Summary: Background: An increased risk for development of hereditary breast cancer is associated with germline mutations in BRCA1/2 and the influence of NBN mutations is also supposed. The aim of this study is to specify the frequency of recurrent mutations in BRCA1/2 in unselected breast cancer patients and the frequency of most common pathogenic mutations in NBN in Czech republic, to assess current criteria for genetic testing and to consider the addition of NBN to the tested genes. Methods: Screening for recurrent mutations 5382insC and 300T>G in BRCA1 was performed by RFLP, screening for mutations in exon 11 of BRCA1 was performed by PTT, screening for mutations in a selected region of exon 11 of BRCA2 by DHPLC, and screening for mutations in exon 6 of NBN by HRMA. All the mutations were confirmed by direct sequencing. Results: In 679 unselected breast cancer patients 7 carriers of 5382insC, 3 of 300T>G, and 4 of other mutations in BRCA1 were identified. 2 locally prevalent mutations were found in BRCA2. In 730 controls only one 5382insC BRCA1 mutation was identified. Out of 5 NBN mutations found in 600 high-risk patients two were 657del5 and one R215W. A total of 8 NBN mutation carriers were identified among 703 breast cancer patients, 2 of them 657del5 carriers and three R215W carriers. In 915...

Alterations in executive functions have repeatedly been found in individuals suffering from eating and weight disorders. However, less is known about how these cognitive processes might contribute to the etiology of the disorders, as large prospective population-based studies have been missing. Here, we comment on the results of Steegers et al. (2021), a study that helped to fill this gap with a focus on set-shifting abilities predicting symptoms of anorexia nervosa (AN) in children. The main goal of this commentary is to encourage further interpretation of the population-based data beyond its relevance to AN. More specifically, we discuss the role of impaired inhibition as a risk factor for weight gain and obesity.

This predominantly empirical dissertation deals with how socio-economic living conditions and immigrant-specific factors can be linked to immigrants’ mental ill health. It is also explored how cultural representations can affect stress and whether mental ill health is expressed differently among immigrants from Iraq and Iran than among individuals of Nordic origin. Moreover, a conceptual analysis is conducted, where a phenomenological conceptualisation of stress is outlined with a special focus on how this stress approach can be related to culture and migration. The empirical material consists of eleven in-depth interviews with Iraqi and Iranian immigrant women and two population-based surveys. The main findings of this thesis suggest as follows: 1) Mental ill health is more common among foreign-born than among native-born Swedes and can to a great extent be attributed to their poorer socio-economic living conditions. 2) Immigrants’ mental health is independently associated with different types of factors, such as traumatic episodes, socio-cultural adaptation level and socioeconomic living conditions. 3) The self-reporting mental health instruments, HSCL-25 and WHO (ten) Wellbeing Index, produce scores that are comparable between Scandinavians and immigrants of Middle Eastern descent. 4) Nonuniversal representations that can be found in Iraq and Iran can amplify, or even be necessary ingredients in certain types of stressful experiences among immigrant women from these countries. 5) The distinctions between universal and non-universal stress, and between immigrant/minority and non-immigrant/nonminority stress appear to be crucial for an adequate comprehension of immigrants’ stressful experiences. / Denna huvudsakligen empiriska avhandling behandlar hur socioekonomiska levnadsvillkor och invandrarspecifika faktorer kan kopplas till invandrares mentala hälsa. I avhandlingen undersöks även hur kulturella representationer kan påverka stressfulla upplevelser och huruvida mental ohälsa uttrycks annorlunda bland invandrare från Irak och Iran än bland nordbor. Vidare genomförs en begreppsanalys av stress skisserad utifrån ett fenomenologiskt perspektiv. Fokus ligger här på hur ett sådant perspektiv på stress kan relateras till kultur och migration. Det empiriska materialet består av elva djupintervjuer med invandrarkvinnor från Irak och Iran, samt två populationsbaserade enkätundersökningar. De huvudsakliga fynden i denna avhandling är följande: 1) Mental ohälsa bland utrikesfödda är vanligare än bland svenskfödda och detta kan till stor del ”förklaras” av ogynnsammare socioekonomiska levnadsvillkor. 2) Invandrares mentala ohälsa har ett direkt samband med olika typer av faktorer som traumatiska episoder, sociokulturell anpassningsnivå och socioekonomiska levnadsvillkor. 3) Självskattningsinstrumenten för mental hälsa, HSCL-25 och WHO (ten) Wellbeing Index, producerar värden som är jämförbara mellan nordbor och invandrare från Mellanöstern. 4) Icke-universella representationer som kan påvisas i Irak och Iran kan förstärka, eller till och med vara nödvändiga komponenter för vissa typer av stressfulla upplevelser bland invandrarkvinnor från dessa länder. 5) Distinktionerna mellan universell och icke-universell stress, och mellan invandrar/minoritets och icke-invandrar/icke-minoritets stress, tycks vara centrala för en adekvat förståelse av invandrares stressfulla upplevelser.

Résumé Les préoccupations et comportements alimentaires entourant le poids sont omniprésentes chez les jeunes adolescentes et femmes qui habitent dans les cultures occidentales où les formes corporelles sont orientées vers un idéal ultra-mince. L’objectif de cette étude est d’examiner si une plus grande exposition aux endroits faisant la promotion de la minceur est associée à des préoccupations pour le poids plus élevées chez les femmes. Cette étude fait partie d’un projet intitulé ¨Social, cultural, and economic disparities and disordered eating: Understanding the contribution of neighbourhood and individual level factors¨ (Gauvin, Steiger, & Brodeur, 2009). Un échantillon de 1288 femmes âgées entre 20 et 40 ans et résidant à Montréal depuis au moins 12 mois ont répondu à un sondage téléphonique. Des régressions logistiques ont comparé les femmes se situant dans le quintile le plus élevé des préoccupations de poids avec les femmes dans les autres quintiles en fonction de leur exposition 15 jours ou plus dans des endroits faisant la promotion de la minceur. De plus, une analyse de sensibilité a vérifié si l’association demeurait significative à d’autres niveaux d’exposition. Les facteurs confondants ont été contrôlés statistiquement. Les résultats démontrent qu’une fréquentation d’au moins 15 jours par mois d’endroits faisant la promotion de la minceur est associée à des préoccupations plus élevées pour le poids. Aussi, fréquenter ces lieux entre 15 et 20 jours/mois est aussi associé à des préoccupations de poids élevées. Des interventions de santé publique pourraient viser la diminution des pressions socioculturelles vers la minceur. / Abstract Weight and eating-related disorders and behaviours are common among adolescent girls and young women in Western societies, where thin bodies are highly valued. The goal of this study was to examine whether or not more frequent exposure to places promoting thinness is associated with greater weight concerns among women. This study was part of a larger investigation entitled ¨Social, cultural, and economic disparities and disordered eating: Understanding the contribution of neighbourhood and individual level factors¨ (Gauvin, Steiger, & Brodeur, 2009). A sample of 1288 women aged 20 to 40 years and living in Montreal for at least 12 months responded to a telephone survey. Logistic regression analyses were performed comparing women in the highest quintile of weight concerns to women in other quintiles on frequentations of thin-promoting places 15 days or more. Further, a sensitivity analysis was performed to verify whether or not an association exists between high weight concerns and different levels of exposure to places promoting socio-cultural standards for thinness. A series of confounding variables were statistically controlled. Results showed that exposure to places promoting socio-cultural standards for thinness at least 15 days per month was significantly associated with greater weight concerns among women despite controlling for confounding variables. Further, going to places promoting thinness between at least 15 through 20 days/month was also associated greater weight concerns among women. Public health interventions could aim at reducing societal pressures to thinness.

En 2004, le gouvernement québécois s’est engagé dans une importante réorganisation de son système de santé en créant les Centres de santé et des services sociaux (CSSS). Conjugué à leur mandat de production de soins et services, les CSSS se sont vus attribuer un nouveau mandat de « responsabilité populationnelle ». Les gestionnaires se voient donc attribuer le mandat d’améliorer la santé et le bien-être d’une population définie géographiquement, en plus de répondre aux besoins des utilisateurs de soins et services. Cette double responsabilité demande aux gestionnaires d’articuler plus formellement au sein d’une gouverne locale, deux secteurs de prestations de services qui ont longtemps évolué avec peu d’interactions, « la santé publique » et « le système de soins ». Ainsi, l’incorporation de la responsabilité populationnelle amène à développer une plus grande synergie entre ces deux secteurs dans une organisation productrice de soins et services. Elle appelle des changements importants au niveau des domaines d’activités investis et demande des transformations dans certains rôles de gestion. L’objectif général de ce projet de recherche est de mieux comprendre comment le travail des gestionnaires des CSSS se transforme en situation de changement mandaté afin d’incorporer la responsabilité populationnelle dans leurs actions et leurs pratiques de gestion. Le devis de recherche s’appuie sur deux études de cas. Nous avons réalisé une étude de deux CSSS de la région de Montréal. Ces cas ont été choisis selon la variabilité des contextes socio-économiques et sanitaires ainsi que le nombre et la variété d’établissements sous la gouverne des CSSS. L’un des cas avait au sein de sa gouverne un Centre hospitalier de courte durée et l’autre non. La collecte de données se base sur trois sources principales; 1) l’analyse documentaire, 2) des entrevues semi-structurées (N=46) et 3) des observations non-participantes sur une période de près de deux ans (2005-2007). Nous avons adopté une démarche itérative, basée sur un raisonnement inductif. Pour analyser la transformation des CSSS, nous nous appuyons sur la théorie institutionnelle en théorie des organisations. Cette perspective est intéressante car elle permet de lier l’analyse du champ organisationnel, soit les différentes pressions issues des acteurs gravitant dans le système de santé québécois et le rôle des acteurs dans le processus de changement. Elle propose d’analyser à la fois les pressions environnementales qui expliquent les contraintes et les opportunités des acteurs gravitant dans le champ organisationnel de même que les pressions exercées par les CSSS et les stratégies d’actions locales que ceux-ci développent. Nous discutons de l’évolution des CSSS en présentant trois phases temporelles caractérisées par des dynamiques d’interaction entre les pressions exercées par les CSSS et celles exercées par les autres acteurs du champ organisationnel; la phase 1 porte sur l’appropriation des politiques dictées par l’État, la phase 2 réfère à l’adaptation aux orientations proposées par différents acteurs du champ organisationnel et la phase 3 correspond au développement de certains projets initiés localement. Nous montrons à travers le processus d’incorporation de la responsabilité populationnelle que les gestionnaires modifient certaines pratiques de gestion. Certains de ces rôles sont plus en lien avec la notion d’entrepreneur institutionnel, notamment, le rôle de leader, de négociateur et d’entrepreneur. À travers le processus de transformation de ces rôles, d’importants changements au niveau des actions entreprises par les CSSS se réalisent, notamment, l’organisation des services de première ligne, le développement d’interventions de prévention et de promotion de la santé de même qu’un rôle plus actif au sein de leur communauté. En conclusion, nous discutons des leçons tirées de l’incorporation de la responsabilité populationnelle au niveau d’une organisation productrice de soins et services. Nous échangeons sur les enjeux liés au développement d’une plus grande synergie entre la santé publique et le système de soins au sein d’une gouverne locale. Également, nous présentons un modèle synthèse d’un processus de mise en œuvre d’un changement mandaté dans un champ organisationnel fortement institutionnalisé en approfondissant les rôles des entrepreneurs institutionnels dans ce processus. Cette situation a été peu analysée dans la littérature jusqu’à maintenant. / In 2004, the Quebec Government has engaged in a major reorganization of its health system, by creating the Health and Social Services Centers (Centre de santé et de services sociaux-CSSS). In addition to their mandate of delivering care and services, the CSSS gained a mandate of population-based responsibility. The managers of these organizations obtained the mandate to improve the health and well-being of the population living on a specific territory in addition to responding to the users of health care services. This dual responsibility brings managers to articulate more formally two fields of services delivery that have traditionally evolved with few interactions: “public health” and “healthcare”. Incorporating the population-based responsibility to the practice of managers creates a greater synergy between these two fields within an organization that produces health care services. The reform calls for major changes in different areas of activities and management roles. The main objective of our research is to have a better understanding of the change in the CSSS management practices in response to the required population-based responsibility. We conducted an in-depth longitudinal analysis of two CSSS cases. These cases were selected from the same region, Montréal. The two cases have been chosen according to the variability of their socio-economic context as well as the number and variability of institutions under the governance of CSSS. One case included an acute-care hospital while the other did not. Data collected include real-time observations of top management meetings at the regional and local levels during more than two years (2005-2007), 46 interviews with managers and key stakeholders as well as secondary data (planning documents, organizational charts, minutes of executive board meetings, etc.). We adopted an iterative process based on inductive thinking. We based our analysis on institutional theory in the theory of organization studies. This perspective is interesting because it allows us to link the organizational fields analyzed (pressures from different healthcare actors) to the roles of actors in the change process. This theory proposes to analyze both the environmental pressures which explain the constraints and opportunities of the actors in the organization field and the pressure created by the CSSS and the local strategic actions they develop. We discuss the evolution of CSSS by presenting three temporal stages characterized by dynamic interaction between the pressures created by the CSSS as well as those created by the other actors in the organizational field; stage 1 refers to compliance with policies put forward by the Government, stage 2 focuses on the adaptation to suggestions made by different actors in the organizational field and stage 3 corresponds to the development of projects at local level. We show through the process of incorporating population-based responsibility some change in management practices. Some management roles are closer to the entrepreneurship institutional theory being seen as leaders, negotiators and entrepreneurs. Through the process of transforming management roles, important changes happen regarding the actions put in place by CSSS such as the formal organization of primary care services, the development of health promotion and prevention activities and a more active implication in the community. In conclusion, we discuss findings from incorporating population-based responsibility into a delivery of health care services organization. We exchange on challenges associated with the development of a greater synergy between public health and healthcare into the same governance structure. Also, we present a synthetic model of the process of implementation of a mandated change into an organization field that is strongly institutionalized. We expand more specifically on the institutional entrepreneur role in that process of change. This situation has been rarely discussed in the literature so far.

Funding support for this doctoral thesis has been provided by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research-Public Health Agency of Canada, QICSS matching grant, and la Faculté des études supérieures et postdoctorales-Université de Montréal. / Contexte : Les données probantes rapportées au cours des 20 dernières années indiquent un déclin important de la pratique d’activités physiques. Les chercheurs considèrent que la diminution de l’activité physique est un facteur clé de l’augmentation du surpoids et de l’obésité chez les enfants. Les transport actifs (TA), à savoir les modes de transport non motorisés tels la marche ou le vélo pour aller à l’école ou en revenir, pourraient constituer une opportunité de pratique d’activité physique. Objective : Cette thèse vise à identifier les déterminants individuels et écologiques du TA et d’en évaluer les retombées de santé possibles. Quatre études visant les objectifs suivants ont été réalisés: (1) Parmi un échantillon d’enfants et d’adolescents québécois, décrire la proportion d’enfants qui utilisent la marche, le transport en commun, le véhicule familial, l’autobus scolaire ou une combinaison de modes de déplacement pour se déplacer vers l’école. (2) Identifier les facteurs associés au TA pour se déplacer vers l’école parmi un échantillon d’enfants et d’adolescents québécois. (3) Parmi des échantillons de jeunes québécois et canadiens, identifier les déterminants individuels et écologiques du TA pour se déplacer vers l’école. (4) Examiner l’association entre le TA pour se déplacer vers l’école et les changements d’indice de masse corporelle (IMC) entre la maternelle et la 2e année du primaire. Méthodologie : Trois bases de données avec échantillonnage de type populationnel ont été utilisées pour répondre à ces objectifs de recherche, soit l’Enquête Sociale et de Santé auprès des Enfants et Adolescents québécois (ESSEA), l’Étude Longitudinale Nationale des Enfants et des Jeunes du Canada (ELNEJ) l’Étude Longitudinale sur le Développement des Enfants du Québec (ELDEQ). Des analyses statistiques pour données longitudinales ont été appliquées. Résultats : Les analyses ont mis en lumière quatre résultats importants. 1) Les données de l’ESSEA indiquent que les enfants de 9 ans vivant en milieu urbain et provenant de familles ayant de faibles revenus avaient une probabilité significativement plus élevée d’utiliser le TA pour se déplacer vers l’école. 2) Les données de l’ELNEJ indiquent que certains facteurs sociodémographiques qui changent à travers le temps sont associés à une probabilité plus élevée d’utiliser le TA pour se déplacer vers l’école dont : le fait de vivre dans un ménage ayant un revenu insuffisant, de vivre dans un ménage avec un seul parent, d’avoir un frère ou une sœur plus âgé/e dans le ménage et de vivre dans un milieu urbain. 3) L’exploitation des données de l’ELDEQ démontre que certaines variables associées à l’utilisation de TA pour se déplacer vers l’école sont le fait d’être un enfant provenant d’un ménage aux revenus insuffisants, de résider dans des quartiers pauvres et de vivre dans des quartiers perçus comme étant moyens, mauvais ou très mauvais pour élever des enfants. Ces résultats suggèrent que les enfants qui sont les moins favorisés sont les plus exposés à des environnements défavorables au TA et donc sont exposés à une forme d’injustice environnementale. 4) Enfin, l’IMC des enfants qui adoptent systématiquement la pratique du TA pour se déplacer vers l’école entre la maternelle à la 2e année du primaire suit une trajectoire plus saine que celle des enfants qui n’ont pas maintenu ce mode de TA. Conclusion: Bien que l’utilisation du TA pour se déplacer vers l'école puisse s'avérer favorable à la santé des enfants et des jeunes tel que démontré par l’évolution favorable de l’IMC des enfants adoptant cette pratique à plus long terme, la sécurité des routes menant vers l’école doit être améliorée pour permettre aux enfants de bénéficier de retombées positives de cette habitude de vie. Afin d’approfondir les connaissances dans ce domaine, il serait opportun de reproduire ces résultats avec des données issues de mesures de la dangerosité du quartier obtenues par des moyens autres que les questionnaires auto-rapportés de même que des données provenant d’études avec des devis quasi-expérimentaux ou expérimentaux qui ont recours à de grands échantillons représentatifs dans les zones urbaines où le TA pour se rendre et revenir de l’école est le plus probable. / Rationale: Evidence from the past 20 years points to important secular declines in physical activity. Researchers point to this decline as a factor in the increase in overweight and obesity among children. Active transportation (AT), defined as non-motorized modes of transportation such as walking or cycling to/from school, is one potential opportunity for physical activity. Previous studies have conceptual and methodological shortcomings thus limiting our understanding of the phenomenon. Objective: The overarching goals of the thesis are to identify individual and ecologic determinants of AT and to evaluate the possible health benefits of AT. Four investigations address the following specific objectives: (1) To describe the proportion of children who walked, used public transit, were driven to school in a school bus or vehicle, or used multiple transportation modes to and from school in a population-based sample of children and adolescents living in Quebec, Canada. (2) To identify correlates of AT to and from school among children and youth in a population-based sample of children and adolescents living in Quebec, Canada. (3) To identify time-varying and time-invariant individual and ecologic determinants of AT to/from school across the school years in population-based samples of Quebec and Canadian children. (4) To examine the relationship between AT to and from school with change in body mass index (BMI) from kindergarten to grade 2 in a population-based sample of Quebec children. Methods: Three population-based samples of youth were used to address these objectives, including the 1999 Quebec Child and Adolescent Health and Social Survey (QCAHS), the Canadian National Longitudinal Study of Children and Youth (NLSCY), and the Quebec Longitudinal Study of Child Development (QLSCD). Longitudinal analyses techniques were applied. Results: Analyses show four sets of findings. 1) According to the QCAHS, children who were 9 years old, living in urban areas, and were from low household income families were significantly more likely to use AT to/from school. 2) Findings from the NLSCY study indicated that the time-varying predictors: living in a household with insufficient income, living in a household with only one parent, having an older sibling in the household, and living in an urban setting were associated with greater likelihood of using AT to/from school. 3) With the use of QLSCD, patterns of AT to/from school across time, were identified including children who were from insufficient income households, and residing in economically deprived neighbourhoods. These results indicate that children who are the most underprivileged and exposed to environments not conducive for AT are those most likely to use AT to/from school suggesting the presence of environmental injustice. 4) Finally, the BMI of children who use AT to/from school consistently from Kindergarten to Grade 2 espoused a more healthy trajectory in comparison to that of children who did not use sustained AT to/from school. Conclusion: Although AT to/from school may prove to be favourable to the health of children, as manifested through healthful changes in BMI across time, routes to school need to be safe in order for all children to benefit from this behaviour. Replication studies that use measures of neighbourhood dangerosity that go beyond self-report, natural experiments, and inclusion of large representative samples from urban areas are needed.

A disponibilidade de grandes bases de dados informatizadas em saúde tornou a técnica de relacionamento de fontes de dados, também conhecida como linkage, uma alternativa para diferentes tipos de estudos. Esta técnica proporciona a geração de uma base de dados mais completa e de baixo custo operacional. Objetivo- Investigar a possibilidade de completar/aperfeiçoar as informações da base de dados do RCBP-SP, no período de 1997 a 2005, utilizando o processo de linkage com três outras bases, a saber: Programa de Aprimoramento de Mortalidade (PRO-AIM), Autorização e Procedimentos de Alta Complexidade (APAC-SIA/SUS) e Fundação Sistema Estadual de Análise de Dados (FSeade). Métodos- Neste estudo foi utilizada a base de dados do RCBP-SP, composta por 343.306 com casos incidentes de câncer do município de São Paulo, registrados no período de 1997 a 2005, com idades que variaram de menos de um a 106 anos, de ambos os sexos. Para a completitude das informações do RCBP-SP foram utilizadas as bases de dados, a saber: PRO-AIM, APAC-SIA/SUS e FSeade. Foram utilizadas as técnicas de linkage probabilística e determinística. O linkage probabilístico foi realizado pelo programa Reclink III versão 3.1.6. Quanto ao linkage determinístico as rotinas foram realizadas em Visual Basic, com as bases hospedadas em SQL Server. Foram calculados os coeficientes brutos de incidência (CBI) e mortalidade (CBM) antes e após o linkage. A análise de sobrevida global foi realizada pela técnica de Kaplan-Meier e para na comparação entre as curvas, utilizou-se o teste de log rank. Foram calculados os valores da área sob a curva, sensibilidade e especificidade para determinar o ponto de corte do escore de maior precisão na identificação dos pares verdadeiros. Resultados- Após o linkage, verificou-se um ganho de 101,5 por cento para a variável endereço e 31,5 por cento para a data do óbito e 80,0 por cento para a data da última informação. Quanto à variável nome da mãe, na base de dados do RCBP-SP antes do linkage esta informação representava somente 0,5 por cento , tendo sido complementada, no geral, em 76.332 registros. A análise de sobrevida global mostrou que antes do processo de linkage havia uma subestimação na probabilidade de estar vivo em todos os períodos analisados. No geral, para a análise de sobrevida truncada em sete anos, a probabilidade de estar vivo no primeiro ano de seguimento antes do linkage foi menor quando comparada a probabilidade de estar vivo ao primeiro ano de seguimento após o linkage (48,8 por cento x 61,1 por cento ; p< 0,001). Conclusão- A técnica de linkage tanto probabilística quanto determinística foi efetiva para completar/aperfeiçoar as informações da base de dados do RCBP-SP. Além do mais, o CBI apresentou um ganho de 3,4 por cento . Quanto ao CBM houve um ganho de 25,8 por cento . Após o uso da técnica de linkage, foi verificado que os valores para a sobrevida global estavam subestimados para ambos os sexos, faixas etárias e para as topografias de câncer / The availability of large computerized databases on health has enabled the record linkage technique, an alternative for different study designs. This technique provides the generation of a more complete database, at low operational cost. Objective to investigate the possibility of completing/improving information from the database of the RCBP-SP, in the period between 1997 and 2005, using the record linkage technique with other three databases, namely: Mortality Improvement Program (PRO-AIM), Authorization of Highly Complex Procedures (APAC-SIA/SUS) and State System of Data Analysis (FSeade), comparing different strategies. Methods In this study we used the database of the RCBP-SP composed of 343,306 incident cancer cases in the Municipality of São Paulo registered in the period between 1997 and 2005 with ages raging from under one to 106 years, from both sexes. To complete the database of the RCBP-SP three databases were used, namely: PRO-AIM, APAC-SIA/SUS and FSeade. Both probabilistic and deterministic record linkage were used. Probabilistic linkage was performed using the Reclink III software, version 3.1.6. As for the the deterministic record linkage, the routines were run in the Visual Basic and databases hosted on a SQL Server. Before and after record linkage, crude incidence (CIR) and mortality rates (CMR) were calculated. The overall survival analysis was performed using the Kaplan-Meier technique and for the comparison between curves, the log rank test was employed. In order to determine the most precise cut-off scores in identifying true matches, we calculated the area under the curve, as well as, sensitivity and specificity. Results After record linkage, it was verified a gain of 101.5 per cent for the variable address, 31.5 per cent for death date and 80,0 per cent for the date of latest information. As for the variable mother´s name, in the database of the RCBP-SP before record linkage, this information represented only 0.5 per cent , having been completed, in general, in 76,332 registries. The overall survival analysis showed that before the record linkage there was an underestimation of the probability of being alive for all periods assessed. In general, for the truncated survival at seven years, the probability of being alive at the first year of follow up before record linkage was lower when compared to the probability of being alive at the first year of follow up after record linkage (48.8 per cent x 61.1 per cent ; p< 0.001). Conclusion Both the probabilistic and deterministic record linkage were effective to complete/improve information from the database of the RCBP-SP. Moreover, the CIR had a gain of de 3.4 per cent . As for the CMR, there was a gain of 25.8 per cent . After using the record linkage technique, it was verified that values for overall survival were underestimated for both sexes, all age groups, and cancer sites

Introdução: A associação entre a infecção pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV) e o câncer tem sido documentada desde os primórdios da epidemia da síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida (Aids). A introdução da highly active antirretroviral therapy (HAART) alterou, profundamente, o curso da epidemia da Aids, reduzindo, drasticamente, a incidência de manifestações definidoras da síndrome, incluindo cânceres. No entanto, existem informações limitadas sobre a incidência de câncer em crianças e adolescentes com Aids vivendo em países em desenvolvimento. Objetivo: Descrever a epidemiologia do câncer em crianças e adolescentes com Aids no Município de São Paulo, no período de 1997 a 2012. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo de base populacional, utilizando as bases de dados do Registro de Câncer de Base Populacional do Município de São Paulo e do Sistema de Informações de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN). As crianças e adolescentes (< 20 anos) com Aids e câncer foram identificadas por meio de um processo de linkage probabilístico entre as bases de dados supracitadas. Foram calculadas as taxas de incidência brutas e ajustadas por milhão de habitantes. Para comparar a incidência de câncer na população com Aids e a população geral foi calculada a razão de incidência padronizada (RIP) e respectivos intervalos de confiança de 95 por cento (IC 95 por cento ). A análise de tendência foi feita por meio do cálculo do annual percent change (APC) e IC 95 por cento correspondentes. A análise da sobrevida global de cinco anos após o câncer entre pacientes com Aids e na população geral foi calculada por meio do estimador produto limite de Kaplan-Meier e modelos univariados de riscos proporcionais de Cox. Mapas coropléticos em escalas monocromáticas foram gerados para descrever a distribuição de casos no Município. Resultados: Foram identificados 24 casos de câncer em pacientes com Aids menores de 20 anos, sendo 62,5 por cento cânceres definidores de Aids. Os cânceres mais incidentes foram o linfoma não Hodgkin, incluindo o linfoma de Burkitt (12; 50,0 por cento ), o linfoma de Hodgkin (6; 25,0 por cento ) e o sarcoma de Kaposi (3; 12,5 por cento ). A taxa bruta de incidência foi de 1.461,3 casos/milhão. A análise de tendência revelou redução significativa da incidência para todos os cânceres (APC= -14,5), influenciada pela queda nos cânceres definidores de Aids (APC= -17,0). O risco para câncer se mostrou aumentado (RIP= 3,9), sobretudo para o linfoma não Hodgkin, excluindo linfoma de Burkitt (RIP= 22,5), linfoma de Burkitt (RIP= 29,7) e linfoma de Hodgkin (RIP= 18,7). A probabilidade acumulada de sobrevida aos cinco anos foi de 56,3 por cento em crianças e adolescentes com Aids versus 87,5 por cento na população geral. A hazard ratio para óbito foi 5,2 (IC 95 por cento = 2,0; 13,6). O mapa da distribuição geográfica mostrou concentração dos casos nas áreas de classes sociais mais baixas do Município. Conclusão: Houve redução acentuada da incidência de cânceres definidores de Aids, como provável resultado da introdução da HAART. No entanto, crianças e adolescentes com Aids permanecem sob risco aumentado para o desenvolvimento de câncer quando comparadas à população geral. Para aquelas que desenvolveram câncer, o risco para óbito também se mostrou substancialmente elevado / Introduction: The association between human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and cancer has been documented since the beginning of the epidemic of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The introduction of the highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has profoundly altered the course of the AIDS epidemic, drastically reducing the incidence of AIDS-defining manifestations, including cancers. Nevertheless, there is limited information on the incidence of cancer in children and adolescents with AIDS living in developing countries. Objective: To describe the cancer epidemiology in children and adolescents with AIDS in the Municipality of São Paulo from 1997 to 2012. Methods: It is a population-based study, using the databases of the Population-based Cancer Registry of São Paulo and the Notifiable Diseases Information System (SINAN). Children and adolescents (< 20 years) with AIDS and cancer have been identified by means of a probabilistic record linkage process between the aforementioned databases. Crude and age-standardized incidence rates per million inhabitants were calculated. To compare the incidence of cancer in people with AIDS and that of the general population, standardized incidence ratio (SIR) and respective 95 per cent confidence intervals (95 per cent CI) were calculated. We examined trends by calculating the annual percent change (APC) and corresponding 95 per cent CI. The analyses of the overall five-year survival after cancer diagnosis among children and adolescents with AIDS and that of the general population were based on the Kaplan-Meier product limit estimator and univariate Cox proportional hazards models. Choropleth maps on monochromatic scales were generated to describe the distribution of cases across the Municipality. Results: We identified 24 cases of cancer in patients with AIDS aged 20 years and younger, of which, 62.5 per cent were AIDS-defining malignancies. The most incident cancers were non-Hodgkin\'s lymphoma, including Burkitt\'s lymphoma (12; 50.0 per cent ), Hodgkin\'s lymphoma (6; 25.0 per cent ) and Kaposi sarcoma (3; 12.5 per cent ). The age-standardized incidence rate was 1,461.3 cases/million. The trend analyses revealed a significant reduction in the incidence of all cancers (APC= -14.5), driven by the decrease in AIDS-defining cancers (APC= -17.0). The overall risk for cancer was significantly increased (SIR= 3.9), especially for non-Hodgkin lymphoma, excluding Burkitts lymphoma (SIR= 22.5), Burkitt\'s lymphoma (SIR= 29.7) and Hodgkin\'s lymphoma (SIR= 18.7). The overall probability of survival at five years after cancer was 56.3 per cent in children and adolescents with AIDS versus 87.5 per cent in the general population. The hazard ratio for death was 5.2 (95 per cent CI= 2.0, 13.6). The map of the geographical distribution showed a concentration of cases in the low-income areas of the Municipality. Conclusion: There was a marked reduction in the incidence of AIDS-defining cancers, likely to be a result of the introduction of HAART. However, children and adolescents with AIDS remain at increased risk for the development of cancer when compared to the general population. For those who developed cancer, the risk of death was also significantly higher

L'étude de la survie nette des patients atteints de cancer en population générale permet d'apprécier l'efficience globale du système de soin d'un pays. La survie nette se définit comme la survie qui serait observée si la seule cause de décès possible était le cancer. Ce concept est fondamental dans les comparaisons entre zones géographiques et/ou périodes de diagnostic dont l'intérêt est d'estimer les variations spécifiques de la mortalité due au cancer. Le concept de survie nette permet de prendre en compte les éventuelles différences de mortalité naturelle entre les groupes comparés. Actuellement, seuls deux outils estiment la survie nette sans biais : l'estimateur non paramétrique de Pohar-Perme et la modélisation paramétrique ajustée sur certaines covariables (essentiellement l'âge). Par ailleurs, les outils paramétriques s'étant perfectionnés, de nouveaux modèles flexibles permettent de modéliser les effets complexes des variables sur la mortalité. Ce travail repose sur la modélisation du taux de mortalité en excès à la suite d'un lymphome malin non hodgkinien, en se basant sur le modèle proposé par Remontet et al. et sur la nécessité de modéliser conjointement les effets complexes des covariables (telles que le temps de suivi, l'année de diagnostic et l'âge) sur la mortalité à l'aide d'une stratégie de modélisation adaptée. L'effet des variables est restitué sur la survie nette mais aussi sur le taux de mortalité en excès ce qui représente un élément nouveau dans les études de survie. Deux applications ont été menées sur des bases de données collaboratives de population : d'une part sur les données françaises du réseau FRANCIM à la suite d'un diagnostic de lymphome folliculaire entre 1995 et 2010 et, d'autre part, sur les données européennes d'EUROCARE-5 après un lymphome folliculaire ou un lymphome B diffus à grandes cellules diagnostiqué entre 1996 et 2004. Les résultats montrent que la dynamique du taux de mortalité en excès au cours du temps de suivi varie en fonction du sous-type de lymphome, de l'âge et de la zone géographique. Les tendances de cette dynamique en fonction de l'année de diagnostic sont également différentes / The net survival of cancer patients in population studies is the most relevant indicator to assess the overall efficiency of the healthcare system of a country. Net survival is defined as the survival that would be observed if the sole cause of death were cancer. This concept is crucial in comparative studies (between geographical areas and/or periods of diagnosis) that estimate specific variations of cancer-related deaths. Net survival takes into account potential differences in mortality patterns between groups. Currently, two methods provide unbiased estimations of net survival: the non-parametric estimator of Pohar-Perme and the parametric model adjusted on specific covariates (mainly, the age at diagnosis). Moreover, new improved parametric tools, such as flexible models, can model the complex covariate effects on mortality. In this work, we modeled the excess mortality rate after a non Hodgkin lymphoma diagnosis, with a model developed by Remontet et al. In addition, we used an appropriate model-building-strategy to model jointly the complex effects of some covariates (such as the time elapsed since diagnosis, the year of diagnosis, and age) on the excess mortality. Finally, this approach allowed for the covariate effects on the net survival and on the excess mortality rate. We applied this method to two different collaborative databases: first on the French database FRANCIM (1995 to 2010) to study the excess mortality after diagnosis of follicular lymphoma, then on the European data of EUROCARE-5 (1996 to 2004) to study the excess mortality after diagnosis of follicular lymphoma and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. According to the results, the dynamics of the excess mortality rate varies over the time elapsed since diagnosis according to the lymphoma subtype, the age, and the geographical area. The trends of these dynamics over the years of diagnosis are different too

The aim of this thesis was to describe inequalities in the use of different health care services according to socioeconomic position (SEP) in Catalonia, Spain and Europe. In addition, we intended to assess whether the public coverage of the services, in particular dental health care, has an influence on the magnitude of inequalities in the use of such services. Finally, we aimed to determine the influence of population-based female cancer screening programmes on the prevalence of screening and on the extent of inequality. To accomplish these objectives four studies were carried out. The sources of information of the four studies were, respectively: several editions of the Catalan Health general practitioner (GP) services are equitable or manual classes use them to a greater extent. However, there are marked SEP inequalities in the use of outpatient specialist services, especially in dental care. Socioeconomic inequalities in use of dental care services exist throughout Europe, but they are larger in countries in which dental care is not covered at all by the public health care system than in countries in which dental care is partially covered. In Europe, socioeconomic inequalities in breast and cervical cancer screening are not found in countries with population-based screening programmes but they are found in those countries with only regional or pilot programmes and in those countries with opportunistic screening. / L'objectiu d'aquesta tesi era descriure les desigualtats en l'ús de diferents serveis sanitaris segons la posició socioeconòmica a Catalunya, Espanya i a Europa. A més a més, es volia avaluar si la cobertura pública dels serveis, en particular la dels serveis dentals, infuencia la magnitud de les desigualtats socioeconòmiques en l'ús d'aquests serveis. Finalment, es va voler determinar la influència dels programes poblacionals de cribratge dels càncers de mama i cèrvix en la prevalença de cribratge i en la magnitud de les desigualtats. Per tal d'assolir aquests objectius es van dur a terme 4 estudis. Les fonts d'informació d'aquests estudis van ser, respectivament: diferents edicions de l'Enquesta de Salut de Catalunya (ESCA), diferents edicions de l'Enquesta Nacional de Salut d'Espanya (ENS), l'Enquesta de Salut, Envelliment i Jubilació a Europa (SHARE) 2006 i dades dels països europeus que van participar a l'Enquesta Mundial de la Salut de l'OMS l'any 2002. Els dos primers estudis eren estudis de tendències mentre que els dos últims van ser transversals. En tots els estudis les desigualtats socioeconòmiques es van mesurar mitjançant índexos relatius (RII) i absoluts (SII) de desigualtat. Els resultats d'aquests estudis mostren que a Catalunya i a Espanya els serveis d'atenció primària són equitatius o fins i tot les persones de classes manuals en presenten una major proporció d'ús. Tanmateix, hi ha marcades desigualtats en visites a l'especialista, en especial en les visites al dentista. Les desigualtats socioeconòmiques en la utilització dels serveis dentals existeixen a tota Europa, però són més grans en aquells països on l'atenció dental no està coberta pel sistema públic de salut que en aquells països on aquesta està parcialment coberta. A Europa, no es troben desigualtats socioeconòmiques en el cribratge dels càncers de mama i cèrvix en aquells països amb programes poblacionals de cribratge, però sí que es troben en aquells països amb programes pilot o regionals o amb només cribratge oportunista.