No description available.

Ce travail constitue une réflexion sur la chanson contestataire contemporaine aux États-Unis à travers les chansons et l’engagement politique et social de Bruce Springsteen. Nous défendons la thèse que Springsteen renouvelle le genre de la protest song en s’adaptant à l’époque contemporaine. Pour ce faire, le chanteur adopte quatre stratégies artistiques. Elles consistent à chanter sur les gens ordinaires et leur quotidien, aborder le désenchantement et le désespoir des plus exclus, composer des chansons qui remplissent une fonction cathartique en ayant recours à l’imitation et enfin à militer dans la sphère politique et sociale en soutenant des candidats lors des élections présidentielles américaines tout en offrant des dons aux organisations caritatives qui aident les plus démunis. La thèse démontre que Springsteen arrive à se hisser au sommet du classement des meilleures ventes aux États-Unis et à travers le monde grâce à ces stratégies. Elles lui ont permis de mobiliser un public et d’avoir des millions de fans. Nous proposons d’appeler les chansons engagées de Springsteen des chansons méditatives (reflective songs). La chanson méditative de Springsteen est, sans doute, l’outil culturel de contestation le plus adapté à l’époque contemporaine où il est difficile pour un artiste engagé de protester efficacement du fait de la marchandisation de l’acte même de sa contestation. Il se peut que la reflective song de Bruce Springsteen ne change pas le monde, mais elle peut en revanche permettre aux gens de croire en un monde meilleur et donc de les dissuader de se révolter. / This work is a study of contemporary protest song in the USA through the songs and social and political activism of Bruce Springsteen. It contends that Springsteen has been able to reexamine American protest songs and frame a new genre under the umbrella of rock music by adapting his music to the social and political context of contemporary America. The thesis that I defend shows that the reason behind the commercial success of Springsteen can be explained by the fact that he has adopted several artistic strategies which have brought him an audience composed of dedicated fans who admire him. I argue that Springsteen adopts four main strategies: firstly, singing about ordinary people and reporting their daily hardships; secondly, composing somber songs that deal with the despair of blue collars and marginalized Americans; thirdly, adopting mimesis (imitation) which has a cathartic effect on Springsteen’s audience; and finally, getting involved in social and political activism. The thesis contends that Springsteen is among the top selling rock singers in the USA and several other countries thanks to these four strategies. Springsteen has reinvented protest song as a genre and has become a reference in a world where everything is co-opted including the very act of rebellion. I, therefore, suggest a new term, reflective songs, to describe the songs of Bruce Springsteen when they reflect on the condition of the socially excluded instead of protesting pointlessly. Springsteen’s reflective song is undoubtedly the most relevant artistic medium to shed light on the most deprived people of contemporary America. Perhaps, the reflective song of Bruce Springsteen will not change the world, but at least it gives people a reason to hope for a better future.

L’exil constitue un mécanisme de combat contre l’opposition utilisé par les dictatures militaires du Cône Sud, dont la principale fonction était de provoquer un isolement des militants. Nous pensions que l’exil accomplirait efficacement cette fonction car en plus d’éloigner le militant de son territoire national, la protection, prévue par la législation internationale est conditionnée par le retrait de l’exilé de toutes activités politiques à l’étranger. Pourtant, malgré les souhaits des militaires et la législation internationale, une grande partie des exilés brésiliens partirent du pays avec l’intention de transformer l’exil en un espace de combat politique. Néanmoins, les mobilisations réalisées par les exilés furent marquées par des effets de transnationalisme, qui se caractérisent par l’universalisation et la rapidité de transmission d’idées et de valeurs. Voulant comprendre les influences du transnationalisme sur les formes de mobilisation politique des militants brésiliens, cette thèse analyse la trajectoire politique de la seconde génération d’exilés (1968-1979), dont une bonne partie était engagée dans la lutte armée contre la dictature et impliquée dans un projet révolutionnaire. Ainsi, nous nous intéresserons aux actions d’opposition des exilés brésiliens au Chili et en France, deux pays distincts qui représentent des lieux de concentration, à divers moments, de la seconde génération d’exilés brésiliens. La recherche dans des sources officielles et non-officielles (telle que la documentation diplomatique ouverte à la recherche, les documents produits par les propres exilés et les entrevues réalisées pour la thèse) démontre que des variables telles que le contexte politique du pays où ils étaient insérés, le système d’accueil et la présence de répression brésilienne, ont influencé les actions politiques des exilés. Ainsi, la recherche montre que tant que les exilés étaient au Chili, la conviction dans le succès de la révolution socialiste marqua les activités politiques des exilés brésiliens. Par la suite, en France, où les brésiliens se concentrèrent après le coup d’État chilien de 1973, l’exil brésilien entra dans une phase marquée par l’adhésion à de nouvelles thématiques telles que l’amnistie, les droits de l’Homme et la démocratie. / O exílio constituiu um mecanismo de combate à oposição utilizado pelas ditaduras militares no Cone Sul, cuja principal função era a de provocar o isolamento do militante. Acreditava-se que o exílio cumpriria com eficácia essa função, pois, além de afastar o militante do território nacional, a proteção prevista pela legislação internacional é condicionada ao afastamento do exilado de atividades políticas no exterior. No entanto, contrariando os anseios dos militares e a legislação internacional, uma grande parte dos exilados brasileiros deixou o país com o intuito de transformar o exílio em um espaço de combate político. Todavia, as mobilizações realizadas pelos exilados foram marcadas pelos efeitos do transnacionalismo, que se caracteriza pela universalização e rápida transmissão de ideias e valores. Visando compreender as influências do transnacionalismo nas formas de mobilização política dos militantes brasileiros, a presente tese analisa a trajetória política da segunda geração de exilados (1968-1979), boa parte engajada na luta armada contra a ditadura e comprometida com um projeto revolucionário. Para tanto, enfoca as ações de oposição dos exilados brasileiros no Chile e na França, dois países distintos que representaram focos de concentração da segunda geração de exilados brasileiros em diferentes momentos. A pesquisa em fontes oficiais e não oficiais – tais como a documentação diplomática aberta para pesquisa, os documentos produzidos pelos próprios exilados e as entrevistas concedidas para a tese – demonstrou que variáveis tais como o contexto político do país onde estavam inseridos, o sistema de acolhida e a presença da repressão brasileira influenciaram as ações políticas dos exilados. Assim, a pesquisa demonstrou que, enquanto estiveram no Chile, a convicção no sucesso da revolução socialista marcou as atividades políticas dos exilados brasileiros. Na França, por sua vez, onde os brasileiros se concentraram após o golpe chileno de 1973, o exílio brasileiro entrou em uma nova fase, marcada pela adesão a novos temas, notadamente, a anistia, os direitos humanos e a democracia. / The exile was a mechanism used by the opposition against military dictatorships in the Southern Cone, whose main function was to cause the isolation of the militant. It was believed that the exile would fulfill this function effectively, because in addition to depart the militant from the national territory, the protection provided by the international law is subject to the removal of the exiled from political activities abroad. However, contradicting the wishes of the military and the international law, a large part of the Brazilian exiles left the country in order to transform the exile into a political battle space. However, the mobilizations carried out by the exiles were marked by the effects of the transnationalism, which is characterized by the universalization and the rapid transmission of ideas and values. In order to understand the influences of the transnationalism in the forms of political mobilization of the Brazilian militants, this thesis analyzes the political trajectory of the second generation of exiles (1968-1979), much engaged in armed struggle against the dictatorship and committed to a revolutionary project. For that, this thesis focuses on the actions of the opposition Brazilian exiles in Chile and France, two different countries which represented focus of concentration of the second generation of Brazilian exiles at different times. The research in official and unofficial sources - such as diplomatic documents open for research, documents produced by their own exiles and the interviews for the thesis - has shown that variables such as the political context of the country in wich they were inserted, the host system and the presence of the Brazilian repression, influenced the political actions of the exiles. This way, the research has shown that while they were in Chile, the belief in the success of socialist revolution marked the political activities of Brazilian exiles. In France, in turn, where Brazilians were concentrated after the Chilean coup of 1973, the Brazilian exile entered a new phase, marked by the acceptance of new issues, notably, amnesty, human rights and the democracy.

L’exil constitue un mécanisme de combat contre l’opposition utilisé par les dictatures militaires du Cône Sud, dont la principale fonction était de provoquer un isolement des militants. Nous pensions que l’exil accomplirait efficacement cette fonction car en plus d’éloigner le militant de son territoire national, la protection, prévue par la législation internationale est conditionnée par le retrait de l’exilé de toutes activités politiques à l’étranger. Pourtant, malgré les souhaits des militaires et la législation internationale, une grande partie des exilés brésiliens partirent du pays avec l’intention de transformer l’exil en un espace de combat politique. Néanmoins, les mobilisations réalisées par les exilés furent marquées par des effets de transnationalisme, qui se caractérisent par l’universalisation et la rapidité de transmission d’idées et de valeurs. Voulant comprendre les influences du transnationalisme sur les formes de mobilisation politique des militants brésiliens, cette thèse analyse la trajectoire politique de la seconde génération d’exilés (1968-1979), dont une bonne partie était engagée dans la lutte armée contre la dictature et impliquée dans un projet révolutionnaire. Ainsi, nous nous intéresserons aux actions d’opposition des exilés brésiliens au Chili et en France, deux pays distincts qui représentent des lieux de concentration, à divers moments, de la seconde génération d’exilés brésiliens. La recherche dans des sources officielles et non-officielles (telle que la documentation diplomatique ouverte à la recherche, les documents produits par les propres exilés et les entrevues réalisées pour la thèse) démontre que des variables telles que le contexte politique du pays où ils étaient insérés, le système d’accueil et la présence de répression brésilienne, ont influencé les actions politiques des exilés. Ainsi, la recherche montre que tant que les exilés étaient au Chili, la conviction dans le succès de la révolution socialiste marqua les activités politiques des exilés brésiliens. Par la suite, en France, où les brésiliens se concentrèrent après le coup d’État chilien de 1973, l’exil brésilien entra dans une phase marquée par l’adhésion à de nouvelles thématiques telles que l’amnistie, les droits de l’Homme et la démocratie. / O exílio constituiu um mecanismo de combate à oposição utilizado pelas ditaduras militares no Cone Sul, cuja principal função era a de provocar o isolamento do militante. Acreditava-se que o exílio cumpriria com eficácia essa função, pois, além de afastar o militante do território nacional, a proteção prevista pela legislação internacional é condicionada ao afastamento do exilado de atividades políticas no exterior. No entanto, contrariando os anseios dos militares e a legislação internacional, uma grande parte dos exilados brasileiros deixou o país com o intuito de transformar o exílio em um espaço de combate político. Todavia, as mobilizações realizadas pelos exilados foram marcadas pelos efeitos do transnacionalismo, que se caracteriza pela universalização e rápida transmissão de ideias e valores. Visando compreender as influências do transnacionalismo nas formas de mobilização política dos militantes brasileiros, a presente tese analisa a trajetória política da segunda geração de exilados (1968-1979), boa parte engajada na luta armada contra a ditadura e comprometida com um projeto revolucionário. Para tanto, enfoca as ações de oposição dos exilados brasileiros no Chile e na França, dois países distintos que representaram focos de concentração da segunda geração de exilados brasileiros em diferentes momentos. A pesquisa em fontes oficiais e não oficiais – tais como a documentação diplomática aberta para pesquisa, os documentos produzidos pelos próprios exilados e as entrevistas concedidas para a tese – demonstrou que variáveis tais como o contexto político do país onde estavam inseridos, o sistema de acolhida e a presença da repressão brasileira influenciaram as ações políticas dos exilados. Assim, a pesquisa demonstrou que, enquanto estiveram no Chile, a convicção no sucesso da revolução socialista marcou as atividades políticas dos exilados brasileiros. Na França, por sua vez, onde os brasileiros se concentraram após o golpe chileno de 1973, o exílio brasileiro entrou em uma nova fase, marcada pela adesão a novos temas, notadamente, a anistia, os direitos humanos e a democracia. / The exile was a mechanism used by the opposition against military dictatorships in the Southern Cone, whose main function was to cause the isolation of the militant. It was believed that the exile would fulfill this function effectively, because in addition to depart the militant from the national territory, the protection provided by the international law is subject to the removal of the exiled from political activities abroad. However, contradicting the wishes of the military and the international law, a large part of the Brazilian exiles left the country in order to transform the exile into a political battle space. However, the mobilizations carried out by the exiles were marked by the effects of the transnationalism, which is characterized by the universalization and the rapid transmission of ideas and values. In order to understand the influences of the transnationalism in the forms of political mobilization of the Brazilian militants, this thesis analyzes the political trajectory of the second generation of exiles (1968-1979), much engaged in armed struggle against the dictatorship and committed to a revolutionary project. For that, this thesis focuses on the actions of the opposition Brazilian exiles in Chile and France, two different countries which represented focus of concentration of the second generation of Brazilian exiles at different times. The research in official and unofficial sources - such as diplomatic documents open for research, documents produced by their own exiles and the interviews for the thesis - has shown that variables such as the political context of the country in wich they were inserted, the host system and the presence of the Brazilian repression, influenced the political actions of the exiles. This way, the research has shown that while they were in Chile, the belief in the success of socialist revolution marked the political activities of Brazilian exiles. In France, in turn, where Brazilians were concentrated after the Chilean coup of 1973, the Brazilian exile entered a new phase, marked by the acceptance of new issues, notably, amnesty, human rights and the democracy.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:24:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2185.pdf: 11355897 bytes, checksum: 5be70d5d184fb1f5f2239b8583fcfb4c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-11-26 / Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais / This study examines the university student movement of the 1970s and the Public Act at the Pontifical Catholic University of São Paulo (PUC-SP) in 1977, culminating in an episode of police violence against the students. The focus of the search fell on the path of life of a group of former student activists in order to understand, first, how they are linked and part of the student movement, and secondly, if the experience of participation in student movement was able to generate some influence or socialization in terms of political and professional after entering the stage of university education of ex-militants. Theoretically, this study establishes a dialogue with the sociological approaches that focus on the radical student collective actions and roles of young people, and is back to understanding the changes in the patterns of militancy that might occur in the transition from juvenile to life adulthood and integration into the world of work. The methodology of the History of Life provided the basis for the analysis of the biography of former student activists, and from that methodological feature found that the political militancy was a determining factor of student activism and, consequently, a more active participation in the movement university student. The study showed that after training and shutdown of the student movement, the former student activists have continued the practice of political militancy and experience of participation in the student movement has strong influence in their career options. / O presente estudo aborda o movimento estudantil universitário da década de 1970 e o Ato Público na Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo (PUC-SP), em 1977, evento que culminou num episódio de violência policial contra os estudantes. O enfoque da pesquisa recaiu sobre a trajetória de vida de um grupo de ex-militantes estudantis, com o propósito de compreender, em primeiro lugar, como eles se vincularam e participaram do movimento estudantil e, em segundo lugar, se a experiência de participação no movimento estudantil foi capaz de gerar alguma influência ou socialização em termos de inserção política e profissional após a fase de formação universitária desses ex-militantes. Teoricamente, o presente estudo estabelece uma interlocução com as abordagens sociológicas que enfocam o radicalismo estudantil e as ações coletivas protagonizadas por jovens, e se volta para compreensão das mudanças nos padrões de militância que possam vir a ocorrer na fase de transição da vida juvenil para a vida adulta e inserção no mundo do trabalho. A metodologia de História de Vida serviu de base para a análise da biografia dos ex-militantes estudantis. A partir desse recurso metodológico constatou-se que a militância política foi um fator determinante da militância estudantil e, conseqüentemente, de uma participação mais ativa no movimento estudantil universitário. O estudo comprovou que após a formação acadêmica e desligamento do movimento estudantil, os ex-militantes estudantis deram continuidade à prática de militância política e a experiência de participação no movimento estudantil desempenhou forte influência nas suas opções de carreira profissional.

L’exil constitue un mécanisme de combat contre l’opposition utilisé par les dictatures militaires du Cône Sud, dont la principale fonction était de provoquer un isolement des militants. Nous pensions que l’exil accomplirait efficacement cette fonction car en plus d’éloigner le militant de son territoire national, la protection, prévue par la législation internationale est conditionnée par le retrait de l’exilé de toutes activités politiques à l’étranger. Pourtant, malgré les souhaits des militaires et la législation internationale, une grande partie des exilés brésiliens partirent du pays avec l’intention de transformer l’exil en un espace de combat politique. Néanmoins, les mobilisations réalisées par les exilés furent marquées par des effets de transnationalisme, qui se caractérisent par l’universalisation et la rapidité de transmission d’idées et de valeurs. Voulant comprendre les influences du transnationalisme sur les formes de mobilisation politique des militants brésiliens, cette thèse analyse la trajectoire politique de la seconde génération d’exilés (1968-1979), dont une bonne partie était engagée dans la lutte armée contre la dictature et impliquée dans un projet révolutionnaire. Ainsi, nous nous intéresserons aux actions d’opposition des exilés brésiliens au Chili et en France, deux pays distincts qui représentent des lieux de concentration, à divers moments, de la seconde génération d’exilés brésiliens. La recherche dans des sources officielles et non-officielles (telle que la documentation diplomatique ouverte à la recherche, les documents produits par les propres exilés et les entrevues réalisées pour la thèse) démontre que des variables telles que le contexte politique du pays où ils étaient insérés, le système d’accueil et la présence de répression brésilienne, ont influencé les actions politiques des exilés. Ainsi, la recherche montre que tant que les exilés étaient au Chili, la conviction dans le succès de la révolution socialiste marqua les activités politiques des exilés brésiliens. Par la suite, en France, où les brésiliens se concentrèrent après le coup d’État chilien de 1973, l’exil brésilien entra dans une phase marquée par l’adhésion à de nouvelles thématiques telles que l’amnistie, les droits de l’Homme et la démocratie. / O exílio constituiu um mecanismo de combate à oposição utilizado pelas ditaduras militares no Cone Sul, cuja principal função era a de provocar o isolamento do militante. Acreditava-se que o exílio cumpriria com eficácia essa função, pois, além de afastar o militante do território nacional, a proteção prevista pela legislação internacional é condicionada ao afastamento do exilado de atividades políticas no exterior. No entanto, contrariando os anseios dos militares e a legislação internacional, uma grande parte dos exilados brasileiros deixou o país com o intuito de transformar o exílio em um espaço de combate político. Todavia, as mobilizações realizadas pelos exilados foram marcadas pelos efeitos do transnacionalismo, que se caracteriza pela universalização e rápida transmissão de ideias e valores. Visando compreender as influências do transnacionalismo nas formas de mobilização política dos militantes brasileiros, a presente tese analisa a trajetória política da segunda geração de exilados (1968-1979), boa parte engajada na luta armada contra a ditadura e comprometida com um projeto revolucionário. Para tanto, enfoca as ações de oposição dos exilados brasileiros no Chile e na França, dois países distintos que representaram focos de concentração da segunda geração de exilados brasileiros em diferentes momentos. A pesquisa em fontes oficiais e não oficiais – tais como a documentação diplomática aberta para pesquisa, os documentos produzidos pelos próprios exilados e as entrevistas concedidas para a tese – demonstrou que variáveis tais como o contexto político do país onde estavam inseridos, o sistema de acolhida e a presença da repressão brasileira influenciaram as ações políticas dos exilados. Assim, a pesquisa demonstrou que, enquanto estiveram no Chile, a convicção no sucesso da revolução socialista marcou as atividades políticas dos exilados brasileiros. Na França, por sua vez, onde os brasileiros se concentraram após o golpe chileno de 1973, o exílio brasileiro entrou em uma nova fase, marcada pela adesão a novos temas, notadamente, a anistia, os direitos humanos e a democracia. / The exile was a mechanism used by the opposition against military dictatorships in the Southern Cone, whose main function was to cause the isolation of the militant. It was believed that the exile would fulfill this function effectively, because in addition to depart the militant from the national territory, the protection provided by the international law is subject to the removal of the exiled from political activities abroad. However, contradicting the wishes of the military and the international law, a large part of the Brazilian exiles left the country in order to transform the exile into a political battle space. However, the mobilizations carried out by the exiles were marked by the effects of the transnationalism, which is characterized by the universalization and the rapid transmission of ideas and values. In order to understand the influences of the transnationalism in the forms of political mobilization of the Brazilian militants, this thesis analyzes the political trajectory of the second generation of exiles (1968-1979), much engaged in armed struggle against the dictatorship and committed to a revolutionary project. For that, this thesis focuses on the actions of the opposition Brazilian exiles in Chile and France, two different countries which represented focus of concentration of the second generation of Brazilian exiles at different times. The research in official and unofficial sources - such as diplomatic documents open for research, documents produced by their own exiles and the interviews for the thesis - has shown that variables such as the political context of the country in wich they were inserted, the host system and the presence of the Brazilian repression, influenced the political actions of the exiles. This way, the research has shown that while they were in Chile, the belief in the success of socialist revolution marked the political activities of Brazilian exiles. In France, in turn, where Brazilians were concentrated after the Chilean coup of 1973, the Brazilian exile entered a new phase, marked by the acceptance of new issues, notably, amnesty, human rights and the democracy.

Submitted by Luanna Matias (lua_matias@yahoo.com.br) on 2015-03-05T15:45:19Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertaça - Carolina Abbadia Melo - 2011.pdf: 1340803 bytes, checksum: a957ac6bd9ba889aeab894f5aff92950 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luanna Matias (lua_matias@yahoo.com.br) on 2015-03-05T16:21:04Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertaça - Carolina Abbadia Melo - 2011.pdf: 1340803 bytes, checksum: a957ac6bd9ba889aeab894f5aff92950 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-05T16:21:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertaça - Carolina Abbadia Melo - 2011.pdf: 1340803 bytes, checksum: a957ac6bd9ba889aeab894f5aff92950 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-10-31 / This study problematizes the notion of citizenship from the standpoint of media-centered political activism. This social practice was responsible for setting up a popular video workshop in Residencial Real Conquista, a neighbourhood in the suburbs of Goiânia which derives from the formerly occupied area in Parque Oeste Industrial, known as “Sonho Real” (“Real Dream”) by local homeless people. In view of this social reality, the debate regarding citizenship turns to the symbolic constructions of contemporary oppositional culture in relation to popular culture and to the movement of popular video itself. This debate becomes focused on individuals devoid of political party, face, voice and home, who fight for space in the city and for visibility in communication. Hegemonic notions of citizenhip and disputes over its meaning have provided contents for an analysis of invisible social spaces that overcome the traditional concept of citizenship. The mixed result of the interaction between oppositional culture, popular culture and mass culture was investigated to reveal the limits of the concept involved, in an attempt to think about society based on the new contours of public space projected by media communication. / A pesquisa problematiza o conceito de Cidadania a partir da prática social de ativismo político de mídia que promoveu oficina de vídeo popular no bairro periférico em Goiânia, o Residencial Real Conquista, fruto da ex-ocupação no Parque Oeste Industrial, intitulada na época pelas e pelos sem-teto de Sonho Real. Diante desta realidade social, a discussão sobre a cidadania se volta para as construções simbólicas da cultura de oposição contemporânea em relacionamento com a cultura popular, assim como para a própria prática do movimento do vídeo popular. O olhar é direcionado aos sem partido, sem rosto, sem voz, sem-teto, que disputam espaço na cidade e visibilidade na comunicação. As concepções hegemônicas de cidadania e as disputas inerentes ao seu significado forneceram conteúdos que possibilitaram percorrer os espaços sociais invisíveis que transbordam o conceito tradicional de cidadania. Neste caminho, o resultado híbrido do encontro entre cultura de oposição, popular e de massa foi pesquisado para se desvendar os limites do conceito, a fim de pensar a sociedade a partir dos novos contornos do espaço público projetado pela comunicação midiática.

The Tea Party movement’s effect on local and regional planning in Virginia has received little study. This work identifies how conservative political activism has impacted planning in the Commonwealth and how planners have responded. The study relies on a qualitative approach involving 22 semi-structured interviews with activists, planners, and citizens, as well as textual analyses of planning documents, local and regional news reports, and Tea Party social media. The resultant findings show that Tea Party activism is rooted in deep seated ideals about private property rights and individualism. It also reveals that planning processes that increased the amount of public input had the effect of mitigating the impact of activism. The study concludes by suggesting that strategies based in the communicative style of planning offer an effective way to overcome such opposition while enhancing the many benefits of having significant citizen input in the planning process.

No description available.

Dans la dernière décennie, une abondante littérature a documenté la situation des Rroms d'Europe Centrale et de l'Est, où a émergé une nouvelle élite politiquement activiste. Mais chez les Tsiganes d'Europe de l'Ouest, l’activisme politique d’une élite semblait absent. Cette étude de terrain a été réalisée chez Gitans de Perpignan, à la recherche d’une action et d’une élite politique chez ce groupe, dans le contexte culturel d’une société segmentaire à pouvoir diffus, frappée d’exclusion par la société majoritaire. En effet, je propose que le concept de société segmentaire puisse s’appliquer aux Gitans, et que l’exclusion des Gitans par les païos (non Gitans) constitue un déni de la réalité relationnelle des Gitans avec la majorité païa. Enfin, l’enquête a révélé la position de «médiateurs culturels» des différents agents qui interviennent entre le monde des Gitans et celui des païos. C’est à travers le rôle de «médiateurs culturels» qu’émerge peut-être une élite politique. / In the last decade, a wealth of literature has documented the situation of Rroma living in Central and Eastern Europe, in a context in which there has emerged new elite and new forms of political action. Among Western Europe’s Romani, political activism and elites seemed to be absent. This fieldwork has been done with certain types of elites among the Gypsies of Perpignan seeking to encourage political action, in the cultural context of a segmentary society with diffuse power which is faced with various forms of socio-economic exclusion by mainstream society. In this analysis, I suggest that exclusion by the païos (non Gypsies) is a denial of the relational reality of the Gypsies with the païa majority. Finally, this fieldwork has revealed the position of the cultural brokers, a role played by various agents intervening between Gypsies and non gypsies worlds. I argue that it is through the cultural broker’s role that political elite may emerge.