Sammanfattning                                 Bakgrund:Tiden efter förlossning benämns som den mest kritiska men också mest försummade perioden i en nybliven moders liv. Det är barnmorskans uppgift att bl. a. handlägga postnatal period samt bedöma behov av uppföljning. Det har framkommit att det finns brister och behov av utveckling i eftervården. Det finns få eller inga studier som visar styrkorna som finns i eftervården i Sverige. Syfte:Att undersöka hur mödrar och barnmorskor erfar eftervården.  Metod:Kvalitativa intervjuer med induktiv ansats har utförts. Analysen av insamlat datamaterial är genomförd med kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Fyra nyförlösta mödrar och fyra barnmorskor i en region i södra Sverige har intervjuats.  Resultat:Mödrarna var överlag nöjda med eftervården men det fanns en önskan om tidigare uppföljning och bättre amningsstöd. Barnmorskorna beskrev hur de flesta mödrar är välmående och att de inte anser att det finns några större brister i dagens eftervård. De har dock önskemål om tidigare uppföljning för möjligheten att kunna utforma en individuell plan för varje familj, mer utbildning och bättre samarbete mellan olika instanser. Konklusion: Eftervården har länge sett likadan ut och är i dagsläget icke flexibel med begränsade resurser. Det finns behov av förbättring och utveckling samt en önskan om en mer individanpassad vård. / Background:The time after childbirth is known as the most critical but also the most neglected time in every new mothers life. It is part of the midwifes’ task to care for the mother during the postnatal period and assess the need for follow-up. It has been shown that there are shortcomings and a need for development in the postpartum care. There are few or no studies which examines the strengths of the Swedish postpartum care. Purpose:To examine the experiences of postpartum care among midwifes and mothers. Method:Qualitative interviews with an inductive approach, which were analyzed with a qualitative content analysis. Four new mothers and four midwifes in a region in the south of Sweden were interviewed. Results:The mothers were mostly satisfied with the postpartum care but there was a wish for an earlier follow-up after birth and better breastfeeding support. The midwifes described that most mothers are feeling well and that there are no serious shortcomings with the postpartum care today. They do however wish for an earlier follow-up after birth in order to establish an individual plan of care for every family, more education and a better cooperation between different instances. Conclusion:The postpartum care has been designed in the same way for a long time and is inflexible with few resources. There is a need for improvement and development as well as a wish for more individualized care.

Bakgrund: Kontinuerlig barnmorskeledd vårdmodell för kvinnor under graviditet, förlossning och eftervård tillämpas i flera länder runtom i världen. Modellen har visat sig positiv både ur medicinska och ekonomiska aspekter. Kvinnor i Sverige uttrycker en önskan om att kontinuiteten i vården kring graviditet, förlossning och eftervård ska öka. Trots detta tillämpas inte kontinuerlig barnmorskeledd vårdmodell i Sverige idag, bortsett från enstaka nyligen påbörjade projekt. Syfte: Att beskriva kvinnors upplevelser av kontinuerlig barnmorskeledd vårdmodell under graviditet, förlossning och eftervård. Metod: Kvalitativ metasyntes med metaetnografisk innehållsanalys. Femton (15) artiklar inkluderades i resultatet. Resultat: Tre huvudkategorier och sju underkategorier identifierades som centrala och övergripande teman för kvinnors upplevelser av kontinuerlig, barnmorskeledd vårdmodell. De tre huvudkategorierna var personcentrerad vård, relationen till barnmorskan och kommunikationen. Överlag var kvinnornas upplevelser av kontinuerlig, barnmorskeledd vårdmodell positiva. Slutsats: Kvinnor upplever kontinuerlig barnmorskeledd vårdmodell som stödjande, stärkande och personcentrerad. Kontinuerlig barnmorskeledd vårdmodell är en personcentrerad vårdform som stödjer och stärker kvinnorna genom graviditet, förlossning och eftervård. De positiva upplevelserna av kontinuerlig barnmorskeledd vårdmodell verkar minska när vården under graviditeten bedrivs i gruppform istället för individuellt. Klinisk tillämpbarhet: Resultatet av denna studie kan vara till stöd för att utveckla mödrahälsovården och förlossningsvården i Sverige. Den här studien kan inspirera till förändring för att uppnå personcentrerad vård för kvinnor under graviditet, förlossning och eftervård. / Background: Midwife-led continuity of care model for women during pregnancy, childbirth and postpartum care is applied in several countries around the world. The model has proved positive both from medical and economic aspects. Women in Sweden express the wish that the continuity of care regarding pregnancy, childbirth and aftercare should increase. Despite this, midwife-led continuity of care model is not applied in Sweden today, apart from single recently initiated projects. Aim: To describe women's experiences of midwife-led continuity of care model during pregnancy, childbirth and aftercare. Method: Qualitative meta-synthesis with etnographic content analysis. Fifteen (15) items were included in the result. Results: Three main categories and seven subcategories were identified as central and overarching themes for women's experiences of midwife-led continuity of care model. The three main categories were person-centered care, the relation to the midwife and the communication. Overall, women's experiences of midwife-led continuity of care model were positive. Conclusion: Women experience midwife-led continuity of care model as supportive, strengthening and person-centred. Midwife-led continuity of care model is a person-centered form of care that supports and strengthens the women through pregnancy, childbirth and postpartum care. The positive experiences of midwife-led continuity of care model seem to decrease when the care is given in group form during pregnancy instead of individually. Clinical implications: The result of this study can be of value for developing maternity care in Sweden. This study can inspire to create new ways to achieve person-centered care for women during pregnancy, childbirth and postpartum care.

In 2010 Medicaid financed approximately 48% of all births in the United States and nearly 30% of all births in Virginia. Due to strict state-specific eligibility criteria, many low-income women qualify for Medicaid coverage exclusively as a result of pregnancy status. As the nation moves forward with the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA), state-elected Medicaid expansion has the potential to expand services to women of reproductive age that would precede pregnancy events and offer continuous access to care postpartum. Despite this potential influx of newly insured women, little is known about how this population may make decisions regarding reproductive healthcare services and if these selections influence process and outcome measures. This study examines two research aims that provide insight into these knowledge gaps. First, utility theory and discrete choice modeling is used to examine clinic and patient level factors associated with clinic type choice. Specifically, this study examines the role of high risk pregnancy status and travel distance to clinic as associated with clinic selection. Second, Donabedian’s Structure, Process, Outcome framework provides a conceptual lens to examine if clinic selection is associated with maternal and infant measures. The linear probability model and logistic regression models are employed to examine two process measures, including prenatal care inadequacy and postpartum visit nonattendance, and three outcome measures including maternal long acting reversible contraceptive method (LARC) use and infant birthweight and gestational age. Results examining clinic type selection reveal significant associations between independent and dependent variables. Women experiencing a high risk pregnancy are significantly more likely to select a hospital based clinic for care, compared to women experiencing a normal risk pregnancy. However, when specifically examining women experiencing their first pregnancy, this association is no longer significant. Additionally, as distance to clinic type increase, women are significantly less likely to select that clinic type for prenatal care. Clinic selection was found to be significantly associated with maternal measures, but not significantly associated with infant outcomes. Selecting a public health department or Federally Qualified Health Center for prenatal care services was associated with a significant decrease in inadequate prenatal care, postpartum visit nonattendance, and non-LARC use compared to a private physician office. Clinic type selection, however, was not found to be significantly associated with infant outcomes including preterm birth and low birthweight babies. Results from Research Aim 1 have a variety of implications for clinic and public policy and offer guidance for future research. Clinics that seek to provide care to pregnant Medicaid beneficiaries should examine local residential patterns of current and potential future pregnant Medicaid recipients and consider how these might affect decisions about future clinic locations. Results suggest that women are more likely to attend clinic types closer to their area of residence, and this close proximity may have additional implications beyond shorter travel time to clinic including the minimization of transportation and childcare issues. Results from Research Aim 2 analyses offer a variety of public policy implications and guidance for future research. This research provides evidence that public health facilities including public health departments and FQHCs have improved prenatal care adequacy and postpartum visit attendance compared to private physician offices, providing evidence that public funding should continue for these facility types. As the United States moves forward with PPACA, healthcare organization administration should turn to the public facilities in their communities to learn how to manage and improve the health of these patient populations and ultimately aim to improve access and quality care among the nation’s most vulnerable populations.

<p><p>Aim: To examine how midwives describe good and safe postpartum care of mothers with infants in neonatal care, and which prerequisites and obstacles they see to giving good and safe care while minimizing time of separation. Method: Semi structured qualitative interviews with ten midwives at two maternity wards in Uppsala. The interviews were recorded, transcribed verbatim and processed by manifest analysis. Results: Three categories were identified, <em>Good and safe care, Organization as an obstacle </em>and <em>The midwife role.</em> Good and safe postpartum care of mothers with infants in neonatal care required knowledge, appropriate equipment, good guidelines, possibility to see the mother, contact between mother and infant and good collaboration between the maternity and neonatal wards. This collaboration was insufficient. Organizational obstacles were shortage of staff, lack of guidelines and the distance between the wards. The midwives thought that integrated care of mother and child would be optimal, or at least a midwife responsible for the mother at the neonatal ward and a pediatric nurse on the maternity ward. The midwife saw herself as the woman's advocate who perceives the family as a whole. Being responsible for the mother´s care, their dilemma was how to prioritize between medical safety and encouraging her to stay with her infant. Conclusions: This is a topic that midwives are committed to. It causes frustration and feelings of insufficiency, but also of being important and capable of making a difference. Many thoughts about how the nursing care functions and should be provided were found. Many improvements are needed, organizational improvements as well as an increased collaboration between the departments are desired.<strong> </strong></p></p><p> </p>

Aim: To examine how midwives describe good and safe postpartum care of mothers with infants in neonatal care, and which prerequisites and obstacles they see to giving good and safe care while minimizing time of separation. Method: Semi structured qualitative interviews with ten midwives at two maternity wards in Uppsala. The interviews were recorded, transcribed verbatim and processed by manifest analysis. Results: Three categories were identified, Good and safe care, Organization as an obstacle and The midwife role. Good and safe postpartum care of mothers with infants in neonatal care required knowledge, appropriate equipment, good guidelines, possibility to see the mother, contact between mother and infant and good collaboration between the maternity and neonatal wards. This collaboration was insufficient. Organizational obstacles were shortage of staff, lack of guidelines and the distance between the wards. The midwives thought that integrated care of mother and child would be optimal, or at least a midwife responsible for the mother at the neonatal ward and a pediatric nurse on the maternity ward. The midwife saw herself as the woman's advocate who perceives the family as a whole. Being responsible for the mother´s care, their dilemma was how to prioritize between medical safety and encouraging her to stay with her infant. Conclusions: This is a topic that midwives are committed to. It causes frustration and feelings of insufficiency, but also of being important and capable of making a difference. Many thoughts about how the nursing care functions and should be provided were found. Many improvements are needed, organizational improvements as well as an increased collaboration between the departments are desired.

De första timmarna efter födseln ska en rad åtgärder, viktiga för såväl kvinnan som det nyfödda barnet, utföras. Den nyblivna familjen lämnas ofta innan dessa åtgärder är slutförda.  Förbättringsarbetets syfte var att skapa bättre förutsättningar för god eftervård på förlossningsavdelningen under barnets första två–tre levnadstimmar. Studiens syfte var att efter förbättringsarbetet undersöka personalens erfarenheter av förbättringsarbetet och av att ostört arbeta klart med den omedelbara eftervården Förbättringsarbetet utfördes med hjälp av 5p, Nolans förbättringsmodell och sensemaking-aktiviteter. Studiens gruppintervjuer analyserades med kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Andelen kvinnor som fick ha ostörd personal kvar ökade. Kvinnornas upplevelser av den omedelbara eftervården förbättrades liksom medarbetarnas bedömning om rimlig arbetsbelastning. Andelen barn som ammat ökade. Den kvalitativa intervjustudien visade att arbetssättet upplevdes ha betydelse för patientsäkerhet och arbetstillfredsställelsen. Sensemaking-aktiviteterna hade skapat förståelse för syftet med förbättringsarbetet.  Att ostört arbeta vidare med den omedelbara eftervården gav ökat värde för kvinnan och för barnet.  Personalens arbetstillfredsställelse ökade. Det krävs arbete för att påminna om när anpassningar mellan kvalitet och effektivitet är nödvändiga. Sensemaking är verkningsfullt för att skapa förståelse för förändring men metoden är tidskrävande. / In the first hours after birth, a number of measures, important for both the woman and the newborn, must be performed. The new family is often left alone before these measures are completed.  The aim was to create better conditions for good postpartum care during the child's first 2-3 hours of life. The aim of the study was to examine the staff's experiences of the improvement work and of working undisturbed with the immediate postpartum care.  The improvement work was carried out with the help of 5p, Nolan's improvement model and sensemaking activities. The study's group interviews were analyzed with qualitative content analysis. The proportion of women who were allowed to keep undisturbed staff increased. The women's experiences of immediate postpartum care were improved, as was the employees' assessment of a reasonable workload. The proportion of children who breastfed increased. The interviews showed that the working method was perceived to be important for patient safety and job satisfaction. The sensemaking activities reminded of the importance of postpartum care.  Being able to work undisturbed with the immediate postpartum care increased value for both the woman and the newborn. It also improved job satisfaction for the staff. Efforts are needed to remind when adjustments between quality and efficiency are necessary. Sensemaking is effective in creating motivation for change, but the method is time-consuming.

Submitted by Aelson Maciera (aelsoncm@terra.com.br) on 2017-05-03T18:44:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DissCRAC.pdf: 1516362 bytes, checksum: d3959468437b6fe46e7a5c2143d02b89 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2017-05-04T13:40:31Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissCRAC.pdf: 1516362 bytes, checksum: d3959468437b6fe46e7a5c2143d02b89 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2017-05-04T13:41:04Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissCRAC.pdf: 1516362 bytes, checksum: d3959468437b6fe46e7a5c2143d02b89 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-04T13:44:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissCRAC.pdf: 1516362 bytes, checksum: d3959468437b6fe46e7a5c2143d02b89 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-05-30 / Não recebi financiamento / The gestation period is known as a time full of great transformations, such as physical, hormonal or emotional ones. In this period, most women experience some anxiety about themselves and the baby care, making it a space favorable to achieve and/or modify knowledge about it. This study had as object “A meeting for some dialogue and its repercussion to maternity”; and, based on this, it proposes to understand the influence of these dialogues during the prenatal in the parentally process, paying attention to the use of a social network. The theoretical reference adopted is George-Hans Gadamer‟s Hermeneutics and the methodological reference is the Thematic Content Analysis.Data were collected by a semi-structured questionnaire, obtaining a deep and complete narrative based on the starting question “Tell me about the opportunity to talk during the prenatal. What was your perception?” Participated of the study seven women who went to the meetings more than three times and accepted to take part of it. The meetings for some dialogue occurred from October, 2014 to August, 2015, in the countryside of a city in the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil; data were collected in a period between forty-five and sixty days after the childbirth. Data analysis showed two themes: “Informational Support” and “Emotional Support and Acknowledgment of Themselves”It was identified that the participation inthese meetings for some dialogue during the prenatal was important for women who built a dialogic movement in the acknowledgment of themselves and the others as an emotional and informational social support. These dialogues emancipate the pregnant mothers to take decisions on how to take care of their children, promote a social network increase and contribute for the acceptanceof the support received.Besides, these meetings permitted that these women, individually, developed the process of parentally building, recognizing themselves as mothers and creating opportunities for the fathers approaching in this auto recognizing movement. / O período gestacional é marcado por grandes transformações, sejam elas físicas, hormonais ou emocionais. Nele, a mulher vivencia inquietações sobre si e sobre o cuidado do filho, tornando-o, dessa forma, um tempo/momento propício para a aquisição de novos conhecimentos e/ou alterações. O presente estudo tem por objeto “O encontro de diálogo e suas repercussões para a maternidade”, e propõese compreender a influência dos encontros de diálogo (ED) ao longo do período prénatal no processo da parentalidade, com atenção ao uso da rede social. Adotou-se como referencial teórico a Hermenêutica Filosófica de George-Hans Gadamer e como referencial metodológico a Análise de Conteúdo Temático. A coleta de dados ocorreu por meio de questionário semiestruturado, com obtenção de narrativa em profundidade utilizando-se a questão disparadora “Conte-me sobre a oportunidade de conversar ao longo do pré-natal. Qual foi sua percepção?” Fizeram parte deste estudo,sete mulheres que frequentaram os encontros por mais de três vezes e aceitaram participar da pesquisa. A realização dos ED ocorreu no período de outubro de 2014 a agosto de 2015, em distrito rural de uma cidade do interior paulista, e a coleta entre quarenta e cinco a sessenta dias após o parto. A análise dos dados revelou duas temáticas: “Apoio Informacional” e “Apoio Emocional e Reconhecimento de si”. Identifica-se que participar de Encontros de Diálogos ao longo do pré-natal foi importante para as mulheres que construíram um movimento dialógico no reconhecimento de si e do outro como apoio social do tipo emocional e informacional. Os ED emanciparam as gestantes na tomada de decisões para o cuidado da criança, promoveram a ampliação da rede social e contribuem para o reconhecimento do apoio recebido. Ademais, permitiram que as mulheres, de modo individual, desenvolvessem o processo de construção da parentalidade, reconhecendo-se como mãe e criando oportunidades de aproximação do pai neste movimento de autorreconhecimento.

Bakgrund: Grad II-bristningar är vanligt förekommande efter vaginal förlossning och kan medföra komplikationer. Svenska myndigheter och föreningar rapporterar brister i eftervården av förlossningsbristningar. Forskning kring kvinnors erfarenheter av eftervård efter uppkommen grad II-bristning är begränsad.  Syfte: Att undersöka kvinnors erfarenhet av eftervård vid uppkommen grad II-bristning. Metod: Strukturerade telefonintervjuer med öppna frågor genomfördes. Femton kvinnor deltog. Intervjumaterialet analyserades med kvalitativ innehållsanalys med induktiv ansats.  Resultat: I resultatet framkommer tre huvudkategorier: ”Stöd postpatum”, ”När eftervården brister” och ”Eftervårdens förändring”. Kvinnornas erfarenheter av eftervården efter uppkommen grad II-bristning är överlag positiva och resultatet visar att eftervården har förbättrats de senaste åren. Kvinnorna tenderar dock att vara otrygga under läkningsprocessen och osäkra på vart de ska vända sig för att få hjälp.  Slutsats: Studiens resultat indikerar att eftervården behöver utvecklas och bygga på bekräftelse och delaktighet. Kvinnorna behöver tydlig information efter uppkommen grad II-bristning eftersom de saknar kunskap. Det finns brister i eftervården under läkningsprocessen och kvinnorna är i behov av en tydlig vårdkedja. Bäckenbottenmottagningen ger kvinnorna en given instans att vända sig till och har en betydande roll i eftervården av grad II-bristningar. / Background: Second degree perineal tears after vaginal childbirth is common and can lead to complications. Swedish authorities and associations report shortage in the postpartum care after perineal trauma. Research about postpartum care after a second degree perineal tear is limited. Aim: To explore women´s experiences of postpartum care in the event of a second degree perineal tear. Method: Data was collected through structured phone interviews with open-ended questions. Fifteen women participated. Inductive qualitative content analysis was applied to the data. Outcome: The result shows three main categories: ”Support postpartum”, ”When aftercare fails” and ”The change of aftercare”. Women’s experiences of post partum care after the onset of a second degree perineal tear are generally positive and the results show that the post partum care has improved in recent years. However, women tend to be insecure during the healing process and unsure of where to turn for help. Conclusion: The results of the study indicate that post partum care needs to be developed and based on confirmation and participation. The women need clear information after the onset of a second degree perineal tear because they lack knowledge. There are shortcomings in the post partum care during the healing process and women are in need of a distinct care chain. The pelvic floor clinic gives women a given instance to turn to and has a significant role in the post partum care of a second degree perineal tear.

Having a newborn can be a big change for families, especially for first-time parents. At hospital discharge, parents are often provided with a lot of information, which can be difficult to retain. Due to shortened postnatal lengths of stay, nurses typically have less time to educate parents, which often results in families feeling overwhelmed. After hospital discharge, it is recommended for families to see a health care provider (i.e., physician, nurse practitioner, or registered midwife) within 72 hours for a follow-up appointment. This follow-up appointment is meant to assess both the mother and newborn to ensure they are both in good health and to provide any needed support. Unfortunately, completing the appointment within this timeframe may not be possible for every family or they may not be aware of its importance. Depending on the family’s model of care, completing the follow-up appointment within 72 hours after hospital discharge can be challenging. Families that have a physician as their health care provider may experience delays in scheduling the follow-up appointment. This can be due to the physician’s lack of availability, as there is a physician shortage in most communities. Furthermore, some families do not have access to a health care provider and, therefore, do not see a care provider after hospital discharge. Completing the follow-up appointment later than when it is recommended, or not at all, can result in negative health consequences for the mother and newborn and can also increase re-admission hospital rates and related costs (Cargill et al., 2007). At the moment, postnatal lengths of stay are shortening but the service delivery has not changed to accommodate this trend (Lemyre et al., 2018). This means that the services typically provided to families in the hospital now need to be provided in the community. The follow-up appointment after hospital discharge is an opportunity to provide these services; however, timely access to a health care provider, specifically a physician, can be challenging. Thus, this thesis explores the development of a general design methodology for a postpartum nurse practitioner-led clinic. The aim of the clinic is to provide timely access to any family that needs to complete the necessary postpartum services after hospital discharge within a community. An analytical model was developed to explore the characteristics of a postpartum nurse practitioner-led clinic and how it would operate (i.e., what services would be offered, the amount of time needed for these services, what is needed to offer these services, etc.). The model conducts a simulation of the appointment scheduling process based on the input values entered into it and evaluates a number of performance metrics (e.g., number of diversions, patient wait times, resource idle time, clinic overtime, number of appointments provided within 72 hours and number of appointments provided beyond 72 hours). The findings from the model can support the potential implementation of a postpartum nurse practitioner-led clinic in any community. Implementing such clinics could increase awareness, further educate parents and increase access to postpartum services.

The purpose of the study was to describe the knowledge, attitudes and practices of nurse-midwives related to obstetric care at Thaba-Tseka, Lesotho. A quantitative, descriptive, cross-sectional research design was used. Data were collected using structured questionnaire from 45 nurse-midwives. The findings revealed that nurse-midwives had mean knowledge score of 10.5(80.7%) out of a possible 13(Standard Deviation (SD) 1.31) on obstetric care issues. However, the majority of nurse-midwives (n=28, 62.2%) did not have knowledge on the steps of the active management of third stage of labour according to the WHO. The mean scores on practice were 34.5(86.2%) against a possible 40(SD 5.43) for antenatal care, 39.2(89%) against a possible of 44(SD 4.66) and 22.4(93.3%) against a possible of 24(SD 2.18) for postnatal care. The study revealed that nurse-midwives had positive attitudes towards obstetric care practices with mean score for attitudes was 23.4(86.7%) against a possible score of 27(SD 3.02) / Health Studies / M.A. (Public Health)