In retrospect we can see that from the last century, wireless electronic technology has been in a rapid state of development. With the popularity of wireless communication, the power amplifier demand is rising. In general, magnitude, maximum noise figure, minimum noise figure, efficiency, and output power are important indicators of the amplifier. The IC industry is exploring how to reduce the additional cost and improve the high-frequency performance. Therefore, designing a strong adaptability and high cost performance of the PA has become a priority. As these technologies advance, the power amplifiers need to have better integration, lower cost, and lower power dissipation. Also, some special requirements are being asked in some areas, such as multi-mode and multi-band. In general, people have to use several power amplifiers parallel to frame a multifunction chip. Each of them working at different frequencies of interest has to have separate matching network, design, and area; also, the diversity amplifier prices will increase with the number of amplifiers, and its cost is also changed. In this thesis, because Class E power amplifier has lower power dissipation, 100% ideal efficiency, simple circuit structure, and strong applicability, the Class E is used as power amplifier in main stage. Moreover, in order to decrease input power and increase output power, the class A power amplifier is used as driver stage. It can use very small amount of power to provide a larger power. Moreover, we use a switched variable inductor and capacitor to constitute a dual band matching network which can let the PA work at more than one frequency. In fact, we design a Class A PA which is as a driver stage. Then, when we support 1 dBm input power, the driver stage can have 8 dBm output power. Also the output will be the input power for the main stage. When the Class E PA get 8dBm input power, it will export a 15dBm output power. Because the dual band matching network, the PA can work at 2.2 GHz and 2.6 GHz; also, the efficiency is 48% and 51%, and the both gains are 13 dB. In the future, in order to further improve the performance of the power amplifier and better multi-frequencies, more new designs with new structures should be investigated. Moreover, we need further research about design theory. In fact multi-frequencies power amplifier has a great potential in real application. It based on its special structure and design parameters.

Yes / Fourth generation systems require the use of both amplitude and phase modulation to efficiently utilize the available spectrum and to obtain high data rates, hence imposing stringent requirements on the power amplifier in terms of efficiency and linearity and requires the power amplifier to operate linearly and efficiently. The B3G base station transceiver Doherty power amplifier was designed to operate over the frequency range of 3.47GHz to 3.53GHz mobile WiMAX band using Freescale¿s N-Channel Enhancement-Mode Lateral MOSFET Transistor, MRF7S38010HR3; The performances of the Doherty amplifier are compared with that of the conventional Class AB amplifier. The results of 43 dBm output power and 66% power added efficiency are achieved.

Yes / Much attention has been paid to making 5G developments more en-ergy efficient, especially in view of the need for using high data rates with more complex modulation schemes within a limited bandwidth. The concept of the Doherty power amplifier for improving amplifier efficiency is explained in addi-tion to a case study of a 70W asymmetrical Doherty power Amplifier using two GaN HEMTs transistors with peak power ratings of 45W and 25W. The rationale for this choice of power ratio is discussed. The designed circuit works in the 3.4GHz frequency band with 200 MHz bandwidth. Rogers RO4350B substrate with dielectric constant εr=4.66 and thickness 0.035 mm is used. The perfor-mance analysis of the Doherty power amplifier is simulated using AWR MWO software. The simulated results showed that 54-64% drain efficiency has been achieved at 8 dB back-off within the specified bandwidth with an average gain of 10.7 dB.

Detta arbete syftar till att identifiera och undersöka metoder för att designa och optimera transistorer i effektförstärkare av typen A, AB, B och F utifrån parametrar som linjäritet, arbetsfrekvens, uteffekt och verkningsgrad. Arbetsfrekvensen ska vara 1 GHz och effektförstärkaren ska ha hög linjäritet samt verkningsgrad. Det resultat som förväntas efter avslutat arbete är en optimeringsteknik som steg för steg kan användas i simulerad miljö för att optimera transistorer i effektförstärkare. En grundtopologi för alla effektförstärkare konstrueras och endast en transistor används vid design av effektförstärkarna. Olika metoder undersöks för att optimera förstärkarna. De metoder som används vid optimering av effektförstärkarna är två typer av Loadpull-analys, spänning och strömkvot, DCIV-karaktäristik och stabilitetsanalys. Dessa metoder används och demonstreras i arbetet. En optimerad förstärkare av varje förstärkarklass presenteras. De metoder som används evalueras och en optimeringsteknik presenteras. / This work aims to design and optimize transistors in power amplifiers of types A, B, AB, and F based on parameters such as linearity, operating frequency, output power and efficiency. The operating frequency is set to 1 GHz, and the power amplifier shall have high linearity and high efficiency. The expected result after completing the work is an optimization technique that can be used step by step in a simulated environment to optimize transistors in power amplifiers. A basic topology, for all power amplifiers which were analysed, is constructed and only one transistor is used in the design of the power amplifiers. Various methods are investigated to optimize the amplifiers. The methods used in the optimization of the power amplifiers are two types of Loadpull-analysis, voltage and current ratio, DCIV-characteristics and stability analysis. These methods are used and demonstrated in the work. Optimized amplifiers of the different amplifier classes are presented. The methods used has been evaluated and an optimization technique is presented.

Cette thèse porte sur la conception d’un amplificateur de puissance à haut rendement entrant dans une architecture d’émission pour des terminaux mobiles multi-radio fonctionnant dans la bande de fréquences 800MHz – 6 GHz. Une architecture polaire avec codeur d’enveloppe ΣΔ a été validée, pour un fonctionnement multiradio, avec un signal test respectant la norme actuellement la plus contraignante, WiMAX mobile – IEEE 802.16e. Cette validation montre la pertinence, du fait de la nature invariante en amplitude du signal issu de l’architecture, d’avoir recours à un amplificateur à haut rendement en classe commutée. Une topologie novatrice d’amplificateur de puissance (PA) a été développée pour la conception et la fabrication de ce circuit. Le procédé de réalisation du PA en technologie ST CMOS SOI 130 nm est détaillé et les simulations sont validées par une caractérisation complète du PA à l’aide de mesures fréquentielles et temporelles. Mesuré avec un signal sinusoïdal à la fréquence de 3,3 GHz, le PA permet d’obtenir une puissance de sortie de +23 dBm avec un rendement en puissance ajoutée de 61% et un gain en puissance de 14 dB. Conçu et réalisé en technologie compatible CMOS, ce PA permet d’envisager une solution type SoC pour l’ensemble de l’architecture / Evolution on demand for circuits for mobile radio transceivers pushes semiconductors industry to increasing integration levels. These constraints, added to those generated by the growing number of current and future generation wireless transmission systems that must coexist into a handheld device have turned multi-standard systems solution obsolete ; parallelizing functional blocs is no more an efficient solution. Reconfigurable multi-radio concept is a major evolution of last systems, offering high power consumption and circuit surface efficiency. This manuscript resumes our research work on multi-radio mobile emitter architectures for the frequency band going from 800 to 6000 MHz and the power amplifier associated with it. A polar architecture which includes a ΣΔ envelope modulator had been validated for multiradio design using à test signal synthesized under the most stringent of current wireless standards; IEEE 802.16e – mobile WiMAX. Validation shows pertinence, up to the non variable amplitude nature of the signal issued of the architecture, of employing a non linear and high efficient power amplifier. An innovative power amplifier topology has been adopted for its design and realization. PA design and realization procedure using 130 nm ST CMOS SOI process has been detailed and validated under PLS simulations and a complete characterization of the PA by frequency and temporal measurements. Characterized under à sine continuous waveform of frequency 3.7 GHz, the PA output power level reaches +23 dBm with a power added efficiency of 61% and a power gain of 14 dB. Designed and realized on fully CMOS compatible technology, this PA facilitates future SoC solutions for architecture plus PA circuits

Le futur réseau mobile 5G est prévu pour être déployé à partir de 2020, dans un contexte d’évolution exponentielle du marché de la téléphonie mobile et du volume de données échangées. La 5G servira de levier à des applications révolutionnaires qui permettront l’émergence du monde connecté. Dans ce but, plusieurs spécifications pour le réseau sont attendues même si aucun standard n’est encore défini et notamment une faible latence, une consommation d’énergie réduite et un haut débit de données. Les bandes de fréquences traditionnellement utilisées dans les réseaux mobiles ne permettront pas d’atteindre les performances visées et plusieurs bandes de fréquences millimétriques sont à l’étude pour créer un spectre complémentaire. Cependant, ces bandes de fréquence millimétriques souffrent d’une forte atténuation dans l’air et dans les matériaux de construction. Plusieurs techniques vont être implémentées pour outrepasser ces limitations dans les zones urbaines denses comme le backhauling, FD-MIMO et beamforming phased array. Ces techniques entraînent l’utilisation d’un grand nombre de transmetteurs dans les stations de bases et dans les dispositifs de l’utilisateur final. La technologie CMOS offre d’indéniables avantages pour ce marché de masse tandis que la technologie FD-SOI offre des performances et fonctionnalités additionnelles. L’amplificateur de puissance est le bloc le plus critique à concevoir dans un transmetteur et consomme le plus d’énergie. Afin d’adresser les challenges de la 5G, plusieurs spécifications concernant la puissance consommée, la linéarité et le rendement sont attendues. Les variations de l’environnement dans les beamforming phased array et le contexte industriel nécessitent des topologies robustes alors qu’une reconfigurabilité au niveau de l’amplificateur de puissance est bénéfique dans le cas de circuits adaptatifs. Cette thèse adresse ces challenges en explorant la conception d’un amplificateur de puissance reconfigurable et robuste pour des applications 5G en intégrant des techniques de design spécifiques et en mettant en avant les avantages de la technologie 28nm FD-SOI pour la reconfigurabilité. / The 5G future mobile network is planned to be deployed from 2020, in a context of exponential mobile market and exchanged data volume evolution. The 5G will leverage revolutionary applications for the advent of the connected world. For this purpose, several network specifications are expected notably low latency, reduced power consumption and high data-rates even if no standard is yet defined. The frequency bands traditionally used for mobile networks will not permit the needed performances and several mmW frequency bands are under study to create a complementary frequency spectrum. However, these mmW frequency bands suffer from large attenuation inbuilding material and in free-space. Therefore, several techniques will be implemented to tackle these limitations indense urban areas like backhauling, FD-MIMO and beamforming phased array. This is leading to a large number of transceivers for base stations and end-user devices. CMOS technology offers undeniable advantages for this mass market while FD-SOI technology offers additional features and performances. The power amplifier is the most critical block to design in a transceiver and is also the most power consuming. To address the 5G challenges, several specifications concerning power consumption, linearity and efficiency are expected. The environment variations inbeamforming phased array and the industrial context drive the need for robust topologies while power amplifier reconfigurability is benefic in a context of adaptive circuits. This thesis addresses these challenges by exploring the conception of a robust and reconfigurable power amplifier targeting 5G applications while integrating specific design techniques and taking advantage of 28nm FD-SOI CMOS technology features for reconfigurability purposes.

Ces travaux de thèse se concentrent sur la conception d'amplificateur de puissance MMIC large-bande haut rendement en technologie GaN pour des applications militaires de type radar et guerre électronique. Les objectifs principaux sont de proposer des structures innovantes de combinaison de puissance notamment pour réduire la taille des amplificateurs actuels tout en essayant d'améliorer leur rendement dans le même temps. Pour cela, une partie importante de ces travaux consiste au développement de combineurs de puissance ultra compactes et faibles pertes. Une fois ces combineurs réalisés et mesurés, ils sont intégrés dans des amplificateurs de puissance afin de prouver leur fonctionnalité et les avantages qu'ils apportent. Différents types d'amplificateur tant au niveau de l'architecture que desperformances sont réalisés au cours de ces travaux. / This work focus on the design of wideband and high efficiency GaN MMIC high power amplifiers for military applications such as radar and electronic warfare. The main objectives consist in finding innovative power combining structures in order to decrease the overall size of amplifiers and increasing their efficiency at the same time. For these matters, an important part of this work consisted in the design and realization of ultra compact and low loss power combiners. Once the combiners realized and measured, they are integrated into power amplifiers to prove their functionality and the advantages they bring. Several kind of amplifiers have been realized whether regrind their architecture or their performances.

La technologie ultra large bande impulsionnelle améliore la précision des systèmes de localisation en intérieur, en limitant les perturbations potentielles liées aux multi-trajets. Une nouvelle norme, destinée aux situations d’urgence, relève le niveau d’émission de puissance de 20 dB, afin de faciliter la localisation au travers d’obstacles épais et l’intervention des secours. Cette thèse s’est attelée à la conception d’un amplificateur conforme à cette norme. Après un état de l’art des amplificateurs de puissance ultra large bande existants, plusieurs circuits sont conçus : une cellule de puissance pour atteindre les niveaux de puissance requis en sortie, et une cellule pré amplificatrice qui fournit un apport de gain. Enfin, un système d’amplification de puissance à polarisation contrôlée exploitant la nature impulsionnelle du signal est proposé. La limitation de l’activation de l’amplificateur à la seule manifestation d’une impulsion permet de réduire drastiquement l’impact énergétique du PA sur un système de localisation. / The use of impulse radio (IR) ultra-wideband (UWB) technology for indoor localization systems both improves signal accuracy and reduces disturbances from multipath. A new standard for emergency situations requires the design of a higher output power UWB power amplifier (PA) as the usual maximum output power has been raised by 20 dB in order to allow the signal to pass through thick obstacles, thus helping rescue operations. First, a UWB PA state of the art is presented, and the design of both a power cell and a driver cell are detailed, to achieve the required output power level and additional gain, respectively. Finally, a bias controlled amplification system is described, taking advantage of the IR profile of the UWB signal. The PA is activated only for pulse occurrences, reducing drastically its power consumption.

El acelerado crecimiento de las comunicaciones a través de plataformas de transmisión en banda ancha por vía alámbrica e inalámbrica, sumado al uso cada vez más extenso de modulaciones de amplitud no constante que, debido a su alta eficiencia espectral y bajo coste de implementación, han sido adoptadas en el marco de desarrollo de diversos estándares de transmisión, son aspectos que han servido de soporte y motivación fundamental para el presente trabajo de investigación en el campo de la compensación de distorsiones no lineales en sistemas de comunicación. El estudio de los efectos de la distorsión no lineal y su compensación ha sido desde hace ya muchos años objeto de atención para investigadores de diversas áreas. Hoy, en particular, este estudio sigue siendo fundamental ya que se encuentra directamente implicado en el desarrollo de tecnologías de última generación en el área de las comunicaciones. Los nuevos sistemas de transmisión digital, en especial aquellos basados en OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing), son capaces de ofrecer altos niveles de eficiencia espectral utilizando modulaciones lineales multinivel sobre un numeroso conjunto de subportadoras que, al ser (idealmente) ortogonales en frecuencia, pueden ser ubicadas en un ancho de banda muy reducido permitiendo así transmitir elevadas tasas de información por segundo y por ancho de banda. Sin embargo, y a consecuencia de esto, problemas como las interferencias por canal adyacente o la presencia de una distorsión no lineal en la cadena de transmisión afectan de manera crítica las prestaciones de estos sistemas imponiendo severos límites a su viabilidad. De hecho, en el campo de las comunicaciones móviles y satelitales, existen actualmente diversas aplicaciones donde estos esquemas de modulación y multicanalización están ya operativos. En estos casos, la eficiencia de potencia en transmisión resulta primordial para, entre otras razones, lograr una máxima autonomía del equipamiento. En este contexto, el comportamiento no lineal de los amplificadores de alta potencia utilizados en transmisión de radiofrecuencia, constituye el principal obstáculo (desde el punto de vista de la distorsión no lineal) para el buen funcionamiento de los sistemas de comunicación digital basados en OFDM. Afortunadamente, este nocivo efecto puede ser compensado mediante diversas técnicas clásicas de linealización cuyas variantes -ad-hoc' han sido propuestas y ampliamente investigadas, existiendo al día de hoy una nutrida literatura parte de la cual referimos a lo largo de este trabajo. Entre dichas técnicas, la pre-distorsión digital ofrece óptimas condiciones para el diseño de linealizadores adaptativos ya que puede ser implementada a muy bajo coste sobre la información discreta de las señales de banda base. El objetivo que se persigue, en general, es el de proveer las condiciones de linealidad necesarias para explotar las capacidades propias de las modulaciones de alta eficiencia espectral, y al mismo tiempo alcanzar un máximo aprovechamiento de la potencia disponible. En este trabajo de investigación, efectuamos inicialmente una revisión sintetizada de algunas importantes técnicas de linealización para luego dar paso a una revisión más detallada de dos modelos relevantes utilizados para caracterizar el comportamiento no lineal de los amplificadores de alta potencia (modelo se Series de Volterra y modelo de Saleh para amplificadores nolineales sin memoria). Junto con ello se examinan algunas interesantes propiedades estadísticas asociadas al fenómeno de la distorsión no lineal que han dado pie a considerar durante la investigación posibles nuevas aplicaciones en estrategias de pre-distorsión. Se ha querido también incluir la descripción, a nivel de sistema y modelo de señal, de un esquema de transmisión OFDM genérico incluyendo caracterizaciones analíticas detalladas del efecto no lineal a objeto de formalizar en propiedad un modelo discreto exacto que otorgue una visión más profunda para la comprensión del fenómeno estudiado. Finalmente se presenta el diseño y evaluación de un esquema de pre-distorsión basado en un algoritmo iterativo que considera, como principal aporte, la optimización bidimensional de un reducido número de coeficientes de interpolación que identifican de manera adaptativa la característica inversa de ganancia compleja de un amplificador, tanto en función de la particular morfología no lineal de dicha curva, como también de la distribución de probabilidad de las señales de entrada en banda base. / The rapid growth of wired and wireless broad-band communications and the pervasive use of spectrally efficient non-constant amplitude modulations, adopted in the framework of several standardized transmission formats, motivates and supports the present research work in the field of non-linear distortion in communication systems. The compensation of nonlinearities has received a lot of attention in past and recent years, presenting direct implications on industrial development of last generation communication technologies. New digital transmission systems, particularly those based on Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM), feature high spectral efficiency as they exploit multilevel linear modulations to transmit at high information rates in combination with a dense allocation of a large number of (ideally) orthogonal sub-carriers in a relatively reduced bandwidth. As a result, problems such as adjacent channel interference and non-linear distortion become critical for system performance and, therefore, must be reduced to a minimum. Moreover, numerous applications of such transmission schemes are already operative in the field of satellite and mobile communications, where power efficiency is of primary concern due to, among other reasons, operation autonomy of the equipment and effective transmitted power. In this context, the non-linear behaviour of high power amplifiers (HPAs) constitutes a major impairment for OFDM-based digital communications systems. The compensation of these harmful effects can be achieved using a variety of techniques that have been proposed and widely dealt with in the literature. Among these techniques, digital pre-distortion, which can be carried out at a very low cost over the discrete base-band information, provides optimal features for the efficient implementation of adaptive linearization. Thence, in order to provide good conditions for the reliable use of high spectral efficiency modulations while taking the maximum advantage from the transmitting power budget, it is necessary to incorporate a suitable linearization technique.In the present work, we begin by reviewing some background on linearization techniques. This leads us to continue analyzing two relevant theoretical models typically used in characterizing memory and memoryless nonlinear HPAs (Volterra Series model and Saleh model for memoryless nonlinear HPAs). In addition to this a generic OFDM system and signal structure is described in detail by including the non-linear effect in the analytical model of the transmission chain. This is done in order to formalize an exact discrete OFDM model that help us in achieving a deeper understanding of the phenomenon under consideration. Then, some useful statistical properties and parameters associated to the nonlinear distortion are examined as well as the application of a CDF-based estimation of nonlinearities which is proposed as a new pre-distortion strategy. Finally, a new discrete adaptive pre-distortion scheme is formulated and then tested via simulation. The analysis and design of the main algorithm proposed considers the adaptive identification of the inverse complex gain characteristic of a nonlinear HPA. For this purpose, an iterative 2-D optimization of a reduced number of interpolation functions is formulated under a special two-fold criterion which accounts for the particular morphology of the HPA's nonlinear gain characteristic, as well as the probability distribution of the input base-band information.

This thesis considers the use of the tone reservation (TR) technique in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. The nonlinear distortion is usually introduces by the high power amplifiers (HPA) used in wireless communications systems. It orders to reduce the inter-modulation distortion (IMD) in OFDM systems. In addition to the original peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR)-reduction criterion, we propose signal-to-distortion plus noise power ratio (SDNR) criterion and distortion power plus inverse of signal power (DIS) criterion. Based on these criteria, the cross-entropy (CE) algorithm is introduced to determine desired values of the peak reduction carriers (PRCs) to improve the bit error rate (BER) of nonlinearly distorted. Computational complexity is always the major concern of PAPR technique. Therefore, the real-valued PRCs and the modified transform decomposition (MTD) method are introduced here to dramatically decrease complexity of inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) operation with slightly performance loss. The simulation results show that the proposed criteria provide a better BER performance and a lower computational complexity.