Thesis (M. A. Agricultural Science (Agricultural Economics) -- University of Limpopo, 2019 / The relationship between farm and retail prices provides insights into marketing efficiency, consumer and farmer welfare. In light of this, much focus has been given to price transmission studies. Thus, price transmission studies have become increasingly important in Sub Saharan Africa because of its nature of providing clear insights information into our markets. Despite its importance in markets, there are a few studies analysing the mechanism through which prices are determined and transmitted from farm gate to retail markets in dairy markets in South Africa. The aim of the study was to investigate and analyse the nature of price transmission mechanism of pasteurised liquid milk and cheese in South Africa. The specific objectives were to determine the correlation between the milk production and quantity of milk processed in South Africa. Furthermore, there was a need to determine the direction of causality between the farm gate, processor and retail prices of cheese and pasteurised liquid milk in South Africa. It was also necessary to determine whether the price transmission of pasteurised liquid milk and cheese was symmetric or asymmetric in South Africa. The study used secondary time series data that covered a sample size of 17 years (2000 -2016) of pasteurised liquid milk and cheese in South Africa. Pearson correlation coefficient, Granger causality test and Vector Error Correction Model were used for data analysis. Pearson correlation results revealed that milk produced is perfectly correlated with the quantity of milk processed and it was positive. The Granger causality tests revealed that there was a no causal relationship between farm gate and processor, retail and processor and also between farm gate and retail for cheese. However, signs of independent causal relationship from farm gate to retail prices were visible. It also suggested a bidirectional causal relationship between processor and farm gate prices and also between retail and processor prices of pasteurised liquid milk. On the other hand, a unidirectional causality was found from retail to farm gate prices. The VECM results for pasteurised liquid milk showed asymmetric price transmission implying that retailers and processors react quicker to price increases than to price decrease. ii It is recommended that more focus be placed on investment in emerging dairy farmers in order to increase production. This can be done through the input price subsidies, grants and education on modern technologies. The government should also implement the price monitoring cell in order to protect the consumers from unfair prices passed on by the retailers. / Services SETA and National Agricultural Marketing Council (NAMC)

This study has conducted an OLS-regression to examine the relationship between gasoline and crude oil prices in the Swedish petroleum market, focusing on potential asymmetry, where gasoline prices respond more quickly to increases in crude oil prices compared to decreases. Additionally, we examine the impact of individual petroleum stations' competitiveness on this asymmetry, applying the distance to the nearest station as a measure of competitiveness. To explore this relationship, we utilise two datasets: one comprises unique user-generated data for individual gas stations spanning the period from 2019 to 2022, while the other includes recommended prices covering the period from 2001 to 2020. The findings provide some evidence supporting the existence of asymmetry, indicating the presence of inefficiencies within the market. However, no evidence suggesting larger asymmetry concerning individual competitiveness was discovered. Overall, this research offers novel insights into the dynamics of the Swedish fuel market in recent years.

O mercado brasileiro de milho (produção e consumo) passou por importantes mudanças estruturais nas duas primeiras décadas do século XXI, tanto nos sistemas de produção com a expansão da segunda safra como maior integração ao mercado externo, na condição de exportador. Nesse contexto, este trabalho visa a contribuir para a melhor compreensão da dinâmica da disponibilidade do cereal no mercado brasileiro, tomada de decisão de armazenagem sob condições de incertezas e transmissão assimétrica de preços entre regiões, por meio de três ensaios. Os dois primeiros são independentes, mas complementares. No primeiro, é estimado o fluxo mensal de oferta (disponibilidade) de milho no Brasil, em termos de ritmo de colheita (primeira e segunda safras) e demanda (consumo interno e exportação), para o período de fevereiro de 2001 a janeiro de 2018. Os resultados apontam a intensidade em que expansão do cultivo do milho segunda safra deslocou a maior disponibilidade interna do primeiro para o segundo semestre de cada ano, assim como as alterações nas quantidades de exportação e estoques. Partindo das evidências de alteração nos níveis de estoques, no segundo ensaio é analisada a decisão de armazenagem, sob a perspectiva de que os agentes tomam decisão de forma racional. Os resultados sugerem a forte influência da demanda externa, via exportações, sob o equilíbrio dinâmico, tanto nos preços domésticos do cereal quanto na disponibilidade e formação de estoques. No terceiro, são analisadas as relações de preços no mercado interno, em especial, os preços do cereal nas regiões de referência do contrato futuro de base de milho listado na Bolsa de Valores Brasil, Bolsa, Balcão (B3). Os resultados indicam que choques positivos nos preços em Campinas/SP são transmitidos as regiões selecionadas proporcionalmente aos choques negativos, e que os preços nas regiões de referência do contrato futuro de base apresentam forte relação com os preços no mercado paulista. Em síntese, os resultados deste trabalho evidenciam a importância das exportações tanto no fluxo de oferta, demanda e atividade de armazenagem, assim como a relação dos preços do cereal em Campinas/SP com os preços de diferentes regiões do mercado interno. / The Brazilian corn market (production and consumption) went through important structural changes in the first two decades of the twenty-first century, in the production system (with the expansion of the second crop) and regarding a participation increase in the international market, as an exporting country. In this context, this paper aims to enhance comprehension of the corn supply dynamics in the Brazilian market, storage decision-making in an uncertain scenario and price transmission through three papers. The first two are independent, but complementary. The first paper estimates the monthly corn supply in Brazil, in terms of harvesting pace (first and second crops) and demand (domestic consumption and exportation) between February 2001 and January 2018. The results of this study indicate how much the increase of the second crop corn has moved higher supply from the first to the second semester of each year, as well as the changes in the volumes exported and stocked. Based on the evidences of inventory changes, in the second paper, storage decision-making is assessed, considering that agents make decisions rationally. Results indicate a strong influence of exportations on the domestic corn prices, as well as on availability and stock building The third experiment analyzes prices in the domestic market, mainly in the reference regions for the future corn contract at the B3 Stock Exchange. Results indicate that price rises of corn in Campinas (SP) are transmitted to selected regions as intenselly as price drops, and that values in the reference regions for the future contract are strongly related to prices in the market of São Paulo State. In conclusion, the results obtained from this study highlight the importance of exportations for supply flow, demand and inventories, as well as the relation between corn prices in Campinas (SP) and in other Brazilian regions.

Η εργασία που ακολουθεί εκπονήθηκε στα πλαίσια του μεταπτυχιακού προγράμματος σπουδών “Διοίκηση Επιχειρήσεων Τροφίμων ”, του τμήματος Διοίκησης Αγροτικών Προϊόντων και Τροφίμων του Πανεπιστημίου Πατρών, κατά την ακαδημαϊκή περίοδο σπουδών 2011-2013. Ο μηχανισμός μετακύλισης των τιμών μεταξύ παραγωγών και καταναλωτών έχει αποτελέσει αντικείμενο εκτεταμένης έρευνας κυρίως στον τομέα των τροφίμων. Η παρούσα εργασία αναλύει τα βασικά προϊόντα του νομού Αιτωλοακαρνανίας κυρίως του πρωτογενή τομέα ενώ ειδικότερα εξετάζει την ύπαρξη ασυμμετρίας στον μηχανισμό μεταβίβασης τιμών μεταξύ των παραγωγών και των καταναλωτών στον τομέα του κρέατος στην Ελλάδα. Πιο συγκεκριμένα, η έρευνα επικεντρώνεται στα τέσσερα είδη κρέατος όπως μοσχαριού, αρνιού, χοιρινού και κοτόπουλου. Οι τιμές των τεσσάρων ειδών κρέατος έχουν χορηγηθεί από την Ελληνική Στατιστική Αρχή. Όλες οι μεταβλητές μετασχηματίζονται σε λογαρίθμους και οι τιμές αποπληθωρίζονται με βάση τον δείκτη τιμών καταναλωτή (2009=100). Για την μελέτη της ασυμμετρίας γίνεται χρήση των τεχνικών συνολοκλήρωσης (Threshold Cointegration Analysis) καθώς εκτιμάται και ένα δυναμικό υπόδειγμα διόρθωσης λαθών (Error Correction Model, ECM). Διερευνάται η ύπαρξη μακροχρόνιας σχέσης μεταξύ παραγωγών και καταναλωτών στην υπό εξέταση αγορά, ενώ η κατεύθυνση της αιτιότητας κατά Granger έδειξε πως η τιμή του καταναλωτή επηρεάζει την τιμή του παραγωγού. / The following assignment carried out through of the postgraduate program "Food Business Management" at the department of Management Food and Agricultural products of University of Patras, the academic study period 2011-2013. The price transmission mechanism between producers and consumers has been the subject of extensive research mainly in the food sector. This paper analyzes the commodities the county of Aitoloakarnania mainly in the primary sector while particularly considers the existence of asymmetry in the transmission mechanism of prices between producers and consumers in the meat sector in Greece. More specifically, the research focused on four types of meat such as beef, lamb, pork and chicken. The values of the four types of meat have been granted by the Greek Statistical Authority. All variables transformed into logarithms and prices are deflated by the consumer price index (2009 = 100). For studying the asymmetry are used techniques of cointegration (Threshold Cointegration Analysis) and estimated as a dynamic error correction model (Error Correction Model, ECM). Investigated the existence of long-term relationships between producers and consumers in the relevant market, while the direction of Granger causality test showed that the price of the consumer affects the value of the producer.

No description available.

To achieve economic development, regional authorities have to address issues that relate to climate change, efficient information flow in the market place, and health care. This dissertation presents three essays on current issues of concern to economic development in Africa. Climate change is examined in terms of its effects on the Egyptian agricultural sector; transmission of world price to small scale growers is examined in Uganda; and the benefits of insecticide-treated bed nets use is examined in Africa. In essay I, to address the impact of climate change on the Egyptian agricultural sector under alternative population growth rates, water use and crop yield assumption; the Egyptian Agricultural Sector Model (EASM) is updated and expanded to improve hydrological modeling and used to portray agricultural activity and hydrological flow. The results indicate that climate change will cause damages (costs) to the Egyptian agricultural sector and these will increase over time. Egypt may reduce these future damages by controlling its population growth rate and using water conservation strategies. In essay II, I use vector autoregressive analysis to examine the transmissions of price information to Uganda coffee growers; using monthly coffee price data on retail, futures, farmgate and world prices from 1994 to 2010. Improved transmission of world prices to farmers may increase their decision making to obtain a better market price. Directed acyclic graphs reveal that there is a causal flow of information from the indicator price to the London futures price to the Uganda grower?s price in contemporaneous time. Forecast error variance decomposition indicates that at moving ahead 12 months, the uncertainty in Uganda grower price is attributable to the indicator price (world spot price), own price (farmgate), London future and Spain retail price in rank order. In essay III, the cost of malaria in children under five years and the use of insecticide treated bed nets is examined in the context of 18 countries in Africa. I examine the direct and indirect cost of malaria in children under five years and the benefit of investing in insecticide treated mosquito nets as a preventative strategy in 18 African countries. The results indicate that the use of mosquito treated nets reduces the number of malaria cases in children; and this can induce 0.5% reduction in outpatient treatment costs, 11% reduction in inpatient treatment costs, 11% reduction in productivity loss, and 15% reduction in disability adjusted life years (DALY) annually.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:33:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SANTOS_Jaqueline_2012.pdf: 1703101 bytes, checksum: c0b62c652a6a75acc6940cc1d8bdf0f6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-24 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / Given the economic dimension of the sugar and ethanol industry, there is a strong concern regarding the loss of social welfare due to market power usage by ethanol companies, especially at retail, where conditions are favorable to cooperation. The present study's objective is to determine if there is any market power abuse in retail sales of hydrous ethanol in the State of São Paulo, by verifying if price increases and decreases are transmitted to the customer proportionally, and identifying if there is any difference in price transmission mechanisms between smaller (where competition is less) and larger tows. Monthly wholesale and retail price series are used, provided by ANP, for the period of January 2005 to August 2011, for a sample of cities in the state of São Paulo. The results indicated that market power was used in the ethanol retail market, where retailers were able to transmit to the consumers price increases faster than decreases. / Dada a dimensão econômica do setor sucroalcooleiro, aumenta-se a preocupação de ocorrência de perdas de bem-estar social devido ao uso de poder de mercado por parte das empresas da cadeia produtiva de etanol, preocupação esta que é maior em nível de varejo, uma vez que os postos de combustíveis apresentam condições favoráveis à formação de cartéis. O presente estudo tem por objetivo identificar se há abuso de poder de mercado por parte dos postos de combustíveis do estado de São Paulo na revenda do etanol hidratado, buscando verificar se os acréscimos e decréscimos de preços são transmitidos com a mesma intensidade aos consumidores e identificar se existe diferença no mecanismo de transmissão de preços em municípios menores (onde a concorrência é menor) e maiores. Neste trabalho foram utilizados dados de preços mensais em níveis de distribuição e varejo, disponibilizados pela ANP, no período de janeiro de 2005 a agosto de 2011, para uma amostra de cidades do estado de São Paulo, e os resultados mostraram indícios de exercício de poder de mercado no varejo de etanol, onde os varejistas conseguiram repassar mais rapidamente os acréscimos do que os decréscimos de preços aos consumidores.

O mercado brasileiro de milho (produção e consumo) passou por importantes mudanças estruturais nas duas primeiras décadas do século XXI, tanto nos sistemas de produção com a expansão da segunda safra como maior integração ao mercado externo, na condição de exportador. Nesse contexto, este trabalho visa a contribuir para a melhor compreensão da dinâmica da disponibilidade do cereal no mercado brasileiro, tomada de decisão de armazenagem sob condições de incertezas e transmissão assimétrica de preços entre regiões, por meio de três ensaios. Os dois primeiros são independentes, mas complementares. No primeiro, é estimado o fluxo mensal de oferta (disponibilidade) de milho no Brasil, em termos de ritmo de colheita (primeira e segunda safras) e demanda (consumo interno e exportação), para o período de fevereiro de 2001 a janeiro de 2018. Os resultados apontam a intensidade em que expansão do cultivo do milho segunda safra deslocou a maior disponibilidade interna do primeiro para o segundo semestre de cada ano, assim como as alterações nas quantidades de exportação e estoques. Partindo das evidências de alteração nos níveis de estoques, no segundo ensaio é analisada a decisão de armazenagem, sob a perspectiva de que os agentes tomam decisão de forma racional. Os resultados sugerem a forte influência da demanda externa, via exportações, sob o equilíbrio dinâmico, tanto nos preços domésticos do cereal quanto na disponibilidade e formação de estoques. No terceiro, são analisadas as relações de preços no mercado interno, em especial, os preços do cereal nas regiões de referência do contrato futuro de base de milho listado na Bolsa de Valores Brasil, Bolsa, Balcão (B3). Os resultados indicam que choques positivos nos preços em Campinas/SP são transmitidos as regiões selecionadas proporcionalmente aos choques negativos, e que os preços nas regiões de referência do contrato futuro de base apresentam forte relação com os preços no mercado paulista. Em síntese, os resultados deste trabalho evidenciam a importância das exportações tanto no fluxo de oferta, demanda e atividade de armazenagem, assim como a relação dos preços do cereal em Campinas/SP com os preços de diferentes regiões do mercado interno. / The Brazilian corn market (production and consumption) went through important structural changes in the first two decades of the twenty-first century, in the production system (with the expansion of the second crop) and regarding a participation increase in the international market, as an exporting country. In this context, this paper aims to enhance comprehension of the corn supply dynamics in the Brazilian market, storage decision-making in an uncertain scenario and price transmission through three papers. The first two are independent, but complementary. The first paper estimates the monthly corn supply in Brazil, in terms of harvesting pace (first and second crops) and demand (domestic consumption and exportation) between February 2001 and January 2018. The results of this study indicate how much the increase of the second crop corn has moved higher supply from the first to the second semester of each year, as well as the changes in the volumes exported and stocked. Based on the evidences of inventory changes, in the second paper, storage decision-making is assessed, considering that agents make decisions rationally. Results indicate a strong influence of exportations on the domestic corn prices, as well as on availability and stock building The third experiment analyzes prices in the domestic market, mainly in the reference regions for the future corn contract at the B3 Stock Exchange. Results indicate that price rises of corn in Campinas (SP) are transmitted to selected regions as intenselly as price drops, and that values in the reference regions for the future contract are strongly related to prices in the market of São Paulo State. In conclusion, the results obtained from this study highlight the importance of exportations for supply flow, demand and inventories, as well as the relation between corn prices in Campinas (SP) and in other Brazilian regions.

No description available.

No description available.