During the last twenty years there has been a proliferation of local studies of Poor Law administration, many of them concerned with the period of transition from the Old to the New Poor Laws. This thesis complements other local studies; it offers a detailed examination of Poor Law administration in and around the rapidly expanding industrial town of Bradford. At the same time, the thesis seeks to broaden the scope of such local studies by placing the Poor Law more firmly within its local social, economic and political context. Bradford's experiences are compared with those of other, particularly northern, urban Unions, and for the period after 1848, detailed comparison is made between Poor Law administration in the neighbouring Bradford and North Bierley Unions. Chapter 1 highlights those elements of Bradford's economic and social structure likely to exert the greatest influence on Poor Law administration. Chapter 2 examines administrative structures and relief practices under the Old Poor Law, with particular reference to the area's claim to-administrative efficiency. Chapter 3 examines local reactions to the 1834 Poor Law Amendment Act and traces the history of Bradford's popular anti-Poor Law movement. Chapter 4 investigates the new administrative structure. Chapter 4(1) evidences the occupational and political distinctions between the Borough and non-Borough Guardians, highlighting the political dimension of Poor Law administration. Chapter 4(ii) analyses the mechanics of relief distribution and Chapter 4(iii) examines the New Poor Law's'shaky financial base. Chapter 5(i) looks at the fate of the principles of 1834 with regard to able-bodied paupers and at the debate surrounding the introduction of the Outdoor Labour Test Order. Chapter 5(ii) deals largely with the provision of outdoor medical relief. Chapter 5(iii) examines the Workhouse regime and the treatment of particular groups of inmates, such as the mentally ill and vagrants. The education provided for Workhouse children is compared with that available to the independent poor. The Chapter concludes with a detailed examination of the Workhouse debate of 1846-8. Chapter 5(iv) investigates non-statutory relief provision in Bradford and attempts to assess its qualitative and quantitative importance. Chapter 6 examines the operation of the Law of Settlement, the workings of the non-resident relief system and the immediate impact of the legislation of 1846-7. Chapter 7 outlines the Poor Law authorities' involvement in bastardy affiliation actions. Chapter 8 assesses the impact of the New Poor Law and considers some of the major determinants of relief policy, including a survey of local attitudes to poverty. Part One concludes with the Union's division in 1848. Part Two considers the more settled administration of the 1850s and 1860s, building on the framework used in Part One. Chapter 9 looks at the occupations, politics and conduct of business of the Bradford and North Marley Boards of Guardians. Chapter 10 traces changes in the system of distributing relief and in the Poor Law's financial base, with particular reference to the financial reforms culminating in the Union Chargeability Act of 1865. Chapter 11 pursues the able-bodied debate, continues the earlier survey of outdoor medical relief and examines the novel provision of education for the children of outdoor paupers. Chapter 12 catalogues the erection of new Union Workhouses in Bradford and North Bierley and traces their evolving role as general pauper hospitals. Chapter 13 examines the enlarged contribution of charities in Bradford while Chapter 14 surveys the continuing but reduced impact of the Law of Settlement. Chapter 15 comments on the changes seen in the later period.

The poor relief has been, since the early Middle Ages, the church´s responsibility.  The poor would be treated in a good Christian way. Some regulations were introduced during the 1600-1700s that had some effects on the care of the poor. In 1847 a new Poor Law Regulation was introduced. It was in a time when Sweden struggled with an increasing poverty. This law included the first changes in 200 years. Even though the regulations during 1700 century gave every parish the right to decide on the methods of how to provide the necessary care , it still was the responsibility of the parish. As a consequence, there were many local variations of how the poor relief was practiced in the country. This essay examines how Lycksele parish designed their poor relief and what local and external factors affected it in the years of 1823-1873.  This period of time was marked by crop failures, parish breakout, social changes and new laws to adapt to those circumstances. The result of the investigation present that local factors had a bigger impact on the poor relief than the external factors. The most important factor was the crop failure periods that occurred three times and forced the parish to develop new methods to help the people in need. / Fattigvården var sedan tidig medeltid varit kyrkans angelägenhet, med kristlig barmhärtighet skulle de fattiga vårdas. Fattigvården var varje sockens eget ansvar. Det tillkom några förordningar under 1600-1700-talet som delvis reglerade fattigvården. 1847 tillämpades en ny fattigvårdsförordning, den första på över 200 år. I en tid som var präglad av ökad fattigdom i Sverige. 1800-talets förordningar gav socken mycket frihet, fortfarande skulle fattigvården vara sockens angelägenhet. Varje socken skulle lämna nödvändig vård och det sätt som passade socken bäst. Därför fanns det många lokala variationer, hur fattigvården skulle praktiseras i landet.   Denna uppsats har undersökt hur Lycksele socken utformade sin fattigvård och vilka faktorer som påverkade utformningen. 1823-1873 är den tidperiod som har undersökts, lokalt innehöll perioden tre missväxtperioder och sockenutbrytning. Nationellt var tiden präglad av samhällsförändring och nya lagar som skulle anpassa till det nya samhället. Uppsatsen fokuserar på vilka lokala faktorer tillsammans de yttre faktorer som påverkade vilka försörjningssätt som kunde ges av sockens fattigvård. Dessutom undersöks vilka faktorer som hade störst betydelse för fattigvårdens utformning. Resultatet blev att de lokala faktorerna hade störst påverkan på utformningen. Störst effekt hade missväxtperioderna som inträffade tre gånger vilket framtvingade nya åtgärder efter varje missväxt. Under tidsperioden skulle missväxt, ökad fattigdom och nya förordningar hanteras utav socken för att kunde lämna nödvändig hjälp till socknens fattiga.

nÃo hà / A presente pesquisa tem como objeto de estudo a relaÃÃo entre as polÃticas socioeducativas atreladas aos programas sociais para a populaÃÃo pobre da AmÃrica Latina e Caribe, denominada em situaÃÃo de vulnerabilidade social, e os princÃpios da Lei dos Pobres do sÃculo XVIII. Neste sentido, pretendemos analisar as polÃticas atuais de gestÃo da pobreza e da fome sustentadas pelo Programa de EducaÃÃo para Todos â EPT, tomando como ilustraÃÃo, o Projeto Regional de EducaÃÃo da AmÃrica Latina e Caribe, o PRELAC, implantadas em paÃses ditos em desenvolvimento social, no contexto de crise estrutural do capital. As denominadas Leis dos pobres foram adotadas nos sÃculos XVI ao XVIII, intrinsecamente articuladas ao processo de reproduÃÃo do capital. Para a realizaÃÃo do estudo, recorremos a autores clÃssicos do marxismo como o prÃprio Marx (1995; 2008); Marx e Engels (2008); Engels (2012), assim como, a intÃrpretes contemporÃneos do marxismo, fundamentados rigorosamente no marxismo ontolÃgico, como LukÃcs (1979; 2013); MÃszÃros (1997, 2011Â, 2011b); e, na esteira destes, Ãs anÃlises de Lessa (2012), Tonet (2005), Pimentel (2007, 2012), Rabelo, Mendes Segundo, Jimenez e Do Carmo (2012), Mendes Segundo (2007), Paniago (2012), dentre outros, no intuito de contribuir para o desvelamento das mediaÃÃes polÃticas articuladas ao processo ampliado de reproduÃÃo do capital para a chamada populaÃÃo em situaÃÃo de vulnerabilidade social. / This research has as object of study the relationship between social and educational policies linked to social programs for the poor in Latin America and the Caribbean, denominated in socially vulnerable, and the principles of the Poor Law of the eighteenth century. We intend to analyze the current political management of poverty and hunger sustained by the Education for All program - EFA, taking as an illustration, the Regional Education Project for Latin America and the Caribbean, PRELAC, established in those countries in social development in the context of structural crisis of capital. The so-called Laws of the poor were adopted in the sixteenth to the eighteenth centuries, intrinsically articulated to the capital reproduction process. For the study, we used the classic Marxist authors such as Marx (1995; 2008); Marx and Engels (2008); Engels (2012), as well as contemporary interpreters of Marxism, based strictly on the ontological Marxism, as LukÃcs (1979; 2013); MÃszÃros (1997, 2011a, 2011b); and following these, the analysis of Lessa (2012), Tonet (2005), Pimentel (2007, 2012), Rabelo, Mendes Second, Jimenez and Do Carmo (2012), Mendes Second (2007), Paniago (2012), among others, in order to contribute to better understand the political mediations articulated the extended process of reproduction of capital for the people in socially vulnerable.

During the last twenty years there has been a proliferation of local studies of Poor Law administration, many of them concerned with the period of transition from the Old to the New Poor Laws. This thesis complements other local studies; it offers a detailed examination of Poor Law administration in and around the rapidly expanding industrial town of Bradford. At the same time, the thesis seeks to broaden the scope of such local studies by placing the Poor Law more firmly within its local social, economic and political context. Bradford's experiences are compared with those of other, particularly northern, urban Unions, and for the period after 1848, detailed comparison is made between Poor Law administration in the neighbouring Bradford and North Bierley Unions. Chapter 1 highlights those elements of Bradford's economic and social structure likely to exert the greatest influence on Poor Law administration. Chapter 2 examines administrative structures and relief practices under the Old Poor Law, with particular reference to the area's claim to-administrative efficiency. Chapter 3 examines local reactions to the 1834 Poor Law Amendment Act and traces the history of Bradford's popular anti-Poor Law movement. Chapter 4 investigates the new administrative structure. Chapter 4(1) evidences the occupational and political distinctions between the Borough and non-Borough Guardians, highlighting the political dimension of Poor Law administration. Chapter 4(ii) analyses the mechanics of relief distribution and Chapter 4(iii) examines the New Poor Law's'shaky financial base. Chapter 5(i) looks at the fate of the principles of 1834 with regard to able-bodied paupers and at the debate surrounding the introduction of the Outdoor Labour Test Order. Chapter 5(ii) deals largely with the provision of outdoor medical relief. Chapter 5(iii) examines the Workhouse regime and the treatment of particular groups of inmates, such as the mentally ill and vagrants. The education provided for Workhouse children is compared with that available to the independent poor. The Chapter concludes with a detailed examination of the Workhouse debate of 1846-8. Chapter 5(iv) investigates non-statutory relief provision in Bradford and attempts to assess its qualitative and quantitative importance. Chapter 6 examines the operation of the Law of Settlement, the workings of the non-resident relief system and the immediate impact of the legislation of 1846-7. Chapter 7 outlines the Poor Law authorities' involvement in bastardy affiliation actions. Chapter 8 assesses the impact of the New Poor Law and considers some of the major determinants of relief policy, including a survey of local attitudes to poverty. Part One concludes with the Union's division in 1848. Part Two considers the more settled administration of the 1850s and 1860s, building on the framework used in Part One. Chapter 9 looks at the occupations, politics and conduct of business of the Bradford and North Marley Boards of Guardians. Chapter 10 traces changes in the system of distributing relief and in the Poor Law's financial base, with particular reference to the financial reforms culminating in the Union Chargeability Act of 1865. Chapter 11 pursues the able-bodied debate, continues the earlier survey of outdoor medical relief and examines the novel provision of education for the children of outdoor paupers. Chapter 12 catalogues the erection of new Union Workhouses in Bradford and North Bierley and traces their evolving role as general pauper hospitals. Chapter 13 examines the enlarged contribution of charities in Bradford while Chapter 14 surveys the continuing but reduced impact of the Law of Settlement. Chapter 15 comments on the changes seen in the later period.

Le présent travail porte sur l'influence de l'idéologie utilitariste sur la conduite de la Royal Commission of Inquiry into the Practical Administration and Operation of the Poor Laws de 1832-1834. Il jette un regard nouveau sur le rôle joué par les idéologies sur la conduite de la réforme la Commission, mais aussi sur la New Poor Law de 1834. Parmi les sujets traités, nous retrouverons la prise en charge de la pauvreté, la diffusion et la transformation des idées. Notre hypothèse de travail est que le Rapport de la Commission Royale de 1832 est le résultat d'un métissage idéologique dominé par l'utilitarisme. Ce métissage idéologique était particulièrement présent au sein des classes supérieures de la société britannique (bourgeoisie et aristocratie). Pour ce faire, nous avons analysé en profondeur le Rapport produit par la Commission: analyse du contenu et analyse du discours. Nous avons aussi adopté une approche biographique où l'on discute des principaux artisans de la Commission, de leurs allégeances politiques et idéologiques et de l'influence qu'ils eurent les uns sur les autres. Puis, nous avons analysé les principaux courants idéologiques de l'époque concernant la pauvreté, de 1795, date de mise en place du système de Speenhamland, jusqu'à 1834, date où la Poor Law fut modifiée en profondeur. Pour ce faire, nous avons utilisé des sources primaires comme les écrits de Jeremy Bentham ou de Thomas Robert Malthus par exemple. Nous avons aussi analysé certains articles de journaux publiés dans le Edinburgh Review et le Quarterly Review qui traitaient de la pauvreté ou des Poor Laws. Enfin, pour bien comprendre l'influence et les limites de l'idéologie sur la conduite de la réforme, nous avons analysé les débats parlementaires sur l'adoption de la New Poor Law de 1834. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Économie politique, Grande-Bretagne, Libéralisme, Malthusianisme, Parlement, Utilitarisme, XIXe siècle.

In recent decades historians have 'discovered' agency in a wide range of geographical and temporal contexts, amongst many different types of actor. This dissertation employs the concept of agency to dissect the dynamics of power in early nineteenth-century London charities. Concurrently, it uses charity to test the potential applications of agency as a historical concept and as a tool for historical analysis. Through case studies of five different types of charity in early nineteenth-century London, this dissertation explores the varied ways in which plebeians exercised their agency. The case studies engage with current definitions of agency 'intentional action, resistance, the defence of rights and customs, exerting control over one's own life, autonomy, strategy, choice, and voice' and test the boundaries of the concept, proposing different ways in which scholars might characterise agency. This dissertation not only examines how the poor exerted their agency, but also how philanthropists conceptualised the agency of the poor. Although agency had a different set of meanings in the early nineteenth century than it does today, Georgian commentators nevertheless discussed the same phenomena that historians today label as agency. This dissertation considers how philanthropists attempted to mould the agency of their beneficiaries and how the agency of the poor shaped charitable organisations. For all its prevalence, agency is an under-theorised and problematic concept. There is no consensus about what agency is or how to locate it. As a result, agency is a slippery concept that seems to elude meaning. Historians are often so personally invested in the project of recovering the agency of subalterns that they underestimate the structural constraints acting on agency or they project modern conceptions of agency on to the subjects of their study. This dissertation subjects agency to critical examination that is long overdue. It argues that agency, as an 'essentially contested' concept, is a powerful tool for dissecting subtle and diverse dynamics of power. This dissertation proposes and demonstrates ways in which scholars can employ the concept usefully, mitigating its problematic aspects.

From 1838 until the end of the European Revolutions in 1852, the French Revolution provided Chartists with a repertoire of symbolism that Chartists would deploy in their activism, histories, and literature to foster a sense of collective consciousness, define a democratic world-view, and encourage internationalist sentiment. Challenging conservative notions of the revolution as a bloody and anarchic affair, Chartists constructed histories of 1789 that posed the era as a romantic struggle for freedom and nationhood analogous to their own, and one that was deeply entwined with British history and national identity. During the 1830s, Chartist opposition to the New Poor Law drew from the gothic repertoire of the Bastille to frame inequality in Britain. The workhouse 'bastile' was not viewed simply as an illegitimate imposition upon Britain, but came to symbolise the character of class rule. Meanwhile, Chartist newspapers also printed fictions based on the French Revolution, inserting Chartist concerns into the narratives, and their histories of 1789 stressed the similarity between France on the eve of revolution and Britain on the eve of the Charter. During the 1840s Chartist internationalism was contextualised by a framework of thinking about international politics constructed around the Revolutions of 1789 and 1830, while the convulsions of Continental Europe during 1848 were interpreted as both a confirmation of Chartist historical discourse and as the opening of a new era of international struggle. In the Democratic Review (1849-1850), the Red Republican (1850), and The Friend of the People (1850-1852), Chartists like George Julian Harney, Helen Macfarlane, William James Linton, and Gerald Massey, along with leading figures of the radical émigrés of 1848, characterised 'democracy' as a spirit of action and a system of belief. For them, the democratic heritage was populated by a diverse array of figures, including the Apostles of Jesus, Martin Luther, the romantic poets, and the Jacobins of 1793. The 'Red Republicanism' that flourished during 1848-1852 was sustained by the historical viewpoints arrived at during the Chartist period generally. Attempts to define a 'science' of socialism was as much about correcting the misadventures of past ages as it was a means to realise the promise announced by the 'Springtime of the Peoples'.

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