Yrkesprestige kan bidra till att påvisa trender och tendenser på arbetsmarknaden, vilket är viktigt att undersöka för att samhället ska kunna bidra med resurser där det behövs på bästa sätt. Denna studies syfte är att undersöka om syskonplaceringen påverkar ens yrkesprestige och om det finns ett samband mellan dessa. Studien undersöker även vilken riktning det eventuella sambandet har och om antalet barn i familjen påverkar den förstföddas yrkesprestige. De teorier som ligger till grund för studien är ”nisching” som innebär att man intar olika roller i familjen beroende på vilken placering i syskonskaran man har och ”The resource dilution model” som handlar om att föräldrarnas resurser är begränsade. Den data som används i studien är kvantitativ sekundärdata från LNU 2010. Urvalet bestod av kvinnor och män, folkbokförda i Sverige och var i åldrarna 35 till 65 år. Studiens analyser genomfördes med bivariata och multivarita regressionsanalyser där kontrollvariablerna kön, ålder och respondentens, faderns och moderns högsta avslutade utbildningsnivå inkluderades. Resultatet visar inte på signifikans och studiens hypotes ”Det äldsta syskonet har oftare högre yrkesprestige än de yngre syskonen” får inte stöd av analysen men visar däremot starka positiva samband på att respondentens utbildningsnivå påverkar dennes yrkesprestige.

by Chi-fai Chan. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1992. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 279-302). / ABSTRACT --- p.i / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.iii / LIST OF FIGURES --- p.vii / LIST OF TABLES --- p.viii / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.x / CHAPTER / Chapter I. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / MNC and China Business Negotiation --- p.1 / Global Business --- p.1 / The China Market --- p.3 / MNC and China Business --- p.7 / Cross-Cultural Marketing Negotiation --- p.14 / Negotiators in China Business Deals --- p.15 / Business Negotiation --- p.23 / Definition of Negotiation --- p.23 / Negotiation in the Business Context --- p.25 / International Marketing Negotiation --- p.33 / Cultural Differences --- p.41 / Managerial Concerns --- p.41 / Social Psychological Perspective --- p.49 / The Chinese Context --- p.65 / Chapter II. --- REVIEW OF LITERATURE --- p.74 / China Business Deals and Negotiation --- p.74 / China Business Deals Studies --- p.74 / China Business Negotiation --- p.83 / Descriptive Studies --- p.84 / Case Studies --- p.105 / Survey Findings --- p.112 / Boundary Position --- p.122 / Inter-group Relationship --- p.129 / Intra-group Relationship --- p.138 / Boundary Role Interaction --- p.147 / Power Distance and Collectivism . --- p.151 / Hofstede's Chinese Work Values --- p.153 / Cross-Cultural Management --- p.161 / Behavioral Evidences --- p.166 / Managerial Issues --- p.171 / Impacts on Chinese Business Negotiation --- p.179 / Independent and Dependent Variables --- p.183 / Independent Variables --- p.183 / Dependent Variables --- p.186 / Management Styles --- p.186 / Business Performance --- p.188 / Research Hypotheses . --- p.192 / Chapter III. --- METHODS . --- p.205 / Pretests --- p.205 / Subjects . --- p.206 / Experimental Design --- p.208 / Procedure . --- p.213 / Manipulations . --- p.214 / Friendship --- p.214 / Job Status --- p.215 / Nationality --- p.215 / Operationalization of Dependent Variables --- p.217 / Analysis . --- p.221 / Scale Development and Pretests --- p.221 / Difference of Sub-Samples and Experimental Groups --- p.221 / Dimensionality and Discrimination --- p.223 / Multiple Group Analysis --- p.223 / Analysis of Variance Test --- p.225 / Chapter IV. --- RESULTS --- p.227 / Difference of Sub-samples and Experimental Groups --- p.227 / Manipulation Checks --- p.230 / Dimensionality and Discrimination --- p.232 / Results of Experimentation --- p.241 / Friendship --- p.241 / Job Status --- p.243 / Nationality --- p.243 / Nationality-Friendship Interaction --- p.244 / Nationality-Job Status Interaction --- p.246 / Chapter V. --- CONCLUSION --- p.248 / Evidence for the Hypotheses --- p.248 / Discussion of Findings --- p.253 / Implications --- p.259 / Cultural Differences --- p.259 / Unique Chinese Cultural Values --- p.260 / Implications to MNCs --- p.264 / Value of the Study --- p.272 / Limitations and Future Research --- p.276 / BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.279 / APPENDICES --- p.303 / Chapter Appendix I. --- Description of Cases --- p.303 / Chapter Appendix II. --- Questionnaire --- p.320 / Chapter Appendix III. --- Comparison of U.S. and British Subjects --- p.331 / Chapter Appendix IV. --- ANOVA Tables --- p.333 / Chapter Exhibit 1 --- "Means, (Standard Deviations), and Analysis of Win-Win Attitude" --- p.334 / Chapter Exhibit 2 --- Marginal Means for the Interaction of Nationality and Friendship on Win-Win Attitude --- p.335 / Chapter Exhibit 3 --- "Means, (Standard Deviations), and Analysis of Positive Attitude" --- p.336 / Chapter Exhibit 4 --- "Means, (Standard Deviations), and Analysis of Perceived Efficiency" --- p.337 / Chapter Exhibit 5 --- "Means, (Standard Deviations), and Analysis of Perceived Satisfaction" --- p.338 / Chapter Exhibit 6 --- "Means, (Standard Deviations), and Analysis of Conformity" --- p.339 / Chapter Exhibit 7 --- Marginal Means for the Interaction of Nationality and Friendship on Conformity --- p.340 / Chapter Exhibit 8 --- Mean Conformity: Nationality by Friendship Condition --- p.341

Professional certification is arguably a means of validating a practitioner's competency within their trade. Certification can also be beneficial for enhancing a profession's prestige, improving academic programs, and helping to define the profession in question. However, certification can be considered not feasible, effective, or perhaps even necessary. Due to the likelihood of these conflicting viewpoints, it is essential for any profession to determine the support level from its members prior to implementing a certification process. This thesis presents the results from a 1998 survey for the American Evaluation Association, whereby their members responded to items regarding the need, effectiveness, feasibility of enacting a certification system for professional evaluators. Respondents were mixed in their attitudes. A slight majority indicated a certification system could be feasible. However, more respondents were unconfident than confident that certification can be effective or is even necessary; additionally, many were undecided on these issues.

This dissertation examines contemporary horror TV, dissecting the ways it works both to subvert and uphold contemporary social standards about race, gender, class, and ability. This work attends to the moments in horror TV where graphic displays of violence and monstrous characters open up possibilities for innovative and progressive representation of historically marginalized people, as well as those instances that foreclose such potential. Horror TV shows blur the definitions of monster and human, suggesting that humans can be monstrous and that monsters can have humanity. Horror TV is a platform through which we see the coming together of a traditional logic about what is and what is supposed to be with a radical suggestion that, perhaps, things could be another way. This dissertation closely examines two seasons of American Horror Story – Coven and Freakshow – along with Hannibal and Penny Dreadful, as symptomatic texts of a dynamic sociopolitical moment in the United States where progressive and conservative worldviews sometimes violently clash. This dissertation examines the role of performance in horror TV, literal and figurative theater spaces that frame action in ways that disrupt hetero-patriarchal epistemologies. Order and chaos, reason and emotion, the natural and the supernatural often “crash” together in violent ways on the stages of horror TV, sometimes inviting something alternative to emerge. These often-violent performances serve as microcosms for the larger set of narratives and images we see in horror TV. This dissertation examines the figure of the dandy, who emerges in all the horror TV shows included in this work. The dandy is a contradictory character, at once queering social conventions of white masculinity, while also recuperating a traditional and dominant social position through violence. The dandy’s violent behavior is a kind of consumption: the taking of bodies and lives to satisfy their boredom. The horror TV dandy may be villainous, but is also the embodiment of the contemporary, good, white citizen who puts consuming above all else. This dissertation also attends to the ways that horror TV is, perhaps unsurprisingly, the product of a white imagination. Horror TV masks the ways that it forwards a white worldview by portraying stories about racial difference and racism, while narratively confining the material implications of racism to the past. Some horror TV shows further center whiteness by suggesting that “horror” (the weird, the macabre, and the terrifying) comes from a distant and exotic place – specifically the Dark Continent of Africa or the Exotic East of Japan and India. Contemporary horror TV, however, presents some of the most innovative portrayals of (mostly white) women in lead roles through the figure of the antihero. The women antiheroes of horror TV act via their relationship to cultural and political oppression, often in the form of violence. As a result of the traumas they have experienced, the women of horror TV embody both heroic and villainous qualities. The antihero women speak to contemporary cultural attitudes about women’s changing position in the United States, and that we only see white leading antihero women on horror TV points to the fact that women of color are not afforded the same multifaceted representation.

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<p><p>The languages of the world are constantly changing and slang intrudes the vocabulary of many people all over the world. But what is slang and where does it come from? Are there differences in the slang that men and women use? And what is the point of using slang? It seems that the slang that was used by previous generations has either gone out of use or has now become a part of accepted standard language; basically, the youth of today reject the slang that their parents used. This would indicate that it is not “cool” to use the same slang as one’s parents did and to avoid this, new slang is invented to replace old slang aiding the youth of today to be able to be shocking or amusing by speaking in a certain way.</p></p><p><p><p>In this essay the focus lies on the slang of British English and this is investigated by an analysis of a contemporary film and a TV-show to see how common the use of slang is in these kinds of medias. The intention is also too see if slang differs according to gender and in what different areas slang is used.</p><p>The film “Football factory” and the TV-show “Little Britain” were closely watched and all slang was noted down and categorized in terms of users and areas of use. To make this easier and to make sure not to lose any parts of the dialogues scripts were found on the internet and used as aids when analyzing. “Football factory” is a movie about British football hooligans which is a very male-dominated world. “Little Britain” is a TV-show consisting of many small sketches with very different characters of both genders but mostly played by male actors.</p></p><p><p>The results were somewhat surprising as the expectation was to find some slang in the chosen material but the amount of slang use exceeded the expectations. Slang seems to besomething that people use in many different areas of use, such as, when talking about sex,drugs or other things that might be taboo. It seems that slang is a big part of the language thatboth men and women use. However, in the material used for this study, young men were theones who used slang the most.</p></p></p>

This study examines what effects dowry has on the gender relations in the Savar area outside of Dhaka, Bangladesh. The collection of data was made through fieldwork on sight in Savar, with the help of ADESH, during a two month period, in the spring of 2012. Almost twenty interviews were made out in villages with female members of ADESH who told me of how dowry and their participation in ADESH’s activities affected their lives. A few interviews were also made in ADESH’s own office with employees to gain a deeper understanding of the women’s life situation and the work of ADESH. The focus of this thesis is on analysing how dowry affects different aspects of the society in Savar and how this affects the gender relations. In this thesis I will also examine how ADESH is conducting their work and what activities they offer their members. The conclusion of my study is in short that dowry seems to have a large impact on many aspects of the women’s lives and that the actions that are taken to decrease and remove gender differences might not always work as intended, this does however not mean that they are without effect.

El 13 de noviembre de 2002, el petrolero Prestige lanzó un SOS con el que comenzaba uno de los mayores desastres medioambientales de la historia de España. Los vertidos de fuel oil que se prolongaron durante los meses posteriores acabaron generando una crisis política y una considerable confrontación social. Esta tesis doctoral analiza la cobertura televisiva realizada por cuatro cadenas de televisión (TVE1, TV3, Antena 3 y Telecinco) desde noviembre de 2002 hasta febrero de 2003.Mediante un estudio de caso y recurriendo, principalmente, al análisis de contenido cuantitativo y al análisis del discurso como técnicas de investigación, la tesis reconstruye las agendas mediáticas completadas por cada cadena, estableciendo comparaciones significativas a partir de las decisiones editoriales y configurando un mapa de las estrategias corporativas y periodísticas de cada operador.El marco teórico toma como punto de partida los principios de la sociedad del riesgo, estableciendo una relación directa con algunas tendencias del periodismo contemporáneo. Además, se repasan algunas de las principales aportaciones de la teoría de la comunicación al estudio de la producción mediática para desembocar, finalmente, en un estudio detallado de la información televisiva con especial énfasis en el noticiario como formato audiovisual más significativo. Las crisis se presentan como episodios que aceleran las rutinas periodísticas de producción, agudizando las fortalezas y las debilidades del periodismo actual. Se convierten, por lo tanto, en un contexto muy productivo para la investigación en comunicación. Los resultados ponen de manifiesto la excesiva relevancia atribuida a las conexiones en directo, la obsesión por informar sobre las dimensiones cuantitativas de la noticia, el creciente peso de la imagen o algunas tendencias que apuntan hacia el sensacionalismo. El análisis detallado del tratamiento de cada uno de los personajes y colectivos implicados en el episodio permite conocer el retrato elaborado por cada cadena, brindando contrastes muy ilustrativos.Asimismo, las crisis se convierten en una oportunidad estratégica para las cadenas, que pueden aprovechar su irrupción para replantearse su posición en el mercado. El comportamiento de Telecinco resulta especialmente significativo, ya que se constata un evidente viraje editorial cuya orientación no se entiende en términos exclusivamente periodísticos, sino que apunta hacia decisiones con un mayor alcance. Por su parte, el resto de cadenas recurren a estrategias alternativas, en las que las posiciones editoriales y los estilos informativos apelan a su autonomía a la hora de informar sobre cualquier asunto noticioso.Esta tesis doctoral contribuye a un mejor conocimiento del abordaje periodístico sobre las situaciones de crisis, con el valor añadido de que su objeto de estudio es más amplio en términos cronológicos que la mayoría de investigaciones sobre comunicación de crisis, y de que el material analizado procede de la televisión, en lugar de la dominante presencia de la prensa como corpus analítico. / On November 13th 2002, the oil tank Prestige sent an SOS that meant the starting point for one of the main environmental disasters of the Spanish history. The oil spills extended during the following months lead into a political crisis and a social confrontation. This doctoral thesis analyses the television coverage of four TV channels (TVE1, TV3, Antena 3 and Telecinco) from November 2002 until February 2003.By means of a case of study, and mainly using both quantitative content analysis and discourse analysis as research methods, this thesis rebuilds the media agendas designed by each channel, establishing meaningful comparisons between the editorial decisions and mapping the corporate and informative strategies of each TV station.The theoretical framework refers initially to Ulrich Beck's risk society, linking directly this wide concept to some of the current trends of the contemporary journalism. Furthermore, some of the main contributions coming from the Communication Sciences field are also revisited in order to deepen the knowledge about audiovisual information. In this topic, a detailed study about the newscast as a salient TV format is also completed.Crises are presented as periods when the production routines become accelerated, highlighting both the strengths and the weaknesses of daily journalism. As a matter of fact, crises are one of the richest context for Communication Research. Results underline the excessive salience attributed to live coverage, the obsession for quantifying all the news dimensions, the growing presence of the image or some features pointing to a sensationalist approach. Detailed study of each of the main individuals and groups involved in this episode allows to see to portrait displayed by each channels, showing interesting contrasts. Besides that, crises are also strategic opportunities for the channels. When a crisis breaks down, any channel has the chance to rethink its own position in the overall market. The behavior of Telecinco is specially remarkable, as one can find a clear editorial shift that cannot be explained by appealing only to journalistic criteria, but it also points to decisions taken in a wider scope. On the other hand, the rest of the channels relied on alternative strategies, showing their own independence to choose any editorial positions and any news style.This doctoral thesis contributes to a better understanding of the journalistic approach about crises. Its added values refer to a longer period of analysis in comparison with the usual crises' studies and to the use of TV newscasts as the source of information, instead of the dominant presence of the press as analytical corpus.

This paper introduces a dynamic model to illustrate how the self, the work, and the environment interactively influence the experience of work meaningfulness during the employment period. While individuals might enter an organization with intent to improve or protect others¡¦ well-being, their perceived degree of work meaningfulness might be strengthened or weakened within jobs. Other factors from their work and the environment could come into play. Specifically, the proposed model presents how the interplay between prosocial motivation, perceived task significance, and perceived external prestige of an organization affect the experienced meaningfulness of work jointly. This paper tests the model by surveying employees from the high-tech sector and the police sector using the questionnaire method. The results show that individuals who have prosocial motivation indeed experience a sense of work meaningfulness initially. Even when individuals are prosocially motivated, the perceived external prestige of their organizations positively affects their experience in meaningfulness of work. Furthermore, the perceived level of task significance of one¡¦s work overpowers the existing prosocial motivation when it comes to altering the perception of work meaningfulness. The findings indicate that factors from different dimensions could alter the experienced meaningfulness of work together, and the relation between prosocial motivation and work meaningfulness is dynamic.

The undergraduate business program rankings in USNWR are based solely on peer assessments from deans and associate deans of AACSB accredited U.S. business schools. Often these reputation-based rankings are discounted and likened to a beauty pageant because the process lacks transparent input data.In this study, ten deans and ten associate deans representing top 50 USNWR undergraduate business programs were interviewed. Seven of the institutions are public and three are private and all but two universities are AAU member institutions.The research answers the following questions: how do deans and associate deans define quality in their school's undergraduate program and in other schools' programs? How are administrators influenced when evaluating the reputation of peer schools? Are competitors treated differently when evaluating academic reputation? What methods are administrators utilizing to influence brand perception with their stakeholder and educational peers?Business school deans and associate deans emphasized different aspects of an undergraduate program in their description of quality. The deans most valued quality from faculty and research. The associate deans valued the undergraduate experience including sense of community, engagement, involvement, leadership, student services, as creating distinction in a program.Business school administrators are barraged by influences that affect their perceptions about program reputations. Overall the influences on perception included quality of faculty, research, student standardized test scores, resources, characteristics of an institution, professional involvement and social networks including networks with faculty, students, other professionals and employers that provide feedback about schools. Professional involvement and social networks (PhD students, other deans, siblings, friends, students, employers, etc.) provided administrators with important insight into academic reputation. The quality of people that the administrators knew from other schools made a difference in peer schools' reputation.Finally, most schools employ integrated marketing communication (IMC) including taglines, direct marketing, event marketing, feature promotions, customer service and brand messages to influence stakeholders and peers. This study confirmed that everyone in a business school is a brand manager because brand is influenced through numbers of interactions over time with a variety of stakeholders. True to the IMC framework, business schools have moved to a relationship driven educational model.