The aim of this thesis is to try to provide an analysis of the legislation of easements contained in the Civil Code, to take into account the case law related to the General Civil Code as well as the recent court decisions and express controversy over some aspects that the new legislation offers. The thesis is divided into four chapters, the first chapter is devoted to a brief definition of easements and the kinds of easements. The second chapter analyzes the historical development of the easements. In the first part of the chapter the Roman law, which was the first to regulate the easements, is discussed. Furthermore, the chapter deals with the development of the easements during the Middle Ages, when the easements were joined by the institute of real burdens. The third part of the chapter discusses the legislation of easements in the General Civil Code, which is an inspiration for the current legislation; the relevant case law is not omitted. Finally, the chapter contains a section dealing with the legislation of easements in the so called Middle Civil Code from 1950 and the legislation in the Civil Code from 1964. The third chapter, which forms the main part of the thesis, is devoted to a detailed analysis of the current legislation of easements contained in the Civil Code. The chapter is...

-1- Summary The aim of the thesis is to assess the impact of the recodification of private law on the phenomenon of moral hazard. In order to achieve the goal, the old and new legislation were compared in order to identify key changes and analyse their nature, in terms of their positive or negative impact on the potential occurrence of moral hazard. In the theoretical part, moral hazard was defined and systematized in the context of so- called "old" and "new" market failures. The author also offered a key contemporary definition of the term. Increased attention has also been paid to the issue of incomplete and asymmetric information that often coexists with or potentially enhances moral hazard. In the second part of the theoretical part, the author of the thesis focuses on defining the specifics of moral hazard, taking into account the Czech practice. The phenomena of insurance, health, monetary policy, banking, financial consulting and corporate governance are gradually being mentioned. The issue of representation and black passenger is also accented. The difference between moral hazard behaviour and fraud is also described. In the practical part, the author compares the selected institutes of private law across new and old legislation. This part is divided into various general institutes, which are based...

This thesis is concerned with jurisdictionally evasive European corporations in the Atlantic region. In the wake of renewed interest in trading companies in the historical literature on empires and colonies, this study explores the claims of corporations to foreign lands, the dispossession of pre-existing populations, and the emergence of legal conflicts out of these events and other related extra-European processes. To that end, this thesis engages with medieval legal and economic history, to explain the origin of the modern corporate form, the changing patterns of landholding and commerce across Europe, and the response of canonistic and civilian legal traditions to these developments. After emphasising the importance of the coastal region stretching from Lisboa to St. Petersburg, where trading companies thrived, each of the individual corporations involved in the colonisation of America is introduced. An intellectual history is then presented, covering relevant legal thought; here, the focus moves from patents and jurisdiction to the Roman law of property and in particular the idea of prescription, to contracts, and finally to war. These, I argue, are the ideological contexts most relevant in a legal history of corporations and early modern imperialism. The narrative which then follows is based upon primary research conducted in archives from across the globe. Here, special attention is given to English, French, Dutch, and Swedish corporate activity in the early modern ‘Atlantic World’ (1603-1673). Regionally, the main focus is drawn towards Ireland, North America, and South Africa, where corporations established their claims against other Europeans and against indigenous communities through a combination of separate means. Private law was more practical on the ground, while public law justifications tended to be more spurious and ambivalent, even if there was never a clean formula adoptable when it came to the acquisition of territory by European corporations away from Europe, and might was invariably right. This argument is presented before returning, finally, to the European context. The legal history of colonialism in the seventeenth-century Atlantic has never been presented so stringently from the corporate perspective for the purpose of contrast to the European diplomatic context; the result of such an approach is a new way to consider the origins of private international law in world history.

De manière incidente de nombreuses constructions théoriques ont déjà tenté d’aborder les liens entre contrat et incertitude. Qualification des contrats aléatoires, gestion contractuelle du risque, étude relative à l’imprévisibilité du fait ou conséquences de l’imprévu sur l’acte de prévision : la théorie générale du contrat s’intéresse à n’en plus douter au phénomène de l’incertain. La doctrine ne s’est pourtant jamais penchée sur ce qui faisait le véritable dénominateur commun de ces thèses. C’est la raison pour laquelle une recherche de la notion d’incertitude est rendue nécessaire. D’abord par une démarche apophatique, en étudiant ce qu’elle n’est pas et envoyant en quoi elle se différencie de notions voisines (risque, imprévisibilité, imprévu, aléa). Ensuite par une observation empirique, en regardant de plus près comment l’incertitude se manifeste positivement. Une fois la délimitation notionnelle de l’incertitude effectuée se pose la question de ses liens avec le contrat. Il s’agit alors de distinguer l’intégration à l’obligation contractuelle et celle relative à la norme contractuelle. Le contenu obligationnel du contrat étant par nature imperméable à toute idée d’incertitude c’est donc une intégration à la norme contractuelle qui a été préférée. La seconde partie de la thèse vise à faire ressortir la structuration du contrat par l’incertitude. Celle relative à la qualification du contrat et induite par l’exploitation de l’incertitude. Celle ayant pour conséquences de modifier la compréhension des phases de formation et d’exécution du contrat. Celle, enfin, relative à une forme d’incertitude extérieure au contrat, puisant sa source dans l’anticipation du litige. À l’aune du droit nouveau des contrats, tel qu’il a été voulu par les rédacteurs de l’ordonnance n° 2016-131 du 10 février 2016 et entériné par la loi de ratification du 20 avril 2018, cette étude ambitionne de renouveler une série de questions fondamentales ayant trait à la théorie générale du contrat : quel est le sens actuel de l’acte de prévision ? Quelles sont l’utilité et la portée des contrats prétendument aléatoires ? Qu’est devenue la force obligatoire du contrat ? Peut-on véritablement repousser l’idée d’incertitude quand il s’agit de contracter ? Quelles sont les conséquences de l’intégration de l’incertitude à la norme contractuelle ? / Le résumé en anglais n'a pas été communiqué par l'auteur.

The terrain of family law is increasingly complex and diverse and is constantly adapting to the changing social, cultural, political and economic landscape in which it is located. It is thus open to much development, particularly in the area of parenthood. In its simplest form, parenthood results when two consenting adults, knowingly and willingly, engage in sexual intercourse to conceive a child. The allocation of parental rights and responsibilities is therefore simplified on the basis that both parties consented to becoming parents. However, the assignment of legal parenthood is not always as clear-cut. Over the past three decades, the courts in the United States, in particular, have been tasked with adjudicating cases in which a biological father has refused to furnish child maintenance on the grounds that he was sexually forced into parenthood. These claims have highlighted the tension between biological fatherhood and legal parenthood, and have thus created a legal, ethical and practical quagmire in family law. Therefore this dissertation will explore the instances in which paternity is deceitfully imposed, the plethora of legal problems that arise and the possible legal routes open to involuntary fathers to avoid paying child support.

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Thesis (LLD) -- Stellenbosch University, 1971. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: see item for full text AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: sien item vir volteks.

Thesis (LLM (Private Law))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In this thesis, the Communal Land Rights Act 11 0f 2004 is analysed in order to determine whether it can give effect to the constitutional mandate in terms of which it was promulgated, namely section 25(5), (6) and (9) of the Constitution. Land policy pertaining to land tenure reform is discussed to see how and to what extent it finds application in the Act. The time-consuming process pertaining to the registration of the community rules is investigated, and the implications where a community fails to adhere to this peremptory provision in the Act are explained. The thesis also analyses and discusses the functions of statutorily created institutions, like the land administration committee and the land rights boards, in the efficient management of land in rural areas. The aforementioned land administration committee is particularly problematic, since the Act provides that in cases where a recognised tribal authority exist, that institution “may” be considered as the land administration committee, subject to prescribed composition requirements as contained in the Act. The Traditional Leadership and Governance Framework Act will also be discussed since it intersects with the Communal Land Rights Act in this regard. The pending constitutional challenge which relates to this potentially problematic issue, will be discussed. The constitutional challenge of the Act by four communities’ is explored in order to indicate just how potentially problematic the institution of traditional leadership could be. vi This study also discusses and analyses the compromise contained in the Act, regarding the registration of the land title of a community and the registration of “new order rights” in the name of individuals. In this context the impact of this process on the efficacy on the current Deeds registration system is investigated. The Ministerial determination and its constitutional implications is yet another issue, examined in this study. All of these issues will have a negative impact on the implementation of the Communal Land Rights Act and especially on achieving tenure security. / AFRIKAANS OPSOMMING: In hierdie tesis word die Wet op Kommunale Grondregte 11 van 2004 geanaliseer om te bepaal of dit inderdaad voldoen aan die grondwetlike mandaat soos voorsien in art 25(5), (6) en (9) van die Grondwet. Die beleid van toepassing op grondbeheerhervorming word bespreek om te bepaal tot watter mate dit wel in die Wet aanwending vind. Die tydrowende prosedure van die registrasie van gemeenskapsreëls word ondersoek, asook die implikasies indien ‘n gemeenskap nie aan die voorskriftelike bepaling voldoen nie. Die tesis bespreek en evalueer ook die funksies van die twee instellings wat statutêr geskep is, naamlik grond administrasie komitees en grondregte rade. Die twee instellings is geskep met die doel om van hulp te wees in die effektiewe administrasie van grond in die kommunale areas. Dit is veral die grond administrasie komitee wat problematies is, omdat die Wet op Kommunale Grondregte bepaal dat waar ‘n gemeenskap ‘n erkende tradisionele owerheid het, hierdie owerheid beskou sal word as die grond administrasie komitee van daardie spesifieke gemeenskap. In hierdie konteks is ‘n bespreking van die Wet op Tradisionele Leierskap en Regeringsraamwerk, noodsaaklik. Die betwiste grondwetlike kwessie wat tot op hede nog onbeslis is wat hiermee verband hou, sal ook bespreek word. ‘n Kort uiteensetting word gedoen van die vier gemeenskappe wat die Wet op grondwetlik gronde aanveg om presies te probeer aantoon hoe problematies die instelling van tradisionele leierskap is. Hierdie studie bespreek en analiseer verder ook die kompromis wat getref is tussen registrasie van die titelakte in die naam van ‘n gemeenskap en die viii registrasie van sogenaamde “nuwe orde regte” in die naam van individue. Die impak van hierdie magdom registrasies op die bestaande registrasiesisteem word ook oorweeg. Die grondwetlikheid van die ministeriële besluitnemingsbevoegdheid word breedvoerig bespreek in hierdie studie. Al hierdie genoemde kwessies mag nadelige impak hê op die implementering van die Wet op Kommunale Grondregte en spesifiek ook op grondbeheerhervorming.

Le contentieux fiscal est partagé entre les juridictions administratives et les juridictions judiciaires. Si le premier est souvent présenté comme le juge naturel de l'impôt, la compétence du second peine à être justifiée. À cela s'ajoute la question de savoir si le juge judiciaire, juge du droit privé ayant une culture de droit privé, est vraiment apte à statuer en droit fiscal, relevant fondamentalement du droit public. D'ailleurs, il apparaît assez vite que le juge fiscal judiciaire présente un particularisme fondé sur sa relation au droit privé. Le juge fiscal judiciaire met au centre de sa jurisprudence le droit privé et la conception du droit qui en découle. À l'inverse, ce lien avec le droit privé tend aussi à se relativiser au contact du droit fiscal, ce qui permet d'affirmer qu'il est un véritable juge fiscal. En approfondissant la structure normative du droit fiscal, il devient alors possible de remarquer que la structure complexe de cette branche du droit est un facteur de justification de la compétence fiscale judiciaire. Ce lien avec le droit privé et son application du droit privé dans le champ du contentieux fiscal sont deux éléments qui permettent alors de légitimer sa compétence et de conforter sa position de juridiction fiscale. / In the French court system, tax litigation is shared between the administrative law courts and private law courts. If the former are often presented as the natural judge of the tax, it is more difficult to justify the jurisdiction of the latter. The object of this present work only concerns private law courts. That is why, it is worth asking whether the private law judge, with a culture of private law, is really able to decide on tax law, basically governed by public law. Moreover, this tax law judge has a particularism due to his relationship to private law and puts private law at the center of his case law. By contrast, this link with private law also tends to become relative with regard to tax law, which allows us to assert that he stands as a true fiscal court. By Deepening the normative structure of tax law, it becomes possible to observe that the complex structure of this branch of the law is a definite factor in the justification of his jurisdiction in tax disputes. This link with private law and his implementation of private law in the field of tax litigation are two elements that are then used to legitimize his authority and strenghten his position as a tax justice.

L’étude des aliments en droit privé consiste, à analyser les diverses implications juridiques de cette notion. Dans le langage courant les aliments renvoient à la nourriture. Dans certaines branches du droit privé telles que le droit commercial ou le droit de la consommation, on retrouve la première acception. En droit de la famille, elle présente une spécificité car utilisée à la forme plurielle les « aliments » recouvrent tout ce qui est nécessaire à la vie. Il s’agit d’une définition générale, les aliments sont conçus comme étant le minimum essentiel à la subsistance. Dans la mesure où il n’existe pas de liste définie des éléments nécessaires à la vie, cette thèse tend à rechercher des critères de qualification juridique des aliments, à analyser les moyens d’acquisition de ceux-ci. Ceci révèle une notion polysémique et protéiforme selon la nature des besoins. De même, les obligations alimentaires instaurées par le législateur entre certains proches d’une part et une solidarité collective d’autre part, permettant à celui qui est dans le besoin d’acquérir des aliments, sont caractérisées par un régime juridique, particulièrement dérogatoire du droit commun. Cela démontre que sous l’apparente simplification de la notion d’aliments, il se cache un concept juridique permettant d’assurer une vie convenable aux proches et aux personnes dans le besoin dans le cadre de la solidarité collective. / Studies of «aliments» in private law consist in analysing its legal regime and its relative implications. In common language, aliments directly refers to the food. However, Private law widens that term so that it is not only linked to nutrition. While Commercial law and consumer law fully agree with that definition, law of the family uses the plural «aliments» and that relates to all which is needed for life. This is a more general definition, that states that aliments are rather being the minimum necessary for the subsistence. Since there is no exhaustive predefined list of what is life necessary, this work is focus ondefining criteria that legally qualify aliments. This work also looks at means of acquiring «aliments» and ways for collecting «aliments» claims. This work shows the diversity both in «aliments» meaning and claim collections means depending on vital needs to be fulfilled. Those needs being themselves highly case-law dependant. Also, the maintenance allowance duties within families and through collective solidarity that the legislator has planned to help people failing to meet their vital needs is regulated by an exceptional regime of the common law. So the visible term «aliments» hides a huge legal concept that protects both close relationship and collectively more people from falling below some basic needs.