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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
31

Análise da dissipação das tensões em dentes humanos restaurados com facetas laminadas de cerâmica, com três tipos de preparos, através do método dos elementos finitos / Analysis of stress dissipation in human teeth restored with ceramic veneers, with three types of preparation, through the finite elements method

Arthur Bessone da Cruz Ferreira 08 July 2010 (has links)
O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar in vitro a dissipação de tensões em incisivos centrais superiores humanos restaurados com facetas de cerâmica feldspática, através da análise do método dos elementos finitos, considerando cargas funcionais de mastigação e corte dos alimentos, em função de três tipos de preparos utilizados: sem proteção incisal; com proteção incisal em ângulo e com proteção incisal em degrau palatino. Foram utilizadas modelagens bidimensionais de um incisivo central superior e suas estruturas de suporte, simulando três situações: (Primeira modelagem) incisivo central superior com desgaste vestibular (em forma de janela); (Segunda modelagem) incisivo central superior com desgaste vestibular e proteção incisal em plano inclinado; (Terceira modelagem) incisivo central superior com desgaste vestibular, e proteção incisal com degrau palatino. Foi considerada uma carga (P=100N) com uma inclinação de 45 concentrada, simulando a região de contato do incisivo central inferior com o superior durante a mastigação e uma na região de contato topo a topo dos incisivos superior e inferior, simulando o corte dos alimentos. Após a análise dos dados obtidos pela distribuição de tensões, pode-se concluir que quanto à dissipação das tensões em todo o sistema proposto, com a aplicação de carga em 45, não foram observadas mudanças no estado tensional nos três diferentes preparos. Quando foi aplicada carga vertical, simulando o contato de topo, houve variação no estado tensional no sistema do dente com preparo em janela. Nas facetas, com a aplicação de carga em 45, nos preparos em janela e com proteção incisal em plano inclinado o resultado foi semelhante nos valores tensionais enquanto, nas facetas em dentes preparados com proteção incisal com degrau palatino, a distribuição foi mais homogênea tendo valores superiores, mostrando que o abraçamento do dente diminuiu a flexão. / The aim of this study is to analyze in vitro stress dissipation on human maxillary central incisors restored with ceramic feldspathic veneers, through the finite element method. Functional chewing and food cutting loads were evaluated in three types of preparations of teeth: preparation without incisal protection, with incisal angle protection and with incisal protection with palatal step. Two-dimensional modeling of a maxillary central incisor and its supporting structures were used, simulating three conditions: 1) First modeling - maxillary central incisor with facial preparation (window shape); 2) Second modeling - maxillary central incisor with facial preparation and incisal protection on an inclined plane; 3) Third modeling - maxillary central incisor with facial preparation and incisal protection with palatal step. The chosen load (P = 100N) was applied to two different points: one of them to the palatal aspect with an inclination of 45 in order to simulate the contact area of the mandibular and the maxillary central incisors during chewing and the other one to the region of contact with edge-to-edge upper/lower central incisors, simulating food cutting. After analyzing the data obtained from the stress distribution it is possible to conclude that there are no alterations in tensional characteristics of the three different preparations concerning the stress dissipation on the whole proposed system, considering the application of load in 45. When the vertical load was applied, simulating an edge-to-edge contact, a variation in the stress state of tooth with window preparation was observed. For veneers with 45 load application, both the window preparation teeth and teeth with incisal protection on an inclined plane presented similar tensional values. For veneers of prepared teeth with incisal protection with palatal step, the stress distribution was more homogeneous with higher values, showing that tooth embracement reduced flexion.
32

Preparation And Characterization Of Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering Substrate Through Electro Deposition Of Silver-pedot Film On Ito Glass Surface

Dogan, Uzeyir 01 September 2011 (has links) (PDF)
Detection of chemicals is a vital part of chemistry. For this reason, many detection systems are developed by scientists and every detection system has its own advantages. Raman spectroscopy is one of these detection systems having many advantages. However, this technique suffers from low signal intensity disadvantage. By developing a well prepared substrate, this problem can be easily solved / moreover, even single molecule detection can be possible. In this study, a novel surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrate was prepared in two steps: In the first step, ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) monomer was polymerized electrochemically onto indium tin oxide (ITO) coated glass. In the next step, silver ions were reduced electrochemically onto surface prepared in the previous step.In the substrate preparation part, the reduction potential of silver ion, the concentration of silver ions in solution, the polymer film thickness and reduced silver amount on substrates were optimized to get the best SERS performances from substrates. The prepared substrates were characterized by cyclic voltammetry (CV), ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) attached to SEM. In the SERS performance investigation part, homogeneity and the shelf life of the prepared silver-PEDOT substrates were tested. Homogeneity is very important in terms for the applications of Raman technique in quantitative analysis since most of the reported substrates are lack homogeneity consideration, our study will be an important contribution to the literature. The stability of the substrate was investigated for a period of one month. The very small change in the signal at the end of one month indicated that the substrate can be used even longer time with high efficiency. In all the studies, brilliant cresyl blue (BCB) is used as a model compound. Some important Raman active chemicals, namely, rhodamine 6G (R6G) and 4-mercapto benzoic acid (4-MBA) were detected by using the prepared substrates.
33

Análise da dissipação das tensões em dentes humanos restaurados com facetas laminadas de cerâmica, com três tipos de preparos, através do método dos elementos finitos / Analysis of stress dissipation in human teeth restored with ceramic veneers, with three types of preparation, through the finite elements method

Arthur Bessone da Cruz Ferreira 08 July 2010 (has links)
O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar in vitro a dissipação de tensões em incisivos centrais superiores humanos restaurados com facetas de cerâmica feldspática, através da análise do método dos elementos finitos, considerando cargas funcionais de mastigação e corte dos alimentos, em função de três tipos de preparos utilizados: sem proteção incisal; com proteção incisal em ângulo e com proteção incisal em degrau palatino. Foram utilizadas modelagens bidimensionais de um incisivo central superior e suas estruturas de suporte, simulando três situações: (Primeira modelagem) incisivo central superior com desgaste vestibular (em forma de janela); (Segunda modelagem) incisivo central superior com desgaste vestibular e proteção incisal em plano inclinado; (Terceira modelagem) incisivo central superior com desgaste vestibular, e proteção incisal com degrau palatino. Foi considerada uma carga (P=100N) com uma inclinação de 45 concentrada, simulando a região de contato do incisivo central inferior com o superior durante a mastigação e uma na região de contato topo a topo dos incisivos superior e inferior, simulando o corte dos alimentos. Após a análise dos dados obtidos pela distribuição de tensões, pode-se concluir que quanto à dissipação das tensões em todo o sistema proposto, com a aplicação de carga em 45, não foram observadas mudanças no estado tensional nos três diferentes preparos. Quando foi aplicada carga vertical, simulando o contato de topo, houve variação no estado tensional no sistema do dente com preparo em janela. Nas facetas, com a aplicação de carga em 45, nos preparos em janela e com proteção incisal em plano inclinado o resultado foi semelhante nos valores tensionais enquanto, nas facetas em dentes preparados com proteção incisal com degrau palatino, a distribuição foi mais homogênea tendo valores superiores, mostrando que o abraçamento do dente diminuiu a flexão. / The aim of this study is to analyze in vitro stress dissipation on human maxillary central incisors restored with ceramic feldspathic veneers, through the finite element method. Functional chewing and food cutting loads were evaluated in three types of preparations of teeth: preparation without incisal protection, with incisal angle protection and with incisal protection with palatal step. Two-dimensional modeling of a maxillary central incisor and its supporting structures were used, simulating three conditions: 1) First modeling - maxillary central incisor with facial preparation (window shape); 2) Second modeling - maxillary central incisor with facial preparation and incisal protection on an inclined plane; 3) Third modeling - maxillary central incisor with facial preparation and incisal protection with palatal step. The chosen load (P = 100N) was applied to two different points: one of them to the palatal aspect with an inclination of 45 in order to simulate the contact area of the mandibular and the maxillary central incisors during chewing and the other one to the region of contact with edge-to-edge upper/lower central incisors, simulating food cutting. After analyzing the data obtained from the stress distribution it is possible to conclude that there are no alterations in tensional characteristics of the three different preparations concerning the stress dissipation on the whole proposed system, considering the application of load in 45. When the vertical load was applied, simulating an edge-to-edge contact, a variation in the stress state of tooth with window preparation was observed. For veneers with 45 load application, both the window preparation teeth and teeth with incisal protection on an inclined plane presented similar tensional values. For veneers of prepared teeth with incisal protection with palatal step, the stress distribution was more homogeneous with higher values, showing that tooth embracement reduced flexion.
34

Hur förberedda känner sig en elevgrupp på gymnasiet för matemtikkurserna på naturvetenskapligt program efter 9:an? / How prepared does a group of high school students feel concerning the mathematics courses in the natural science program after the 9th grade?

Wickbom, Jan January 2023 (has links)
Undersökningen behandlar huruvida elever känner att de var förberedda för matematikstudierna på gymnasiets naturvetenskapsprogram eller inte.  Undersökningen utförs genom en fokusgruppintervju och tematisk analys används för dataanalys.  Undersökningen visar att majoriteten av elevgruppen vid vilken undersökningen genomfördes kände sig förberedda rent kunskapsmässigt. Undervisningen bedrivs i huvudsak likartat på högstadiet och gymnasiet, en genomgång följt av problemlösning.  Det högre tempot i undervisningen var något man kanske hört talas om tidigare men man överraskades ändå, tempot upplevdes som markant högre. / The survey deals with whether stufents feel that they were prepared for the mathematics studies at upper secondary school's science program.  The survey is conducted through a focus group interview and thematic analysis is used for data analysis.  The survey shows that the majority of the students participating in the survey felt prepared in terms of mathematical knowledge. There was a great similarity in the way the teaching was performed, a presentation on the blackboard followed by individual problem solving.  The higher tempo was heard of but still, it was higher than expected.
35

Substituição de fontes protéicas de origem animal por fontes protéicas de origem vegetal em rações para o "Black Bass" Micropterus salmoides. / Substitution of animal protein by plant protein sources in diets for the largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides.

Oliveira, Ana Maria Barretto de Menezes Sampaio de 15 August 2003 (has links)
A produção comercial de peixes carnívoros exige o uso de um conjunto complexo de práticas de manejo da produção e alimentação, à redução do impacto ambiental dos alimentos e à minimização do emprego de fontes protéicas de origem animal nas formulações das dietas. O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar o uso de atrativos alimentares em dietas formuladas exclusivamente à base de proteína de origem vegetal (PV), e seus efeitos no desempenho, composição corporal e digestibilidade das dietas pelo carnívoro "black bass", Micropterus salmoides, condicionados a aceitar ração seca. Novecentos juvenis (26,54 ± 1,53 g) foram estocados em 60 aquários de polietileno de 90 L (15 peixes/aquário), em delineamento experimental totalmente ao acaso (n=3), e alimentados ad libitum em duas refeições diárias (07h00m e 17h00m), durante 13 dias, com uma dieta basal (100% PV) contendo seis níveis de proteína solúvel de peixe - PSP (0,5, 1,0, 1,5, 2,0, 2,5 e 3,0%); Fisharom ® - FA (0,02, 0,04, 0,06, 0,08, 0,10 e 0,12%); silagem de peixe - SP (1,0, 2,0, 3,0, 4,0, 5,0 e 6,0%); um controle positivo (10% de farinha de peixe) e um controle negativo (dieta basal sem atrativos). Os peixes alimentados com a dieta contendo FA 0,02% apresentaram melhor taxa de crescimento, ganho de peso e conversão alimentar, mas não apresentaram diferenças dos demais tratamentos (P>0,05). Os peixes alimentados com dietas contendo SP como atrativo apresentaram os piores resultados de desempenho. Em uma segunda etapa, foi avaliado o desempenho e a composição corporal de 560 juvenis (3,06 ± 0,20 g) estocados em gaiolas de 60 L, dentro de caixas de polietileno de 1.000 L, instaladas em laboratório com um sistema fechado de recirculação de água com temperatura (27 o C ± 1,07 o C) e fotoperíodo (14L:10E) controlados, em um delineamento experimental totalmente ao acaso (n=4), e alimentados ad libitum em duas refeições diárias (07h00m e 17h00m), durante 43 dias, com 7 dietas isonitrogenadas (40% de PB) e isocalóricas (3.500 kcal/kg), contendo níveis decrescentes de proteína de origem vegetal: 100PV:00PA; 100PV + 0,02% Fisharon ® ; 80PV:20PA; 60PV:40PA; 40PV:60PA; 50PV:50PA (sem farinha de peixe); e uma dieta controle (ração comercial). A inclusão de farinha de peixe e farinha de penas foi limitada em 7%; a inclusão de farinha de vísceras e farinha de carne em 15%. DL-metionina (98%) e L-lisina (80%) foram adicionadas automaticamente através de matriz de aplicativo de formulação de ração. Em uma terceira etapa, foi avaliada a digestibilidade das rações utilizadas no experimento anterior. Para tanto, 1.960 juvenis (14,0 ± 1,0 cm) foram confinados em gaiolas de polipropileno e alimentados durante 40 dias, no período diurno, com as sete dietas do experimento anterior acrescidas de 0,5% de óxido de cromio. No período noturno as gaiolas eram transferidas para aquários cilíndrico-cônicos de 200 L, onde as fezes eram coletadas por sedimentação em recipiente refrigerado. O farelo de soja pode ser utilizado como substituto parcial de fontes protéicas e origem animal em rações formuladas para o "black bass"; a farinha de vísceras pode ser considerada uma boa opção como fonte protéica de origem animal em rações. Os melhores resultados de desempenho foram relacionados aos tratamentos controle e 50PV:50PA. A necessidade do uso da farinha de peixe na formulação de dietas para espécies carnívoras é no mínimo questionável e a determinação da digestibilidade das rações, visando maior precisão em formulações de custo mínimo para peixes carnívoros, deve ser prática corrente na indústria da alimentação de peixes. / Commercial farming of carnivorous fish demands the use of a complex group of practices of production and feeding management, the reduction of the environmental impact of the feeds and the minimization of the use of animal protein sources in the diets. The present study investigated the use of feed stimulants in diets formulated exclusively out of plant protein, and their effects in growth performance, body composition and digestibility of the feeds for the carnivore largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides, conditioned to accept dry feed. Nine hundred juvenile largemouth bass (26.54 ± 1.53 g) were stocked in 60, 90-L polyethylene aquaria (15 fish/aquarium), in a totally randomized experimental design (n=3). Fish were fed ad libitum two daily meals (0700 and 1700), for 13 days, with a basal diet (100% plant protein) containing increasing levels of fish soluble protein - FSP (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, and 3.0%); Fisharom TM - FA (0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08, 0.10 and 0.12%); fish silage - FS (1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0 and 6.0%); a positive control (10% of fish meal) and a negative control (basal diet without stimulants). Fish fed the diet containing 0.02%FA presented better growth rate, weight gain and feed conversion rate, but did not differ from the other treatments (P>0,05). Fish fed diets containing FS as stimulant presented the poorest performance. Next, the effect of different levels of dietary plant protein in the performance and body composition of the species was evaluated. Five hundred and sixty juvenile largemouth bass (3.06 ± 0.20 g) were stocked in 60-L cages, inside 1,000-L polyethylene tanks, installed at a laboratory with closed water-recirculating system and controled temperature (27 o C ± 1.07 o C) and photoperiod (14L:10D). Fish were fed ad libitum two daily meals (0700 and 1700), for 43 days, with 7 isonitrogenous (40% of PB) and isoenergetic (3,500 kcal/kg) diets, containing decreasing levels of plant protein: 100PP:00AP; 100PP + 0.02% Fisharom®; 80PP:20AP; 60PP:40AP; 40PP:60AP; 50PP:50AP (without fish meal); and a control diet (commercial feed). Inclusion of fish meal and feathers meal was limited to 7%; the inclusion of poultry by-product meal and meat and bone meal to 15%. DL methionine (98%) and L-lysine (80%) were added automatically through feed formulation software matrix. Trial was set up in a totally randomized experimental design (n=4). Finally, digestibility of the diets used in the experiment 2 was studied. One thousand, nine hundred and eighty juvenile largemouth bass (14.0 ± 1.0 cm) conditioned to accept artificial, dry feed were confined in polypropilene cages and fed, for 40 days, in day time, with the seven experimental diets added of 0.5% of cromic oxide. In the night, cages were transferred to cylindrical-conical bottomed, 200-L aquaria, where feces were collected by sedimentation into refrigerated containers. Data were submitted to the ANOVA and Tukey’s test of comparison of means through statistical software package SAS (P=0.05). Soybean meal can be used as partial substitute of animal protein in diets for largemouth bass; the poultry by-product meal shows as a good option as animal protein source in these rations. Best performances were related to the control treatments and 50PP:50AP; the need for the use of fishmeal in the formulation of diets for carnivorous species is, at least, questionable. Results of the digestibility trials demonstrated the importance of determining the digestibility of the rations, if precision in the formulation of least-cost feeds for carnivorous fish is the ultimate goal.
36

Influência de estilos de vida associados a hábitos alimentares no consumo de pratos prontos: estudo comparativo entre São Paulo e Roma / Influence of lifestyle habits associated with consumption of ready meals: a comparative study between Sao Paulo and Rome

Siekierski, Paulette 21 March 2012 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-13T14:10:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Paulette Siekierski.pdf: 3620851 bytes, checksum: b9326025bf5e4cddccf48bfd3b1b3ddf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-21 / The pivotal question that this thesis attempts to answer is: how do lifestyles influence eating habits associated with consumption of ready meals. It is known that changes in lifestyle of the western world population have increased the demand for convenience in meal preparation. Consumers are working longer hours, spending more time in traffic and they want to maximize leisure time which has been increasingly limited. As a result, they demand products and services that facilitate and support their busy lives (Olsen, 2010). In response to this demand, the food industry has expanded its options for meals (Geeroms et al., 2008). In this context, the objectives of this research are to analyze the influence of socio-demographic variables in the choice of the ready food; study the importance of the factors as health, taste, convenience and tradition in the consumption of ready meals; and to compare consumption habits of ready meals related with lifestyles in São Paulo and Rome. The literature reviews lifestyle, multiculturalism, food habits and consumption of ready meals. In this process, the measurement scale developed and validated abroad deemed most promising for this study were adapted to the context. Electronic instruments have been set up to collect data which were accessible via a link sent by e-mail to residents of São Paulo and Rome. We obtained 200 valid questionnaires in São Paulo and 155 in Rome. According to the results, consumers in the two cities have different styles in relation to food. A study from Vanhonacker et al. (2010) indicates that older populations of southern Europe are traditional in terms of eating habits. Similarly, in this work, consumers from Rome are more concerned with tradition and health, compared to consumers from São Paulo. According to Askegaard and Madsen (1998), the Germanic cultures are more concerned about their health and in Italy, the sensory element matters the most. This study indicated that in São Paulo, there is a greater emphasis on convenience and flavor. The flavor dimension is supported by the anthropologist Da Matta (2001), in the observation that one of the most important Brazilian social mirrors is food, with what he calls "food code" which theoretically expresses the society. According to him, for Brazilians, "knowing how to eat is far more refined than the simple act of eating" (2001, p. 55). The city of São Paulo is proud to be a gastronomic hub of social activities and many of those activities take place in social gatherings that involve food. Therefore, the flavor dimension is easily explained. Simultaneously, the convenience dimension is supported by another feature of the city, the fact that it is a large urban center. Maluf (2001) indicates that the circumstances of contemporary life and the impact of advertising have changed the acquisition and consumption of food, highlighting the relevance of prepared foods in São Paulo. The limitation of this study is the criteria of the convenience sampling. It is believed that these results may be relevant both for the development of new products and for the positioning of products and brands active in these markets, or even to identify new market segments or understand different generations of consumers. / A pergunta central que este trabalho procura responder é: como estilos de vida associados a hábitos alimentares influenciam o consumo de pratos prontos? Sabe-se que mudanças no estilo de vida de indivíduos do mundo ocidental têm aumentado a demanda por conveniência na preparação das refeições. Consumidores trabalham mais horas, gastam mais tempo no trânsito e desejam maximizar o tempo de lazer cada vez mais limitado; exigem, assim, produtos e serviços que facilitem e apoiem a vida agitada (OLSEN, 2010). Como reação a essa demanda, a indústria alimentar tem expandido suas opções de refeições prontas (GEEROMS et al., 2008). Nesse contexto, os objetivos desta pesquisa são: analisar a influência de variáveis sociodemográficas na escolha do produto alimentar pronto; estudar a importância da orientação para a saúde, sabor, conveniência e tradição no consumo de pratos prontos; e comparar hábitos alimentares de pratos prontos de consumidores de São Paulo e de Roma. São revisadas as literaturas de estilo de vida, multiculturalismo, hábitos alimentares e consumo de pratos prontos. Neste processo, as escalas de mensuração desenvolvidas e validadas no exterior julgadas mais promissoras para este estudo foram adaptadas para o contexto em questão. Foram configurados instrumentos eletrônicos de coletas de dados, acessíveis via link enviado por e-mail para residentes em São Paulo e em Roma. Obtiveram-se 200 questionários válidos de São Paulo e 155 de Roma. De acordo com os resultados, os consumidores das duas cidades apresentam diferentes estilos no tocante à alimentação. Estudo de Vanhonacker et al. (2010) indica que populações mais idosas do sul da Europa são tradicionais no tocante à alimentação. Similarmente, neste trabalho, consumidores de Roma apresentam maior preocupação com a tradição e saúde, comparativamente a São Paulo. Para Askegaard e Madsen (1998), as culturas germânicas são mais preocupadas com a saúde, sendo que na Itália importaria o elemento sensorial. Este estudo indicou que, em São Paulo, há maior ênfase na conveniência e no sabor. A dimensão sabor encontra suporte no antropólogo Da Matta (2001), na observação de que um dos mais importantes espelhos sociais brasileiros é a comida, havendo o que denomina de código da comida que exprime teoricamente a sociedade. Segundo esse autor, para o brasileiro, o saber comer é muito mais refinado do que o simples ato de alimentar-se (2001, p. 55). A cidade de São Paulo orgulha-se de ser um pólo gastronômico e muitas das atividades sociais do habitante da cidade se dá em confraternizações que envolvem a alimentação. Portanto, a dimensão sabor é facilmente explicável. Simultaneamente, a dimensão conveniência é suportada por outra característica da cidade: o fato de ser um grande centro urbano. Maluf (2001) indica que as circunstâncias da vida contemporânea e os impactos da propaganda têm alterado a forma de aquisição e de consumo dos alimentos, destacando a relevância dos alimentos preparados na cidade de São Paulo. Como limitação deste estudo, destaca-se o critério de amostragem por conveniência. Acredita-se que os resultados apresentados possam ser relevantes tanto para o desenvolvimento de novos produtos como para o posicionamento de produtos e marcas atuantes nesses mercados, ou, ainda, para identificar novos segmentos de mercado ou compreender diferentes gerações de consumidores.
37

The prepared piano of John Cage: a new level of hearing the Sonatas and Interludes

Unknown Date (has links)
When John Cage invented the prepared piano in 1940, he created a sound world and body of music unlike anything heard before. The innovative music he wrote for prepared piano requires a completely new approach to performance, and expands our understanding of the piano's capabilities. This study will examine the main prepared piano works by John Cage, with a detailed analysis of the Sonatas and Interludes. Cage's Table of Preparations will be examined to establish an aesthetic rationale for this preparation. Different modes of listening will be explored through a selection of the Sonatas and Interludes recorded in three different technological systems - conventional AB 2.0, surround 5.1, and Disk Jecklin. The latter allows for a true "surround sound" experience as Cage himself might have heard his own pieces. Included is a compact disc of selections from Sonatas and Interludes recorded in each of the three technological systems. / by Inara Ferreira. / Thesis (M.A.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2010. / Includes bibliography. / Electronic reproduction. Boca Raton, Fla., 2010. Mode of access: World Wide Web.
38

Substituição de fontes protéicas de origem animal por fontes protéicas de origem vegetal em rações para o "Black Bass" Micropterus salmoides. / Substitution of animal protein by plant protein sources in diets for the largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides.

Ana Maria Barretto de Menezes Sampaio de Oliveira 15 August 2003 (has links)
A produção comercial de peixes carnívoros exige o uso de um conjunto complexo de práticas de manejo da produção e alimentação, à redução do impacto ambiental dos alimentos e à minimização do emprego de fontes protéicas de origem animal nas formulações das dietas. O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar o uso de atrativos alimentares em dietas formuladas exclusivamente à base de proteína de origem vegetal (PV), e seus efeitos no desempenho, composição corporal e digestibilidade das dietas pelo carnívoro “black bass”, Micropterus salmoides, condicionados a aceitar ração seca. Novecentos juvenis (26,54 ± 1,53 g) foram estocados em 60 aquários de polietileno de 90 L (15 peixes/aquário), em delineamento experimental totalmente ao acaso (n=3), e alimentados ad libitum em duas refeições diárias (07h00m e 17h00m), durante 13 dias, com uma dieta basal (100% PV) contendo seis níveis de proteína solúvel de peixe – PSP (0,5, 1,0, 1,5, 2,0, 2,5 e 3,0%); Fisharom ® – FA (0,02, 0,04, 0,06, 0,08, 0,10 e 0,12%); silagem de peixe – SP (1,0, 2,0, 3,0, 4,0, 5,0 e 6,0%); um controle positivo (10% de farinha de peixe) e um controle negativo (dieta basal sem atrativos). Os peixes alimentados com a dieta contendo FA 0,02% apresentaram melhor taxa de crescimento, ganho de peso e conversão alimentar, mas não apresentaram diferenças dos demais tratamentos (P>0,05). Os peixes alimentados com dietas contendo SP como atrativo apresentaram os piores resultados de desempenho. Em uma segunda etapa, foi avaliado o desempenho e a composição corporal de 560 juvenis (3,06 ± 0,20 g) estocados em gaiolas de 60 L, dentro de caixas de polietileno de 1.000 L, instaladas em laboratório com um sistema fechado de recirculação de água com temperatura (27 o C ± 1,07 o C) e fotoperíodo (14L:10E) controlados, em um delineamento experimental totalmente ao acaso (n=4), e alimentados ad libitum em duas refeições diárias (07h00m e 17h00m), durante 43 dias, com 7 dietas isonitrogenadas (40% de PB) e isocalóricas (3.500 kcal/kg), contendo níveis decrescentes de proteína de origem vegetal: 100PV:00PA; 100PV + 0,02% Fisharon ® ; 80PV:20PA; 60PV:40PA; 40PV:60PA; 50PV:50PA (sem farinha de peixe); e uma dieta controle (ração comercial). A inclusão de farinha de peixe e farinha de penas foi limitada em 7%; a inclusão de farinha de vísceras e farinha de carne em 15%. DL-metionina (98%) e L-lisina (80%) foram adicionadas automaticamente através de matriz de aplicativo de formulação de ração. Em uma terceira etapa, foi avaliada a digestibilidade das rações utilizadas no experimento anterior. Para tanto, 1.960 juvenis (14,0 ± 1,0 cm) foram confinados em gaiolas de polipropileno e alimentados durante 40 dias, no período diurno, com as sete dietas do experimento anterior acrescidas de 0,5% de óxido de cromio. No período noturno as gaiolas eram transferidas para aquários cilíndrico-cônicos de 200 L, onde as fezes eram coletadas por sedimentação em recipiente refrigerado. O farelo de soja pode ser utilizado como substituto parcial de fontes protéicas e origem animal em rações formuladas para o “black bass”; a farinha de vísceras pode ser considerada uma boa opção como fonte protéica de origem animal em rações. Os melhores resultados de desempenho foram relacionados aos tratamentos controle e 50PV:50PA. A necessidade do uso da farinha de peixe na formulação de dietas para espécies carnívoras é no mínimo questionável e a determinação da digestibilidade das rações, visando maior precisão em formulações de custo mínimo para peixes carnívoros, deve ser prática corrente na indústria da alimentação de peixes. / Commercial farming of carnivorous fish demands the use of a complex group of practices of production and feeding management, the reduction of the environmental impact of the feeds and the minimization of the use of animal protein sources in the diets. The present study investigated the use of feed stimulants in diets formulated exclusively out of plant protein, and their effects in growth performance, body composition and digestibility of the feeds for the carnivore largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides, conditioned to accept dry feed. Nine hundred juvenile largemouth bass (26.54 ± 1.53 g) were stocked in 60, 90-L polyethylene aquaria (15 fish/aquarium), in a totally randomized experimental design (n=3). Fish were fed ad libitum two daily meals (0700 and 1700), for 13 days, with a basal diet (100% plant protein) containing increasing levels of fish soluble protein – FSP (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, and 3.0%); Fisharom TM – FA (0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08, 0.10 and 0.12%); fish silage – FS (1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0 and 6.0%); a positive control (10% of fish meal) and a negative control (basal diet without stimulants). Fish fed the diet containing 0.02%FA presented better growth rate, weight gain and feed conversion rate, but did not differ from the other treatments (P>0,05). Fish fed diets containing FS as stimulant presented the poorest performance. Next, the effect of different levels of dietary plant protein in the performance and body composition of the species was evaluated. Five hundred and sixty juvenile largemouth bass (3.06 ± 0.20 g) were stocked in 60-L cages, inside 1,000-L polyethylene tanks, installed at a laboratory with closed water-recirculating system and controled temperature (27 o C ± 1.07 o C) and photoperiod (14L:10D). Fish were fed ad libitum two daily meals (0700 and 1700), for 43 days, with 7 isonitrogenous (40% of PB) and isoenergetic (3,500 kcal/kg) diets, containing decreasing levels of plant protein: 100PP:00AP; 100PP + 0.02% Fisharom®; 80PP:20AP; 60PP:40AP; 40PP:60AP; 50PP:50AP (without fish meal); and a control diet (commercial feed). Inclusion of fish meal and feathers meal was limited to 7%; the inclusion of poultry by-product meal and meat and bone meal to 15%. DL methionine (98%) and L-lysine (80%) were added automatically through feed formulation software matrix. Trial was set up in a totally randomized experimental design (n=4). Finally, digestibility of the diets used in the experiment 2 was studied. One thousand, nine hundred and eighty juvenile largemouth bass (14.0 ± 1.0 cm) conditioned to accept artificial, dry feed were confined in polypropilene cages and fed, for 40 days, in day time, with the seven experimental diets added of 0.5% of cromic oxide. In the night, cages were transferred to cylindrical-conical bottomed, 200-L aquaria, where feces were collected by sedimentation into refrigerated containers. Data were submitted to the ANOVA and Tukey’s test of comparison of means through statistical software package SAS (P=0.05). Soybean meal can be used as partial substitute of animal protein in diets for largemouth bass; the poultry by-product meal shows as a good option as animal protein source in these rations. Best performances were related to the control treatments and 50PP:50AP; the need for the use of fishmeal in the formulation of diets for carnivorous species is, at least, questionable. Results of the digestibility trials demonstrated the importance of determining the digestibility of the rations, if precision in the formulation of least-cost feeds for carnivorous fish is the ultimate goal.
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The Complex Formation of Silver Ion With Ribonucleic Acid, Guanosine, Inosine and Related Compounds and Peroxidase-Like Activity of a Haemundecapeptide Prepared From Horse Heart Cytochrome C

Reinosa, José Angel 01 May 1966 (has links)
The importance of nucleic acids in plant and animal cells as carriers of genetic information and as protein biosynthesis agents is well recognized. It is also known that nucleic acid is a component of all viruses. Takahashi (45) and Fraenkel-Conrat (16) demonstrated that the protein component of tobacco mosaic virus is non-infectious to the host plant, although it is identical to the original virus morphologically. The virus ribonucleic acid (RNA) alone was infectious, however. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), which is present in chromosomes, displays a very specific function. The chromosome long has been accepted as the carrier of the hereditary unit, the gene, whose main component is DNA, which controls the formation of enzymes and of many proteins. Agents that bring about a mutational effect, affect DNA. Some of these agents are ultraviolet light, X-ray radiation and nitrous acid.
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Beržo žėlimo ypatumai plyno kirtimo kirtavietėse VĮ Pakruojo miškų urėdijoje / Pecularities of birch natural regenaration in clearcut areas in Pakruojis Sate Forest Enterprise

Gudas, Mindaugas 06 June 2005 (has links)
Aim of the work: to explain possibilities of natural birch regeneration if clearcut areas, to detect main influencing factors and their intensity. Object of the work: Clearcut areas from 1996, 1999 and 2002 of site types Lfs and Lds of Pakruojis State Forest Enterprise. Methods: for analysis of regeneration quality, rectangular sample plots were selected. They were placed in the clearcut areas 20, 40 and 60 metres from their western edge. The density, height and age of sapling according to tree species was determined. Saplings were evaluated according to their growth conditions: prepared or unprepared soil. Dependence of saplings density on the stand from western side as well as dependence saplings density and height on precedent stand was investigated. Research data was processed using methods of dispersive and regression analysis. Results: it was determined, that regeneration of birch depends on site type and precedent stand, soil preparation, stand from western site of the clearcut. Soil preparation, stand from western site of the clearcut have the biggest influence on birch saplings density. Height of birch saplings depends on soil preparation and soil type. Distance from stand edge have no influence on birch natural regeneration.

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