Submitted by William Justo Figueiro (williamjf) on 2015-08-28T17:15:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 32e.pdf: 2782096 bytes, checksum: 5928fd17fc9df8b5902bae55c6c45acf (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-08-28T17:15:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 32e.pdf: 2782096 bytes, checksum: 5928fd17fc9df8b5902bae55c6c45acf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-27 / CMPC - Celulose Riograndense / A vegetação do sul do Brasil é composta pelos biomas Pampa e Mata Atlântica. Nossas áreas de estudo situam-se próximo aos limites destes dois biomas, formando um mosaico campo-floresta. A pecuária e a silvicultura de eucalipto são atividades largamente difundidas ao longo destas formações. A mudança de manejo da matriz, da pecuária para a silvicultura de eucalipto, pode levar a alterações nas características autoecológicas de espécies arbóreas florestais. O estudo das características autoecológicas em ambientes com diferentes históricos de uso da terra pode ajudar a compreender como as espécies arbóreas respondem às alterações de habitat ou das condições ambientais. Este estudo objetiva analisar como atributos autoecológicos entre espécies arbóreas florestais variam segundo uma mudança de manejo da matriz no extremo sul da Mata Atlântica, de campos nativos com pecuária extensiva para plantações de eucaliptos sobre essas pastagens. De forma específica, pretende-se (i) determinar o efeito da mudança de manejo sobre atributos autoecológicos entre espécies, e havendo este efeito, (ii) que padrões de alteração autoecológica podem ser identificados entre espécies. De acordo com nossos resultados, a mudança de manejo da matriz da paisagem causou alterações nos padrões autoecológicos das espécies arbóreas. A amplitude destas variações foi diferente para cada espécie e dependeu de sua plasticidade fenotípica e das condições ambientais locais. A longo prazo, os padrões de alterações autoecológicas encontrados podem refletir uma mudança na composição de espécies em decorrência da mudança de manejo. / The vegetation of southern Brazil is composed of Pampa and Atlantic Rain Forest biomes. Our study areas are located near the boundaries of these two biomes, forming a 24 grassland-forest mosaic. The livestock and eucalyptus plantations are widely diffused throughout these formations. The change of matrix management, of livestock for eucalyptus plantations, can lead to changes in the autoecological attributes of forest tree species. The study of the autoecological attributes in environments with different historical of land use can help to understand how tree species respond to changes in habitat or environmental conditions. This study aims to analyze how autoecological attributes between forest tree species varies as a consequence of change in management matrix at the southern Atlantic Rain Forest, of grasslands with extensive livestock for eucalyptus plantations on these pastures. Specifically, we intend to (i) determine the effect of changing management on autoecological attributes among species, and having this effect, (ii) what patterns of autoecological change can be identified between species. According to our results, the change in management of landscape matrix caused changes in autoecological patterns of tree species. The extent of these variations was different for each species and depended on their phenotypic plasticity and local environmental conditions. Long-term, patterns of autoecological change found may reflect a change in species composition due to the change in management of landscape matrix.

Abstract not available

[Truncated abstract] Globally, tropical rainforests are noted for their high biodiversity and key roles in carbon storage and influence on climate. Nevertheless, tropical deforestation in many parts of the world continues at an alarming rate. In Papua New Guinea (PNG), tropical rainforest is relatively well maintained, with about 70 % of the land area still covered by primary forest. However, PNG's native forests are coming under increasing pressure, particularly from selective logging for high quality timber. While the forests of PNG, and more broadly the entire New Guinea Island, are recognised as of high conservation and ecological significance, they remain grossly understudied with little knowledge of key ecosystem processes within lowland forests in particular. Such knowledge is urgently required if the impacts of logging and other land-use change are to be assessed and in order to develop sustainable management systems. This thesis investigated the impacts of logging on diversity and nutrient cycling in a lowland tropical rainforest growing on limestone soils in the area of the Mongi-Busiga Forest Management Agreement (FMA, which is a logging concession area), in northeastern PNG. These forests are on relatively young soils and provide a useful contrast to the majority of tropical forests. The research includes a four-year study of the recovery of diversity and structure after logging, and quantified forest structure, tree species diversity, forest biomass and productivity, and nutrient distribution and cycling. This thesis also examines the ecological sustainability of Eucalyptus deglupta plantations in Wasab, PNG as an alternative resource for timber and biomass energy. The thesis concludes with a discussion of long-term forest recovery and sustainable forest management in north-eastern PNG. Two adjacent one-hectare plots were established in lowland tropical rainforest at Mongi-Busiga FMA. One of these plots was subsequently selectively logged, one year after establishment. Before logging, the two one-hectare plots contained a total of 37 families, 70 genera and 110 tree species that were >5 cm in diameter at breast height. Mean basal area was 42.4 m2 ha-1. Two tree species, Madhuca leucodermis (Sapotaceae) and Pometia pinnata (Sapindaceae) accounted for ~60% of the total basal area. Gymnacranthera paniculata (Myristicaceae) was the most common species and accounted for 13% of individuals. ... This study concludes that the Mongi-Busiga forest has many unusual characteristics for a tropical forest, including relatively low diversity of tree species, high accumulation of P in the biomass, and N limitations, compared to other tropical rainforests. However, those extraordinary characteristics may be explained well by the underlying geology of young, marine-derived limestone. Sustainable management of the lowland tropical forests of PNG should consider the consequences of logging on nutrient cycling processes, with the possible significant removal of P from site with repeated logging, as well as the interactions between N and P in these systems. Establishment of Eucalyptus plantations on previously cleared land also has the potential to meet some of the timber and biomass energy requirements of northern PNG in ecologically sustainable manner.

No description available.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Thesis (MScFor (Forest and Wood Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The discussion on climate change is leading to a re-evaluation of tree plantations in South Africa; prompting the adoption of forest bioenergy system as one of the cost effective ‘carbon mitigation options’. In an analysis of this changing paradigm, emphasis was placed on the socio-economic aspects of integrated commercial tree plantations and forest bioenergy systems with special attention to harvest residues recovery for bioelectricity production and construction and operation of a bioelectricity plant. The study also explored the direct and indirect benefits that adjacent communities derive from tree plantations in South Africa in order to determine the potential impact of integrated timber and bioelectricity production on rural livelihood and conventional forestry operations. Structured questionnaires and in-depth interviews were used in randomly sampling twelve villages on Mondi tree plantations in the Piet Retief and Iswepe areas of South Africa. Six villages from each area were selected; and a systematic random sampling of ten households per village was carried out. The possibility of using harvest residues from final clear felling from these plantations for bioelectricity production was examined. The study developed and described a scenario for a five megawatt bioelectricity generation facility, requiring an annual volume of 19,569.85 dry tonnes of residues as feedstock for its operation. The study revealed that adjacent rural communities to Mondi plantations in Piet Retief and Iswepe areas enjoy direct benefits such as employment opportunities, utilization of harvest residues, utilization of non-timber resources, and free accommodation. Indirect benefits that these communities enjoy include: free farmland and graze-land and various social benefits. Issues of concern and dislike such as: lack of electricity; poor health and sanitation and transportation problems were also identified. Using NPV and IRR, the study estimated the economic impacts of integrated pulpwood and bioelectricity production, compared to conventional pulpwood production operation. The study concluded that integrated pulpwood and harvest residue recovery for bioelectricity production is a profitable means of producing renewable energy. The approach was found to increase the profitability of conventional forest operations. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Besprekings rondom klimaatsverandering lei tot ‘n her-evaluasie van boom plantasies in Suid Afrika wat aanleiding gee tot die aanvaarding van bio-energie stelsels as een van die koste effektiewe “koolstof versagtende opsies”. In ‘n ontleding van hierdie paradigma verandering, is klem geplaas op die sosio-ekonomiese aspekte van die integrasie van boom plantasies en bos bio-energie stelsels. Spesiale aandag is gegee aan onginningsafval herwinning vir bio-energie produksie en die konstruksie en werking van ‘n bio-elektriese kragsentrale. Die studie ondersoek ook die direkte en indirekte voordele wat gemeenskappe, aangrensend aan boom plantasies in Suid Afrika verkry, om sodoende die potensiële effek van geintegreerde hout en bio-elektriese produksie op landelike lewensbestaan en konvensionele bosbou operasies te bepaal. Gestruktureerde vraelyste en indiepte onderhoude is gebruik om ‘n lukraakte steekproef van twaalf dorpies op Mondi boom plantasies in die Piet Retief en Iswepe areas van Suid Afrika uit te voer. Ses dorpies in elke area is gekies en ‘n sistematiese lukraakte steekproef van tien huishoudings per dorpie is uitgevoer. Die moontlikheid om ontginningsafval van finale kaalkap van hierdie plantasies vir bio-elektrisiteit te gebruik is ook ondersoek. Die studie het ‘n senario ontwikkel en beskryf van ‘n vyf megawatt bio-elektriese kragsentrale wat ‘n jaarlikse volume van 11,708 droë ton ontginningsafval benodig as voermateriaal vir kragopwekking. Die studie het getoon dat aangrensende landelike gemeenskappe langs Mondi plantasies in die Piet Retief en Iswepe areas direkte voordele soos werksgeleenthede, gebruik van ontginningsafval, gebruik van nie-hout hulpbronne en gratis akkommodasie geniet. Indirekte voordele wat gemeenskappe geniet sluit in gratis toegang to landbou grond en weiding, sowel as sosiale voordele. Probleemfaktore waarmee hulle saamleef is ‘n gebrek aan elektrisiteit, swak gesondheids en sanitasie dienste en vervoerprobleme. Deur die gebruik van NPV en IRR analitiese metodes is die ekonomiese impak van geintegreerde pulphout en bio-elektrisiteits produksie bepaal en vergelyk met konfensionele pulphout produksie. Die gevolgtrekking is dat geintegreerde pulphout en ontginningsafval herwinning vir bio-elektrisiteit produksie ‘n winsgewende manier van hernubare energie produksie is. Die benadering kan die winsgewendheid van konfensionele bosbou operasies verbeter.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:25:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 1111.pdf: 1887201 bytes, checksum: 9b1cc282b2fbcb1bc6051a0e3f80d4e9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-03-30 / This study it approached cases of conflicts characterized for physical, moral, economic and racial the violence, for work questions, that involve deriving Italian immigrants of diverse regions of Italy and other ethnic groups on coffee plantations of the judicial district of Araraquara in the period of 1890-1914, using as source criminal records. The present work searched to understand the values that guided a violent behavior in the daily conflicts, investigating the solidarity possibilities between the ethnic groups in the individual actions, mainly between the Italians. In this perspective, the work evidenced that the regional differences between the Italians limited the solidarity of the group, over all of the northern ones and of central Italy in relation to the meridionals. The analysis of the criminal records also evidenced that the main values that guided a violent behavior in the daily conflicts were to receive a wage just and to have movement freedom. These values had been verified for all the ethnic groups in question. / Este estudo abordou casos de conflitos caracterizados pela violência física, moral, econômica e racial, por questões de trabalho, que envolvem imigrantes italianos oriundos de diversas regiões da Itália e outras etnias nas fazendas de café da comarca de Araraquara no período de 1890-1914, usando como fonte processos criminais. O presente trabalho buscou compreender os valores que orientavam uma conduta violenta nos conflitos cotidianos, investigando as chances de solidariedade entre as etnias nas ações individuais, principalmente entre os italianos. Nesta perspectiva, o trabalho evidenciou que as diferenças regionais entre os italianos limitavam a solidariedade do grupo, sobretudo dos setentrionais e da Itália central em relação aos meridionais. A análise dos processos também evidenciou que os principais valores que orientavam uma conduta violenta nos conflitos cotidianos eram os de receber um salário justo e de ter liberdade de movimento. Esses valores foram verificados para todas as etnias em questão.

Cette thèse visait à étudier la variabilité génétique et plasticité phénotypique de la vulnérabilité à la cavitation chez le hêtre (Fagus sylvatica L.). A cette fin, nous avons tout d’abord testé les variations dues à la méthodologie de mesure de la vulnérabilité à la cavitation. Notre étude a montré que les variations de vulnérabilité à la cavitation au cours du temps sont faibles. Néanmoins, il est préférable d’éviter de récolter les échantillons durant le début de la période de formation du bois. Par ailleurs il est possible de conserver au frais les échantillons sans dégrader les mesures durant au moins un mois. Nos résultats montrent également que la vulnérabilité à la cavitation peut être variable aussi bien au sein d’un même arbre qu’entre populations in situ. Ensuite, nous avons voulu déterminer la part de plasticité phénotypique de la part de variabilité génétique dans la variabilité de la vulnérabilité à la cavitation. Pour cela nous avons étudié 17 populations de hêtre venant de toute l’Europe et poussant dans une plantation comparative. Parmi les 17 populations 6 d’entre elles ont été étudiées dans trois plantations comparatives différentes (France, Espagne et Slovaquie). Nos résultats indiquent que chez le hêtre la vulnérabilité à la cavitation varie considérablement au sein de chaque population. Ils indiquent également que l’on observe peu de différenciation génétique entre populations. Les résultats montrent également que la plasticité phénotypique de la vulnérabilité à la cavitation est importante entre les plantations, et que le degré de cette plasticité peut varier d’une population à l’autre. Pour finir, nous avons regardé s’il existait des relations entre la vulnérabilité à la cavitation et des paramètres d’efficience hydraulique ainsi qu’avec l’efficience d’utilisation de l’eau. Nos résultats ne permettent pas de mettre en évidence des preuves d’un trade-off entre l’efficience et la sureté du xylème. / This work aimed at studying the genetic variability and the phenotypic plasticity of vulnerability to cavitation in beech (Fagus sylvatica L.). We tested the variations due to the methodology of measuring vulnerability to cavitation. Our study showed that the variations in vulnerability to cavitation over time are low. However, it’s better to avoid collecting samples during the period of initial wood formation. Furthermore it’s possible to store samples without degrading measures for during one month. Our results also show that vulnerability to cavitation can be variable both within the same tree and between populations in situ. We determined the proportion of phenotypic plasticity and the proportion of genetic variability in the variability of vulnerability to cavitation. For this we studied 17 beech populations from all Europe and growing in a common garden. Among the 17 populations 6 of them have been studied in three different common gardens (France, Spain and Slovakia). Our results indicate that for beech, vulnerability to cavitation varies considerably within populations. They also indicate that there are few genetic differentiations between populations. The results show that the phenotypic plasticity of vulnerability to cavitation is important among common garden, and the degree of this plasticity can vary between populations. To complete our study, we looked at the relationships between vulnerability to cavitation and hydraulic efficiency parameters and with the water use efficiency. Our results do not reveal evidence of relationships vulnerability to cavitation and other physiological traits.

Die vorliegende Studie analysiert die Politische Ökonomie von Forstplantagen in den Tropen. Die Analyse der Makroebene zeigt dabei eine globale Perspektive auf, sowie historische Veränderungen von Paradigmen in Bezug zu Waldplantagen. Der zweite Teil der Studie analysierte Plantagen auf der Mikro-Ebene im Hinblick auf divergente geographischen Zusammenhänge, nämlich Paraguay und Indonesien. Fallstudien eignen sich hierbei, um ein vielfältiges Spektrum von Waldplantagen darzustellen, sowie Beispiele für die in der Makroebene abgeleiteten Paradigmen zu illustrieren. Abschließend verbindet die Studie die Entwicklungen der Makro-Ebene mit Belegen aus der Mikro-Analyse. Hierauf ableitend werden Empfehlungen für die Anlage zukünftiger Plantagen getätigt. Die Methodik wurde den Untersuchungsebenen in einem iterativen Prozess angepasst. Der Umfang variiert dabei von Makro- bis Mikroanalysen, sowie vom theoretischen bis zum empirischen Niveau. Auf der Makroebene wurde eine Politische-Ökonomie-Analyse und eine Untersuchung desrelevanten historischen Materials durchgeführt. Weiterhin wurden Plantagen Paradigmen anhand ausgewählter Indikatoren abgegrenzt. Für die Mikroebene wurden Fallstudien mit lokalen Interviews durchgeführt, welche Daten für eine Mehrkriterienanalyse (MCA) lieferten. Die Kombination der Mikro- und Makroanalyse erfolgte durch eine Korrelationsanalyse und wurde durch eine Diskussion abgerundet. Das Forschungsergebnis aus der globalen Analyse ist eine Typologie von sechs Paradigmen und deren Untervarianten, welche als theoretisches und analytisches Werkzeug in der Forschung zu Plantagen dienen können. Die Paradigmen wurden klassifiziert als: i) das vorindustrielle P.; ii) das kolonial industrielle und national industrielle; iii) das Schutzparadigma; iv) das soziale P.; v) das neo-liberale und modifiziert neoliberale P. und vi) das globalpolitische Paradigma. Die Ergebnisse der Fallstudien und MCA zeigen zum einen sichtbare Mängel in Plantagen unter verschiedenen Paradigmen auf und unterstreichen zum anderen positive Effekte bestimmter Paradigmen. Die MCA Bewertungspunkte zeigen zum Beispiel, dass manche Paradigmen mit dem Kriterium Landkonflikt korrelieren, oder präsentieren unterschiedliche lokale Beteiligung auf verschiedenen Plantagen, illustrieren Vorteile, die Plantagen für unterschiedliche Interessengruppen bringen. Die MCA bewertet weiter die Wirtschaftsleistung der Plantagen und vergleicht Faktoren, wie Nutzenverteilung, Rentabilität, Marktzugang und Rahmenbedingungen für Investitionen. Sie analysiert soziale Faktoren, wie Arbeitssicherheit, Zugang zu Dienstleistungen, Beteiligung oder Personalmanagement. Weiterhin werden Umweltprobleme durch die Studie aufgegriffen, z.B. Landnutzungsänderungen, Wasser- oder Boden- Auswirkungen, Lebensraumfunktion usw. Wie die vergleichende Analyse zeigt, ist die modifizierte Neoliberale Paradigma Plantage (Outgrower-Scheme) besonders geeignet, um sowohl soziale als auch wirtschaftliche Vorteile zu sichern (90 % und 84 % in den entsprechenden Feldern gegenüber dem hypothetischen Idealtyp Plantage). Andere Forschungsergebnisse deuten auf wichtige Erkenntnisse bei der Plantagenentwicklung hin, die auf der Plantagen-Ebene und bei der Gestaltung nationaler Rahmenbedingungen für den Plantagensektor berücksichtigt werden sollten. Handlungsempfehlungen für die forstwirtschaftliche, epistemische Gemeinschaft zur Gestaltung der weiteren Diskurse in Bezug auf globalen Plantagen werden ebenfalls diskutiert.

Dès la conquête de la Cochinchine en 1862, l’Administration coloniale et des particuliers français exploitèrent l’agriculture locale et y développèrent l’économie. Ils tentèrent de faire l’essai et d’introduire diverses cultures, en particulier des arbres à caoutchouc. L’année 1897 marqua le début de l’hévéaculture de Cochinchine, lorsqu’on planta avec succès près de deux mille hévéas brasiliensis. La superficie de l’hévéaculture en Cochinchine se développait prodigieusement, allant de cent hectares à la fin du XIXème siècle à près de cent mille hectares au début des années trente, grâce d’une part à des capitaux provenant de la Métropole et, d’autre part à des mesures d’encouragement du Gouvernement colonial. Les plantations d’hévéa attirèrent les travailleurs locaux, surtout en provenance du Tonkin et de l’Annam, à raison d’une dizaine de mille, parfois une vingtaine de mille par an.Parallèlement à l’extension des superficies plantées, la production du caoutchouc de la colonie s’accrut rapidement, allant d’un peu plus d’une tonne en 1908 à plus de soixante mille tonnes en 1939. Les plantations d’hévéa devinrent l’une des cultures les plus importantes de Cochinchine à l’époque coloniale française. Non seulement elles apportèrent la fortune aux planteurs de la colonie, mais elles assurèrent une partie, et depuis 1938, la totalité des besoins de caoutchouc de l’industrie métropolitaine. Les plantations d’hévéa de Cochinchine représentaient un symbole de la colonisation agricole française, mais aussi hélas l’une des pages noires de l’histoire du colonialisme français au Vietnam par l’exploitation brutale des planteurs envers les travailleurs vietnamiens. / As early as the conquest of Cochinchina in 1862, the colonial administration and French individuals exploited the local agriculture and developed the economy there. They tried to experiment and introduce various crops, especially rubber trees. The year of 1897 marked the beginning of the rubber plantation of Cochinchina, when two thousand rubber trees brasiliensis were successfully planted. The area of rubber tree plantation in Cochinchina grew tremendously, ranging from one hundred hectares at the end of the 19th century to nearly one hundred thousand hectares in the early 1930s, because of, on the one hand, the capital invested from the metropolis, and, on the other hand, the measures of encouragement taken by the colonial Government. The rubber plantations attracted local workers, mainly from Tonkin and Annam, at a rate of about 10.000, sometimes 20.000 persons a year. In parallel with the extension of the area of rubber plantation, the colonial rubber production rapidly increased from just over one tonne in 1908 to more than 60.000 tons in 1939.The rubber tree plantation became one of the most important crops of Cochinchina during the French colonial era. Not only they brought fortune to the planters of the colony, but they secured a part, and since 1938, the whole of the rubber demands of the metropolitan industries. The Cochinchina rubber plantations represented a symbol of French agricultural colonization and, unfortunately, one of the black pages of the history of French colonialism in Vietnam by the brutal exploitation of Vietnamese workers by rubber planters.