A monografia recupera o humor gráfico de Ziraldo, artista tão popular, mas, curiosamente, tão pouco estudado, durante a ditadura militar brasileira. A pesquisa se baseou na descrição pré-iconográfica de seus desenhos em dois periódicos cariocas, um a cada período recortado: de junho de 1969 a junho de 1971, nO Pasquim, e de agosto de 1976 a dezembro de 1977, no Jornal do Brasil (JB) para, posteriormente, realizar uma interpretação iconológica dessa produção, cotejando-a ao levantamento bibliográfico dos principais teóricos sobre o Estado autoritário e as censuras política e moral. A relevância do tema emerge quando ponderamos que, mesmo entrincheirados pela censura, os dois jornais representaram diferentes propostas temáticas, estruturas editoriais e gestão administrativa: liberalista e comercial no caso do JB, cogestão participativa e descompromissada nO Pasquim. Observou-se que no caso dO Pasquim, há preponderância de desenhos sem maiores preocupações diretamente políticas, em que Ziraldo recorreu a variações temáticas acerca da sexualidade, crítica dos costumes e expressões idiomáticas. Sem necessariamente representar um vazio no embate com o regime militar, tais alegorias nos dão sinais da restrição imposta naquela ocasião aos motes políticos, em que o senso moral da classe média passou a ser o alvo, e a censura política, o claustro. Posteriormente, no JB, Ziraldo assume uma postura mais ofensiva à perspectiva política, atacando contradições tanto do cenário internacional, quanto da própria conjuntura interna, seus agentes e instrumentos de cerceamento. Nesse sentido, o trabalho de Ziraldo nos serve como tese, ao evidenciar a grande soma de ataques gráficos por ele desferidos ao regime político entre os editoriais do JB, tendo como suporte um periódico sugestivamente inclinado às questões comerciais e empático a algumas direções econômicas e políticas dos militares. Por outro lado, a relação de seus trabalhos com temas políticos foi quase nula durante os anos duros do mais agressivo ato institucional o 5º ; nesse caso, desenhando sobre sexualidade e costumes da classe média, denunciando justamente sua apatia, tendo como suporte um tablóide recordado como o mais resistente representante da imprensa alternativa no País, O Pasquim. / The monograph recovers Ziraldos graphic humor, such a popular artist, but, surprisingly, so little studied, during the Brazilian military dictatorship. The research was based on the iconography description of his drawings in two carioca newspapers, each one to each period: from June 1969 to June 1971 in Pasquim and from August 1976 to December 1977 in Jornal do Brasil (JB) for, later, accomplishing an iconology interpretation of such a production, comparing it to the bibliography of the main theorists in authoritarian state and the politic and moral censorships. The relevance of the theme emerges when we meditated that, even entrenched by censorship, both newspapers represented different proposed thematic, structures editorials and administration: liberal and commercial in the case of JB, co-administration and unworried in Pasquim. It was observed that in the case of the Pasquim, there is preponderance of drawings with no directly political concerns, in which Ziraldo fell back upon thematic variations concerning sexuality, critic of habits and idiomatic expressions. Without necessarily representing an emptiness in the collision with military dictatorship, such allegories give us signs of the restriction imposed on that occasion to the political mottos, in which moral sense of the middle class became the objective, and the political censorship the confinement. Later, in JB, Ziraldo assumes a more offensive posture to the political perspective, attacking both the international scenery and the very internal conjuncture contradictions, its agents and restriction instruments. In that sense, Ziraldo\'s work serves us as thesis when evidencing the great sum of graphic attacks he did in relation to the political regime among the editorials of JB, having as support a newspaper suggestively tilted to the commercial subjects, and favorable to some economical and political directions of the military. On the other hand, the relationship of his works with political themes was almost null during the hard years of the most aggressive Institutional Act the 5th ; in that case, drawing on sexuality and habits of the middle class, denouncing justly its apathy, having as support a tabloid remembered as the most resistant representative of the alternative press in the country, O Pasquim.

[ES] La presente tesis doctoral se desarrolla, de modo autoetnográfico, como aportación de resultados de una investigación artística propia pretendiendo generar conocimiento a través de una objetivación de lo subjetivo. En ella abordamos el tema de lo ridículo en la escultura, entendida en el sentido expandido del término. Partiendo de una contextualización conceptual e histórica previa, procederemos a deconstruir recursos y estrategias, siempre enfocadas en torno al concepto de lo ridículo, de nuestra propia trayectoria artística. Desarrollaremos de este modo, con especial atención, el concepto de hipertrofia como complejo recurso expresivo de exageración selectiva, tanto a nivel formal como conceptual y perceptivo. La hipertrofia como modo de expresar pero también de percibir y procesar la realidad, para una mayor intensidad comunicativa, tanto en la expresión de lo ridículo como en cualquier otro ámbito. La presente tesis doctoral recoge los resultados de veinticinco años de investigación artística propia en el campo de la escultura y la instalación. Aborda el tema de lo ridículo en la escultura, tema central en nuestra investigación, entendida en el sentido expandido del término y más concretamente la descripción de recursos, tanto formales como conceptuales, para su representación. Comenzamos el trabajo, dividido en dos partes, realizando una semblanza de lo ridículo como lenguaje. Relacionamos el término con otros que le son afines, como humor, desafío o absurdo e introducimos la hipertrofia, concepto que más tarde desarrollamos más extensamente, como medio para su consecución. Desarrollamos después lo ridículo desde la forma en su representación mediante la aplicación en parámetros formales tales como la escala, el material o la proporción, de la referida hipertrofia. Pasamos luego a realizar una breve panorámica histórica, focalizada en la representación de lo ridículo a lo largo de distintas épocas, aportando ejemplos a modo de contextualización temporal de nuestro trabajo, hasta llegar a la actualidad, de la cual realizamos una selección de obras y autores que, de un modo u otro, pueden ser entendidos como influencia o, al menos, como coincidencia en nuestros montajes. Una vez desarrollado el contexto pasamos, ya en la segunda parte, a referirnos ya directamente a nuestro trabajo y a su carácter como expresión de lo ridículo, mencionando las figuras retóricas y otros recursos comunicativos que usamos en la obra propia. Definimos, llegados a este punto, la hipertrofia como aportación central de nuestra investigación, del modo ya mencionado como recurso expresivo, pero también como modo de percepción selectiva para la creación, entre otros, en el ámbito de lo ridículo. Planteamos pues la hipertrofia como un recurso creativo extenso, más bien un modo de relacionarse con la realidad y proyectarse sobre ella en una fructífera interacción. Desarrollamos finalmente, a modo de ejemplo, la hipertrofia a través de sus múltiples aplicaciones como concepto fundamental que vertebra nuestra obra de búsqueda de lo ridículo desde enfoques diversos. / [CAT] La present tesi doctoral es desenvolupa, de manera autoetnográfica, com a aportació de resultats d'una investigació artística pròpia pretenent generar coneixement a través d'una objectivació del que és subjectiu. Hi abordem el tema del ridícul en l'escultura, entesa en el sentit expandit de el terme. Partint d'una contextualització conceptual i històrica prèvia, procedirem a deconstruir recursos i estratègies, sempre enfocades al voltant de el concepte del ridícul, de la nostra pròpia trajectòria artística. Desenvoluparem d'aquesta manera, amb especial atenció, el concepte d'hipertròfia com complex recurs expressiu d'exageració selectiva, tant a nivell formal com conceptual i perceptiu. La hipertròfia com a manera d'expressar però també de percebre i processar la realitat, per a una major intensitat comunicativa, tant en l'expressió del ridícul com en qualsevol altre àmbit. La present tesi doctoral recull els resultats de vint i cinc anys d'investigació artística pròpia en el camp de l'escultura i la instal·lació. Aborda el tema del ridícul en l'escultura, tema central en la nostra investigació, entesa en el sentit expandit del terme i més concretament la descripció de recursos, tant formals com conceptuals, per a la seva representació. Comencem el treball, dividit en dues parts, fent una semblança del ridícul com a llenguatge. Relacionem el terme amb altres que li són afins, com humor, desafiament o absurd i introduïm la hipertròfia, concepte que més tard desenvolupem més extensament, com a mitjà per a la seva consecució. Desenvolupem després el ridícul des de la forma en la seva representació mitjançant l'aplicació en paràmetres formals com ara l'escala, el material o la proporció, de la referida hipertròfia. Passem després a fer una breu panoràmica històrica, focalitzada en la representació del ridícul al llarg de diferents èpoques, aportant exemples a mode de contextualització temporal del nostre treball, fins arribar a l'actualitat, de la qual vam realitzar una selecció d'obres i autors que, d'una manera o altra, poden ser entesos com a influència o, al menys, com coincidència en els nostres muntatges. Un cop desenvolupat el context passaem, ja a la segona part, a referir-nos ja directament al nostre treball i al seu caràcter com a expressió del ridícul, esmentant les figures retòriques i altres recursos comunicatius que fem servir en l'obra pròpia. Definim, arribats a aquest punt, la hipertròfia com a aportació central de la nostra investigació, de la manera ja esmentat com a recurs expressiu, però també com a mode de percepció selectiva per a la creació, entre d'altres, en l'àmbit del ridícul. Plantegem doncs la hipertròfia com un recurs creatiu extens, més aviat una manera de relacionar-se amb la realitat i projectar-se sobre ella en una fructífera interacció. Desenvolupem finalment, a manera d'exemple, la hipertròfia a través dels seus múltiples aplicacions com a concepte fonamental que vertebra la nostra obra de cerca del ridícul des d'enfocaments diversos. / [EN] This doctoral thesis is developed, in an autoethnographic way, as a contribution of the results of our artistic research, trying to generate knowledge through an objectification of the subjective. In it we address the issue of the ridiculous in sculpture, understood in the expanded sense of the term. Starting from a previous conceptual and historical contextualization, we will proceed to deconstruct resources and strategies, always focused around the concept of the ridiculous, of our own artistic trajectory. In this way, we will develop, with special attention, the concept of hypertrophy as a complex expressive resource of selective exaggeration, both at a formal, conceptual and perceptual level. Hypertrophy as a way of expressing but also of perceiving and processing reality, for greater communicative intensity, both in the expression of the ridiculous and in any other field. This doctoral thesis collects the results of twenty-five years of own artistic research in the field of sculpture and installation. It addresses the issue of the ridiculous in sculpture, a central theme in our research, understood in the expanded sense of the term and more specifically the description of resources, both formal and conceptual, for its representation. We begin the work, divided into two parts, making a semblance of the ridiculous as a language. We relate the term to others that are related to it, such as humor, defiance or absurdity, and we introduce hypertrophy, a concept that we later develop more extensively, as a means of achieving it. Later we develop the ridiculous from the form in its representation through the application in formal parameters such as scale, material or proportion, of the referred hypertrophy. We then proceed to carry out a brief historical overview, focused on the representation of the ridiculous throughout different periods, providing examples as a temporary contextualization of our work, up to the present, from which we make a selection of works and authors that, in one way or another, can be understood as an influence or, at least, as a coincidence in our montages. Once the context has been developed, we proceed, in the second part, to refer directly to our work and its character as an expression of the ridiculous, mentioning the rhetorical figures and other communication resources that we use in our own work. We define, at this point, hypertrophy as the central contribution of our research, in the way already mentioned as an expressive resource, but also as a selective perception mode for creation, among others, in the field of the ridiculous. We therefore propose hypertrophy as an extensive creative resource, rather a way of relating to reality and projecting ourselves onto it in a fruitful interaction. Finally, we develop, as an example, hypertrophy through its multiple applications as a fundamental concept that backs up our work of searching for the ridiculous from different approaches. / Llorens García, A. (2020). La realidad hipertrofiada. Modos de representación de lo ridículo en la escultura y en la obra propia [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/157636 / TESIS

In 1776, war broke out in the Colonies of New England between British Subjects, colonists, and those emplyed by the crown to uphoald law and order across the Atlantic. The union that wuld emerge from the war would have to develop what the colnial powers they migrated from had been adding on for centuries: an understanding of national character. The colonists occupied territory to which they had no historical inheritance before European colonization, and their customs, language, and societal structure were of British origin. However, the decleration of indpendence testifies that the United States were an exceptional republic amongst monarcies.  Providing ideas, and a popular elaboration of society has been the task of many artists at any time and place. Our different perceptions of nationhood might discard of accept such visual interpretations, but they are nonetheless subjected reflections of of selected realities. As such, political cartoons, the source material for this thesis, can provide a detailed view of the particular process of picturing national identity, for a new nation that rescently had existed within the bounduries of their own empire.

Quel est le sens et la portée des images et des textes diffusés dans les médias? Voici la première question de recherche suggérée sur la page d'accueil web du département de communication de l’Université de Montréal. Le présent mémoire vise justement à répondre en partie à ce questionnement. Plus particulièrement, nous avons tenté de comprendre comment font sens des caricatures éditoriales publiées dans la presse écrite américaine le 12 septembre 2001. En utilisant une méthode d'analyse qui jumelle la théorie sémiotique de Charles Sanders Peirce et la sémiologie de Roland Barthes, nous avons analysé un corpus constitué de dix caricatures publiées au lendemain des évènements du 11 septembre. Nous avons observé la pertinence d’une analyse sémiotique rigoureuse en tentant d’évacuer la latitude discrétionnaire observée dans certaines analyses de notre revue de littérature. Comme nous le montrons, au lendemain de cet événement catastrophique, la plupart des images analysées renforcent le sentiment de tristesse et de peine alors que d’autres images sont plus bellicistes et suggèrent un appel à la vengeance et donc à la guerre. / What is the meaning and scope of the images and texts that we find in the media? This is the first research question suggested on the web page of the Department of communication of the Université de Montréal. This master’s thesis aims to partly address this questioning. Specifically, we tried to understand how political cartoons published in the American press on September 12, 2001 make sense. Using an analytical method that combines Charles Sanders Peirce’s semiotic and Roland Barthes’s semiology, we examined a corpus made of ten cartoons published the day after the September 11 events. We observed the relevance of a rigorous semiotic analysis by trying to eliminate the discretionary latitude observed in certain analyses found in our literature review. In the aftermath of this catastrophic event, most of the images we analyzed reinforce the feeling of sadness and grief while other cartoons are more hawkish and suggest a call for revenge, and therefore for war.

Vicissitudes in the British-German relationship since the Second World War have been reflected in the social and political cartoons produced and published in Britain and Germany referring to the other and the European and international context of their relationship. This survey focuses primarily on press cartoons, analysing and interpreting their content along imagological lines. National stereotypes, symbols, and other imagery are identified and their origins, uses, and possible meanings investigated. The research shows that British cartoonists have often had easy recourse to imagery drawn from and connected with twentieth-century military conflicts and the experience of National Socialism, which they have been loathe to set aside even after fifty years of peace. Such imagery has come particularly to the fore during periods of tension between the two countries. On the other hand, German cartoonists have generally relied upon an older and less provocative palette of imagery. Towards the end of the twentieth century and after reunification, the German caricatural depiction of Britain and the British became less circumspect, with evidence of a sharper and more critical approach. Significant themes and topics in the depiction of the ´other´ are also identfied, such as each country´s position within the European Community, and their treatment is charted.

Thesis (MA (General Linguistics))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009. / According to Nattrass (2007:138), the denial and questioning of the science of HIV/AIDS at government level by, amongst others, Thabo Mbeki (former State President) and Manto Tshabalala-Msimang (former Minister of Health) resulted in an estimated 343 000 preventable AIDS deaths in South Africa by 2007. Such governmental discourse of AIDS denialism has been the target of criticism in the media and by activist groups such as the Treatment Action Campaign. This study investigates the nature of this criticism, specifically considering the critical use of metaphor in visual texts such as the political cartoons of Jonathan Shapiro, who works under the pen name of “Zapiro”. The purpose is to determine whether the nature of the criticism in visual newspaper texts differs from that of corresponding verbal newspaper texts, possibly providing means of criticism not available to the verbal mode alone. A corpus of texts published between August 1999 and December 2007 that topicalise HIV/AIDS was investigated. This includes 119 cartoons by Zapiro, and 91 verbal articles in the weekly newspaper Mail & Guardian. The main theoretical approach used in the analyses is Conceptual Metaphor Theory, developed by Lakoff and Johnson (1981), and its extension to poetic metaphor, developed by Lakoff and Turner (1989). Because of the socio-political nature of the problem of HIV/AIDS, the study also draws on Critical Discourse Analysis, including complementary concepts from Systemic Functional Linguistics. The study reveals that visual and verbal texts make use of similar sets of conventional conceptual metaphors at similar frequencies, which confirms the predictions of Conceptual Metaphor Theory. The study further reveals that the cartoons enrich these metaphors through four specific mechanisms of poetic metaphor, which the verbal articles do not. This indicates a significant difference between the two types of texts. Furthermore, it is found that the use of such poetic metaphors directly contributes to the critical power of the political cartoons. The study indicates that multi-modality in cartoons, which triggers single metaphoric mappings, adds a dimension to the critical function of the text that is absent in the verbal equivalent. The finding that the visual texts enable a form of cognition that is not available to verbal texts, poses one of the most significant avenues for future research. Thus, cartoons apparently achieve a type of criticism that is not found, and may not be possible, in the verbal texts alone. This makes the political cartoon a text type with an important and unique ability to articulate political criticism.

The Internet, and Web 2.0 tools can empower audiences to actively participate in media creation. This allows the production of large quantities of content, both amateur and professional. Online memes, which are extensions of usually citizen-created viral content, are a recent and popular example of this. This thesis examines the participation of ordinary individuals in political culture online through humor creation. It focuses on citizen-made political humor memes as an example of engaged citizen discourse. The memes comprise of photographs of political figures altered either by captions or image editing software, and can be compared to more traditional mediums such as political cartoons, and 'green screens' used in filmmaking. Popular culture is often used as a 'common language' to communicate meanings in these texts. This thesis thus examines the relationship between political and popular culture. It also discusses the value of 'affinity spaces', which actively encourage users to participate in creating and sharing the humorous political texts. Some examples of the political humor memes include: the subversion of Vladimir Putin's power by poking fun at his masculine characteristics through acts similar to fanfiction, celebrating Barack Obama’s love of Star Wars, comparing a candid photograph of John McCain to fictional nonhuman creatures such as zombies using photomanipulation, and the wide variety of immediate responses to Osama bin Laden's death. This thesis argues that much of the idiosyncratic nature of the political humor memes comes from a motivation that lies in non-serious play, though they can potentially offer legitimate political criticism through the myths 'poached' from popular culture.