Mécanisme de remplacement par excellence, le mandat apparaît comme une technique universellement utilisée. S'il avait déjà pu faire la preuve de son utilité par le passé, le mandat a bénéficié d'une faveur renouvelée ces dernières années, en particulier dans le cadre des relations familiales. Depuis 2001, en effet, des réformes majeures se sont succédé dans de nombreux domaines du droit des personnes et de la famille. Or, ce mouvement de réforme encourage le recours au contrat de mandat pour servir de cadre juridique à une intervention spécifique en vue de gérer les intérêts de la famille. La place ainsi faite au mandat s'inscrit dans une tendance législative de grande ampleur qui tente d'adapter le droit familial à l'évolution de la société. Or, à bien observer le mandat dans la famille, on constate qu'un phénomène d'interaction se produit. D'un côté, si l'on recense les différentes applications du mandat, on s'aperçoit qu'elles ont pour point commun de permettre d'anticiper ou de résoudre les difficultés de gestion du patrimoine de la famille, ou même de la personne de ses membres, pouvant survenir au cours de la vie ou après la mort. Le mandat réalise en quelque sorte la mise en forme juridique des solidarités familiales qui s'expriment à ces occasions. Mais, allant au-delà, il contrarie par sa présence l'ordonnancement habituel des rapports familiaux. D'un autre côté, le contexte dans lequel il intervient - la famille - a des incidences sur le contrat de mandat. Parce qu'il naît alors dans des circonstances tout à fait particulières, il n'est plus strictement régi par les règles qui le gouvernent communément. C'est pourquoi, bien que les mandats familiaux demeurent soumis au droit commun du mandat, ils présentent des particularités notables relativement à leur conclusion, leur exécution, ainsi qu'à leur dénouement. Par conséquent, la présence du lien de famille module le régime ordinaire des droits et obligations résultant du mandat. / The power of attorney profited from a renewed favour these last years, in particular within the family relations. Since 2001, indeed, of the major reforms followed one another in many fields of the right of the people and the family. This movement of reform encourages the recourse to the power of attorney to be used as legal framework for specific interventions in order to manage the interests of the family. Place thus made for the power of attorney falls under a legislative trend which tries to adapt the family right to the evolution of the society. However, with observing the power of attorney in the family setting, one notes that a phenomenon of interaction occurs. On a side, the various applications of the power of attorney have as a common point to make it possible to anticipate or solve the difficulties of management of the estate of the family, or even of the person of it members, that can occur during the life or after death. The power of attorney shapes family solidarities which are expressed on these occasions. But, going beyond, it thwarts by its presence the usual scheduling of the family reports. On another side, the context in which it taxes place - the family - affects the power of attorney. Because it is born then in completely particular circumstances, it is not strictly governed by the rules which control it commonly. This is why, although they remain governed by the common right, in the family setting, the powers of attorney present notable characteristics as for their conclusion, their execution, and their outcome. As a consequence, the presence of the family link modulates the ordinary rights and obligations resulting from the power of attorney.

Criminal law issues related to Advance directives Abstract The aim of this thesis is to describe the recent institute of Advance directives in the Czech legal system and to analyze criminal law issues related with it's aplication. The focus is on medical workers which can get into jeopardy of criminal liability by respecting the Advance directives. Furthermore in this thesis are compared the legislations of Czech republic and the Australian state Queensland conserning Advance directives. Also, key rullings of Australian courts and other common law courts related to the aplicaton of Advance directives are described in this thesis. Descreption methods were aplied to describe each institute and terms close to it, analyzing methods to analyze liability of medical workers and comparative methods to compare the Czech and Queensland legislations. The thesis is divided into seven chapters and many subchapters. The first chapter is dedicated to the institute of Advance directives, to it's definition, history and to the legislations it is based in. The second chapter describes fundamental human rights related to Advance directives. These are the Right to Life, Right to dignity and the Right to self- determination. Every one of these rights is closely described and a subchapter deals with their collisions. The third...

A doutrina acadêmica pouco cuida do estudo da atuação do advogado no processo civil, especialmente porque o tema produz imediata associação à deontologia da profissão forense ou, alternativamente, a discussão sobre os honorários advocatícios. O presente trabalho foge dessa associação e busca analisar os aspectos da atuação do advogado no processo civil como personagem ativo da condução do processo. Se há pouco tempo lutava-se pela atuação e dinamismo do juiz para o alcance de uma melhor justiça e se, por meio das diversas reformas processuais, buscou-se o aumento da celeridade processual, agora é o momento da valorização do advogado para o aprimoramento desses dois aspectos. O estudo tem por objetivo demonstrar que a valorização da advocacia como entidade indispensável à realização da justiça pode efetivamente contribuir para a melhora do processo civil, fornecendo esteio para obtenção da tão desejada justiça justa e rápida. A tese se divide em três partes: inicialmente há uma releitura dos institutos fundamentais do processo que, sem repetir informações de conhecimento notório, demonstra a possibilidade de realce da ação e da defesa institutos nos quais a participação do advogado se destaca sem, contudo, retirar a jurisdição do centro da teoria processual. Na segunda parte, o termo condução é analisado com viés ampliativo, assentando o entendimento de que, de fato, não cabe somente ao juiz a direção do processo, pois se levada esta idéia ao extremo, somente haveria condução pelo juiz nos sistemas em que vigorasse o case management. Por fim, na última parte, o papel do advogado é colocado em pauta e, durante a exposição, são feitas propostas para o aprimoramento do nosso sistema processual civil. Ainda que algumas das propostas possam ser factíveis apenas quando nosso sistema e nossa sociedade alcançarem um maior grau de maturidade, todas elas partem de pressupostos que podem ser colocados em prática de imediato. / The study of the lawyers´ role in civil proceedings is poorly taken by the academic doctrine, especially because the matter in discussion is often associated to the ethics of the profession or, alternatively, to a discussion of the lawyers´ fees. The present study disregards this association and tries to examine aspects of the lawyers´ role in civil process as an active character on the procedure management. Few years ago, the academic studies spent relevant time searching for the amplification on the performance and dynamism of the judge to reach a better justice and, after some changes on the procedure laws with the purposes of accelerating the procedures phases, now is the time for a recovery of the advocacy as a profession, based on which we will be able to improve these two aspects. The purpose of the present study is to demonstrate the enhancement of advocacy, as a vital corporation to achieve justice, and how it can effectively contribute on the improvement of the civil procedure itself, providing grounds for the much desired fair and quick justice achievement. The thesis is divided into three parts: first, there is a reassessment of the fundamental institutes of the process which, without repeating well-known information, demonstrates the ability to highlight the action and the defense - in which the participation of the lawyer stands out - without, however, withdrawing the jurisdiction from the center of the procedural theory. In the second part, the term management (condução) is analyzed with enlarged bias, with the understanding that, in fact, the judge is not the only one responsible for leading the process. The reasoning is that, if this idea is led to the extreme, only in the systems where the case management exists the judge will be able to exclusively lead the process. Finally, the last part, the role of the lawyer is put in the agenda, and during the explanation, proposals are made to improve our system of civil procedure. While some of the proposals may be feasible only when our system and our society achieve a greater degree of maturity, they all start from assumptions that may be put into practice immediately.

A dignidade da pessoa humana e a autonomia privada espraiam-se pela experiência da vida, alcançando a doença e a morte. As diretivas antecipadas, gênero dos quais são espécies o testamento vital e o mandato duradouro, constituem negócio jurídico de caráter existencial que têm por objetivo assegurar a realização da dignidade da pessoa e o cumprimento dos atos de autonomia nas situações em que a pessoa estiver incapacitada para manifestar sua vontade. As diretivas representam instrumento de autodeterminação através do qual a pessoa disciplina os tratamentos médicos que aceita ou não ser submetida, autoriza doação de órgão, estipula se tem interesse em conhecer seu estado clínico e/ou nomeia terceira pessoa para tomar estas decisões em seu lugar. As três primeiras hipóteses constituem o que usualmente se qualifica como testamento vital, enquanto a última situação descrita configura o mandato duradouro. O objeto de estudo abrange a evolução das diretivas antecipadas, a disciplina existente em países que já regulamentaram o tema, a legitimação no sistema jurídico brasileiro (o que autoriza a conclusão favorável a sua utilização independentemente de lei expressa) e a sistematização deste negócio jurídico perante o ordenamento jurídico. / Human dignity and autonomy get extended through life, reaching illness and death. The advanced directives, which species are the living will and durable power of attorney, represent an existential act aimed to fulfill human dignity and to preserve ones autonomy when lacking the ability of transmitting ones desire personally (disability). The advance directives are an instrument of self-determination that may contain clauses to withheld or withdraw medical treatment, authorize organ donation, discipline the right to know ones medical condition and to indicate an attorney for health care, to whom will be delegate those decisions. The object of study covers the evolution of the advance directives, their discipline in the countries that already legislate about it, the source of legitimation in brazilian Law system (what includes a positive understanding on its usage even though without a specific law) and the guide lines of the act, such as form and legitimacy.

A dignidade da pessoa humana e a autonomia privada espraiam-se pela experiência da vida, alcançando a doença e a morte. As diretivas antecipadas, gênero dos quais são espécies o testamento vital e o mandato duradouro, constituem negócio jurídico de caráter existencial que têm por objetivo assegurar a realização da dignidade da pessoa e o cumprimento dos atos de autonomia nas situações em que a pessoa estiver incapacitada para manifestar sua vontade. As diretivas representam instrumento de autodeterminação através do qual a pessoa disciplina os tratamentos médicos que aceita ou não ser submetida, autoriza doação de órgão, estipula se tem interesse em conhecer seu estado clínico e/ou nomeia terceira pessoa para tomar estas decisões em seu lugar. As três primeiras hipóteses constituem o que usualmente se qualifica como testamento vital, enquanto a última situação descrita configura o mandato duradouro. O objeto de estudo abrange a evolução das diretivas antecipadas, a disciplina existente em países que já regulamentaram o tema, a legitimação no sistema jurídico brasileiro (o que autoriza a conclusão favorável a sua utilização independentemente de lei expressa) e a sistematização deste negócio jurídico perante o ordenamento jurídico. / Human dignity and autonomy get extended through life, reaching illness and death. The advanced directives, which species are the living will and durable power of attorney, represent an existential act aimed to fulfill human dignity and to preserve ones autonomy when lacking the ability of transmitting ones desire personally (disability). The advance directives are an instrument of self-determination that may contain clauses to withheld or withdraw medical treatment, authorize organ donation, discipline the right to know ones medical condition and to indicate an attorney for health care, to whom will be delegate those decisions. The object of study covers the evolution of the advance directives, their discipline in the countries that already legislate about it, the source of legitimation in brazilian Law system (what includes a positive understanding on its usage even though without a specific law) and the guide lines of the act, such as form and legitimacy.

A doutrina acadêmica pouco cuida do estudo da atuação do advogado no processo civil, especialmente porque o tema produz imediata associação à deontologia da profissão forense ou, alternativamente, a discussão sobre os honorários advocatícios. O presente trabalho foge dessa associação e busca analisar os aspectos da atuação do advogado no processo civil como personagem ativo da condução do processo. Se há pouco tempo lutava-se pela atuação e dinamismo do juiz para o alcance de uma melhor justiça e se, por meio das diversas reformas processuais, buscou-se o aumento da celeridade processual, agora é o momento da valorização do advogado para o aprimoramento desses dois aspectos. O estudo tem por objetivo demonstrar que a valorização da advocacia como entidade indispensável à realização da justiça pode efetivamente contribuir para a melhora do processo civil, fornecendo esteio para obtenção da tão desejada justiça justa e rápida. A tese se divide em três partes: inicialmente há uma releitura dos institutos fundamentais do processo que, sem repetir informações de conhecimento notório, demonstra a possibilidade de realce da ação e da defesa institutos nos quais a participação do advogado se destaca sem, contudo, retirar a jurisdição do centro da teoria processual. Na segunda parte, o termo condução é analisado com viés ampliativo, assentando o entendimento de que, de fato, não cabe somente ao juiz a direção do processo, pois se levada esta idéia ao extremo, somente haveria condução pelo juiz nos sistemas em que vigorasse o case management. Por fim, na última parte, o papel do advogado é colocado em pauta e, durante a exposição, são feitas propostas para o aprimoramento do nosso sistema processual civil. Ainda que algumas das propostas possam ser factíveis apenas quando nosso sistema e nossa sociedade alcançarem um maior grau de maturidade, todas elas partem de pressupostos que podem ser colocados em prática de imediato. / The study of the lawyers´ role in civil proceedings is poorly taken by the academic doctrine, especially because the matter in discussion is often associated to the ethics of the profession or, alternatively, to a discussion of the lawyers´ fees. The present study disregards this association and tries to examine aspects of the lawyers´ role in civil process as an active character on the procedure management. Few years ago, the academic studies spent relevant time searching for the amplification on the performance and dynamism of the judge to reach a better justice and, after some changes on the procedure laws with the purposes of accelerating the procedures phases, now is the time for a recovery of the advocacy as a profession, based on which we will be able to improve these two aspects. The purpose of the present study is to demonstrate the enhancement of advocacy, as a vital corporation to achieve justice, and how it can effectively contribute on the improvement of the civil procedure itself, providing grounds for the much desired fair and quick justice achievement. The thesis is divided into three parts: first, there is a reassessment of the fundamental institutes of the process which, without repeating well-known information, demonstrates the ability to highlight the action and the defense - in which the participation of the lawyer stands out - without, however, withdrawing the jurisdiction from the center of the procedural theory. In the second part, the term management (condução) is analyzed with enlarged bias, with the understanding that, in fact, the judge is not the only one responsible for leading the process. The reasoning is that, if this idea is led to the extreme, only in the systems where the case management exists the judge will be able to exclusively lead the process. Finally, the last part, the role of the lawyer is put in the agenda, and during the explanation, proposals are made to improve our system of civil procedure. While some of the proposals may be feasible only when our system and our society achieve a greater degree of maturity, they all start from assumptions that may be put into practice immediately.

The number of individuals aged more than 65 years in the United States and their life expectancy has been increasing in the past decades. In spite of the presence of federal and accreditation policies recommending completion of advance directive documents by patients admitted to health care settings, advance directive completion rates are low in most health care organizations. The purpose of this study was to determine the level of advance directive completion among home health patients. The health belief model provided the theoretical framework that guided this study. A retrospective chart review was carried out in a home health agency with about 51 patients. Demographic details, including age, gender, ethnicity, nature of illness and type of health insurance were collected. Descriptive statistics were used to determine the percentage of home health patients with existing advance directives and those who do not have an advance directive. The study revealed that only 25% of the patients in the home health care agency had a completed advance directive. The finding indicate a disconnect between the recommended and the actual practice with regards to end of life issues. There is a pressing need for more complete documentation of the patient's desires and wishes regarding end of life care at home health care facilities. Documenting the patient's end of life preferences and wishes may potentially ease the decision-making process, making the end of life days less stressful for the patients and their families at the same time promoting the provision of personalized health care at the end of life.

La contractualisation de la relation tutélaire peut être envisagée comme un artifice qui fragilise la protection de la personne et instrumentalise le droit commun des contrats.Ce mouvement offre en effet une liberté et une sécurité qui peuvent sembler illusoires. Les défauts du nouveau contrat civil qu'est le mandat de protection future constituent un danger pour certaines personnes vulnérables, tandis que le contrat d'accompagnement, outil d'aide à la gestion, porte la marque du contrôle social.Les textes issus de la réforme de la protection juridique des majeurs instaurent de nouveaux modes de protection qui, en théorie, sont assez éloignés de la vision traditionnelle du contrat et, en pratique, sont sources d'interrogations, sinon d'inquiétudes.Ces contrats, si leur qualification n'est pas mise en cause, peuvent être analysés sous l'angle de leur parenté avec les contrats relationnels. Leur singularité justifie toutefois un régime propre. / The tutorship contractualization may be seen as an artifice weakening the individual protection and exploiting the law of contract.That movement actually provides a feeling of freedom and safety that might be illusory. The defects of this new civil contract, the mandate of future protection, are a danger for some vulnerable people, while the support contract, a management support tool, carries the mark of social control.Texts that result from the legal protection of adults reform establish new types of protection, which are theorically remoted from the traditionnal view of contract, and practically source of questions, if not of worries.These contracts, as long as their legal qualification is not questioned, can be analyzed from the angle of their similarities with relational contracts. Their singularity accounts for their own legal regime.

隨著醫學科技的進步，越來越多病患無法自主進行醫療決定的情況發生。西方國家受病人自主權的概念啟發，發展出預立醫囑(living will)及醫療代理人制度(durable power of attorney for health care)。醫療代理人制度提供個人預先指定醫療代理人，當事人無法自主做出醫療決定時，可由醫療代理人代替當事人作出醫療決定，以補足無預立醫囑或預立醫囑的不足。 我國同志伴侶於目前仍缺乏法律上的實質身分保障，伴侶相關的醫療權利正迫切且無預警的影響許多打算共組家庭而無法受法律上的婚姻制度保障的同志伴侶。雖有論者認為，可適用醫療法上「關係人」以及安寧緩和醫療條例之「醫療委任代理人」，即可滿足同志伴侶於醫療上的需求。然由於關係人的定義模糊，且實務上為避免醫療糾紛，往往要求病患的親屬到場，而不接受其他不具配偶、親屬身分關係者進行醫療行為的同意，「關係人」一詞於實務上難以適用。 本文試圖從醫療代理人制度的角度，期能另闢蹊徑，除強化並保障病人自主權外，提供同志伴侶在與生死攸關的醫療議題上更可能且直接的保障，也為不論是同志或其他愛的關係尋求更多可能，提供在婚姻以外的選擇能有更多彈性。本文除了介紹西方的醫療代理人制度並借鏡美國同志伴侶使用醫療代理人制度的經驗外，也探討醫療代理人制度對於我國家庭觀念、傳統醫療上家屬父權主義以及家庭中心式的醫療決策文化的影響與衝擊。同時更深入討論，同志伴侶必須面臨來自醫療院所、醫護人員對於同志是否友善；以及來自病患原生家庭對於醫療代理人及同志身分的壓力。 / With the advances in medical technology, the situation that patients couldn't determine their medical decisions increasingly occurs in our society. Inspired by the concept of patient autonomy, Western countries developed living will and durable power of attorney for health care, which is as known as health care proxy. Individuals can appoint a trustworthy person as their health care proxy. When the patient is incompetent, the health care proxy can make medical decisions for the patient to complete the inadequacy of living will. Same-sex couples can’t make medical decisions for their same-sex partners because same-sex marriage is currently illegal in Taiwan. Moreover, family members play an important role in the process of medical decision in Taiwan. Therefore, this article introduces the development of durable power of attorney for health care in Western countries, tries to address the medical issue of Taiwanese same-sex couples, and discusses the impact of durable power attorney for health care on Chinese traditional family values and family-centered medical decision making. While as a health care proxy, same-sex partner has to face the medical staff’s attitude toward homosexual, also has to confront the pressure from the patient’s family-of-origin.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Kent State University, 2004. / Title from PDF title page (viewed on Apr. 27, 2006). Includes bibliographical references (p. 175-209).