associations et ii) de contribuer à la sélection/construction de variétés/idéotypes adaptés aux couverts plurispécifiques.