Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:27:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao flavio sociologia.pdf: 636411 bytes, checksum: 4742e4ffeb9d00031820894a03f15889 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-08-27 / There is in contemporary societies an increasing interest in understanding violence as well as improving measures of security in order to contain it. An effort has been made to understand the complex process of the State s dimensions specially those related to wide range public policies. The aim is to understand why socially strategic sectors, specially security, so far under State responsibility, is now being shared with the market and people even accept their tendency of being dominated by market. The phenomenon of commodification of security is not a new one but has taken place more intensely in the decade of 1970 in many countries. The subject is a complex one. The causes, consequences and meaning of commodification of security is attracting a deserved attention from scholars. The knowledge of this phenomenon must contribute to a better understanding of many aspects of its social dynamics that has great relevance from the economic, cultural and political view. This work adopts the approach of Economic Sociology, supported by the main contribution of Max Weber, Karl Marx and contemporary sociologists / É cada vez maior o interesse em entender a violência contemporânea, bem como aperfeiçoar as medidas de segurança que devem ser adotadas para contê-la. Também é grande o esforço para compreender o complexo processo redimensionamento do Estado, particularmente no tocante à implantação de políticas públicas de amplo alcance. E mais, entender o que tem levado setores estratégicos socialmente, em especial a segurança, até então sob a responsabilidade do Estado, a conviver e até aceitar a tendência de tornar-se dominada pelo mercado. O fenômeno da mercantilização da segurança não é novo, mas vem ocorrendo de maneira mais intensa a partir da década 1970 do século XX em vários países. O tema é complexo. Assim, as causas, as consequências e os significados da mercantilização da segurança têm merecido uma especial atenção dos estudiosos. O conhecimento deste fenômeno deve contribuir para melhor perceber os vários aspectos da sua dinâmica social que tem grande relevância do ponto de vista econômico, cultural e político. O caminho adotado foi o da construção de uma abordagem a partir da Sociologia Econômica, apoiada na contribuição principal de Max Weber, Karl Marx e de autores contemporâneos

The use of Private Military Companies (PMCs) has become an increasingly common feature of contemporary armed conflict. Because of their autonomous contractual status, PMCs have presented governments with problems of accountability on several levels, including violations of international human rights and humanitarian law (IHL) standards. This thesis argues that PMCs should be considered to be non-state actors (NSAs), subject to international law from both an International Relations Theory and a Legal Theory perspective. This conclusion is linked to the issue of whether individual PMC employees can be treated as legitimate combatants according to IHL. State practice has not led to a clear understanding of the definition of combatant, a problem which has been compounded by a lack of government policy on the use of PMCs. Using Canadian experience as a case study, the thesis concludes that IHL suggests two options for regularizing the status of PMCs which would both strengthen accountability and uphold the rule of law.

After sixteen intensive months, I quit my employed position as a security guard at a local hospital. By drawing on my autoethnographic experiences in the form of “ethnographic fiction writing”, as well as eight interviews with my former male colleagues, I explore how the guards’ constructions of masculinity intersect with their security assessment and subsequent application of force, chemical incarceration, and other coercive security tactics on involuntarily-committed mental health patients. The narratives are framed by the available literature on gender and masculinity within the security, police, prison and military institutions, as well as the theoretical notions of gendered institutions (Acker), hegemonic masculinity (Connell & Messerschmidt), doing gender (West & Zimmerman), and Dave Holmes’s application of Foucauldian biopolitical power to forensic healthcare settings. These concepts are used in tandem with a creative methodological tool to reveal the “messy”, “bloody” and “gendered” ways in which hospital life unfolds between the guard, the nurse, and the patient prisoner. By escaping more traditional forms of academic writing, I am able to weave raw, sensitive and reflexive thoughts and emotions into the research design and analysis. The analysis is divided into two narratives: “Us” and “Them”. “Us” emphasizes the gendered ways in which the hospital guard learns, reproduces, resists, lives up, or fails to live up to the masculine codes of the profession. Here, the guard must confront cultural demands to demonstrate physical prowess, authority and heroism during a patient battle. “Them” explores how hegemonic masculinity shapes the hierarchical and coercive relations between the guard, the nurse, and the patient, and reinforces psychiatrized discourses that promote punishment, pain, bureaucracy and control. Overall, these findings call for the abolition of physical restraint, chemical incarceration and other coercive security measures within our healthcare institutions, and encourage future research to give voice to the lived experiences of women guards and security management teams.

Tras la difusión del video Kouri-Montesinos el 14 de septiembre del año 2000, el gobierno de Fujimori entró en crisis. Una de las principales acciones tras aquel evento fue la desactivación del Servicio de Inteligencia Nacional SIN (aún durante el gobierno de Fujimori), y luego la reforma del sistema, durante el gobierno de transición de Paniagua en el año 2001. Por diversas presiones y perspectivas políticas, en ese periodo fueron despedidos, cesados, desactivados o reasignados un gran contingente de analistas, operativos, agentes e informantes: cerca de 2 mil personas terminaron su relación con el Sistema de Inteligencia Nacional. Como parte de una investigación sobre la transformación de la inteligencia peruana, este artículo tiene tres objetivos: a) describir el contexto de la desactivación y la reforma para entender los objetivos y causas del despido y desactivación de este contingente de agentes y analistas; b) determinar el rango numérico de agentes y analistas que fueron despedidos, cesados o desactivados entre la desactivación del año 2000 y la reforma del año 2001; c) determinar el destino y funciones de los agentes y analistas despedidos y desactivados en los años posteriores a 2001, lo que muestra una relación con el desarrollo de empresas de seguridad, sistemas privados de inteligencia, inte- ligencia empresarial y un mercado de compra-venta de interceptaciones telefónicas durante los últimos catorce años. Este estudio se sostiene en el cruce de tres tipos de datos: fuente abierta provista por la normativa, informantes clave que participaron en el proceso de los años 2000 y 2001, y datos primarios de actores que actualmente son miembros de empresas de seguridad e inteligencia privada.

The diploma thesis practically and theoretically deals with the concept - privatization of security. The aim of the practical part is to compare the conception of private security companies in the Czech Republic and Slovakia. The comparison focuses on the factual data (number of PSC, employees, police forces, the amount of wages, the turnover), state regulation and mutual relation of public and private security providers. The findings of the practical part are applied to the theoretical concept of Rita Abrahamsen and Michael Williams - Theory of Security Assemblages. It is based on the claim that the privatization of security is part of a broader process of partial dismantling of the state and at the same time emerging "global assembly, which brings together national and global structures. The privatization of security is enshrined in both the social and the legal environment, and therefore the state itself can participate on its own dismantling by its acting. This is the case of the Czech Republic due to the absence of PSC's regulation, control mechanisms, minimum requirements for skilled employees PSC and the non-definition of the relationship between public and private security sector. It results in weakening the role of the Czech Republic as a guarantor of security. The aforementioned inaction...

Trots en markant ökning av vaktpersonal i privat regi under de senaste decennierna finns det inte mycket empirisk forskning om allmänhetens uppfattning av väktare. I detta arbete undersöks malmöbornas tillit till och tillfredställelse med väktare och syftet med studien är att får en inblick i allmänhetens inställning till vaktpersonal. Enkäter delades ut i Malmö med frågor angående upplevd tillit till väktare, tillfredställelse med väktare samt frågor om respondenternas uppfattning av väktares professionalitet, ansvarskyldighet, framställning och artighet. Urvalet bestod av 78 respondenter och resultaten tyder på att den allmänna uppfattningen av vaktpersonal är mer positiv än negativ. Upplevd professionalitet hos väktare påverkade tillit till väktare och upplevd artighet hos väktare påverkade tillfredställelse med väktare. Hur man upplevt väktares beteende vid personlig kontakt visade sig påverka uppfattningen av både tillit till och tillfredställelse med vaktpersonal. Studier om allmänhetens uppfattning av vaktpersonal kan användas i utbildande syfte för vaktbolag för att påverka väktares beteende och agerande mot allmänheten. Ökad kännedom av allmänhetens inställning till vaktpersonal är även relevant för politiker i deras ställningstagande av framtida reglering av den privata säkerhetsindustrin. / Despite the rapid increase in private security guards in recent decades, little is known about citizens’ perception of security guards. In this paper citizens’ trust and satisfaction with security guards is assessed. The aim of the study is to get an insight into citizens’ perception of private security guards in Malmö. Paper and pencil surveys were distributed in Malmö with questions regarding perceived trust and satisfaction with security guards and about security guards’ professionalism, accountability, imagery, and civility. The sample consisted of 78 respondents and the findings suggest that the overall perception of security guards was more positive than negative, however, the results were largely mixed. Perceived professionalism predicted satisfaction with security guards and perceived civility predicted trust in security guards. Also, security guard behavior while interacting with the public was a strong predictor of both trust and satisfaction with security personnel. Results from this study and similar studies can be used by private security organizations to educate staff in order to improve the public perception of security guards. It may also be useful for policy makers in order to make more educated decisions about future regulation of the private security industry.

[pt] Esta tese investiga o processo de construção de serviços de policiamento pago na região portuária do Rio de Janeiro entre finais do século XIX e as primeiras décadas do XX. Analisa a história de dois tipos de guardas comerciais que operavam na cidade: a trajetória das guardas noturnas desde seu surgimento na década de 1880 e o ciclo de existência da Polícia do Cais do Porto até as tentativas de sua encampação na década de 1930. A partir do cruzamento de campos historiográficos distintos (história da polícia e das forças de segurança, história dos mundos do trabalho comercial e portuário, e história social da cidade), busca-se preencher uma lacuna no conhecimento histórico sobre a vigilância paga, a segurança como mercadoria e a heterogeneidade de formas de policiamento coexistentes na cidade do Rio de Janeiro no período de formação de um sistema republicano de polícia. As perspectivas estado-cêntricas dos estudos policiais caracterizaram a emergência da polícia moderna como um processo marcado pela transferência de poderes coercitivos privados para o Estado e suas forças de segurança pública, que teria vigorado até o auge de empresas privadas de vigilância na virada do século XX para o XXI. Em diálogo com uma renovada historiografia internacional da segurança privada, esta tese procura situar as formas de policiamento pago no Rio de Janeiro como parte constitutiva do processo de emergência da polícia republicana, concebida como um esquema misto entre dimensões públicas e privadas de policiamento, interligadas entre si em uma zona de negociação que reuniu autoridades, comerciantes e trabalhadores da vigilância. Para isso, analisa um corpus de documentação policial, literária, jornalística e empresarial. Longe de serem analisadas como agências dissociadas da expansão do poder coercitivo estatal, lê-se as guardas comerciais enquanto parte de um espaço heterogêneo de exercício da coerção, com atenção para o caráter negociado de suas regulamentações, a fiscalização estatal de suas atividades cotidianas e as condições de trabalho dos seus empregados. / [en] This thesis investigates the process of the construction of paid police services inthe port region of Rio de Janeiro between the end of the 19th century and the first decadesof the 20th century. It analyzes the history of two types of paid guards that operated in thecity: the trajectory of the night guards from their emergence in the 1880s, and the lifecycle of the Cais do Porto Police until the state attempted to take it over in the 1930s. Bypulling together different historiographical fields (the history of the police and securityforces, the history of the commercial and port labor world, and the social history of thecity), the project aims to fill a gap in historical knowledge about paid surveillance,security as a commodity, and the heterogeneity of policing forms that coexisted in the cityof Rio de Janeiro during the formation of a republican police system. The state-centricperspectives of police studies have characterized the emergence of the modern police as a process marked by the transfer of private coercive powers to the state and itspublic security forces, which continued until the rise of private surveillance companiesat the turn of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. In dialogue with a renewedinternational historiography of private security, this thesis posits that the forms of paidpolicing in Rio de Janeiro were a constitutive part of the process of the emergence of therepublican police. This research demonstrates how professional law enforcement in Rioat the turn of the twentieth century was conceived as a mixed scheme between public andprivate dimensions of policing, interconnected in a zone of negotiation that broughttogether authorities, traders and surveillance workers. To this end, it analyzes a corpus ofpolice, literary, journalistic, and economic documentation. Far from taking Rio’s privateguards as dissociated from the expansion of the state coercive power, this thesis analyzesthem as part of a heterogeneous space for the exercise of coercion, paying attention to thenegotiated nature of their regulations, the state supervision of their daily activities and theworking conditions of their employees.

The regulation of the private security industry has been an issue of debate for a number of years in South Africa, as well as in the rest of the world. The debate mainly centers around issues such as the need for regulation in this Industry and the objectives of regulation. This thesis argues that regulation is of utmost importance in this Industry and furthermore, that the objective ofregulation should be to set standards in the Industry. If this is the case, the protection of the public interest will be a natural result of regulating the standards. In addition, this thesis argues for the inclusion of the private investigator into the scope of regulation and suggests that this sector should ultimately be regulated through the means of separate legislation. This thesis furthermore provides two models for the regulation of the private security industry in South Africa. These models are described as the Semi-Integrated Wide Model (SIWM) and the Fully Integrated Wide Model (FIWM). These two models provide Government with the option of regulating the Industry without alienating the latter. Government will still have the ultimate responsibility for regulation, but will allow the Industry to be central in setting standards and requirements. In this way, the Industry will not regulate itself and Government will have the ultimate responsibility of protecting the interests of the public and the State / Police Practice / D. litt. et. Phil. (Police Science)

Private security forms part of a key strategy component in South Africa in terms of the alignment of the safety and security sector. Both private and public sector businesses in South Africa depend on private security systems to safeguard their assets. Although the growth in the private security sector has not provided for outstanding qualities and high levels of qualification criteria for employment in the sector, this quiet transformation of South Africa’s every day security landscape has potentially wide-ranging concerns. It raises important questions about the accountability and responsibility of security companies in providing their clients with disciplined security officers. There are reasons for concerns at Eskom because of the disciplinary problems experienced by security officers. These disciplinary problems create an environment of instability and uncertainty, which impacts on the core purpose of Eskom which is to provide sustainable electricity solutions to grow the economy and improve the quality of life of people in South Africa. Accordingly, the main purpose for the deployment of security officers to Eskom centres is to create a safer environment for Eskom and to safeguard its assets. Currently, disciplinary problems in the workplace constitute one of the most basic problems facing employers in both the public and private sectors. Therefore, developing and maintaining a disciplined security workforce is a priority that should be on the agenda of all private security companies. The objectives of this research included the following:  Examine which factors contribute to disciplinary problems;  Determine what the causes of these factors are that contribute to disciplinary problems; and  Identify what solutions can be used to address the factors contributing to disciplinary problems. A qualitative research approach was used in this study, in that verbal non-numerical data was collected from people in their natural environments who experience xiv everyday situations in the workplace in order to gain a more complete understanding of the problem area. The main method of data collection was by means of face-to-face interviews between the researcher and the interviewees which took place according to a standardised interview schedule. Thirty (30) respondents drawn by means of probability and non-probability sampling processes and were individually interviewed by the interviewer. Accordingly, this study has examined issues as to why security officers do not reliably uphold the discipline that is required of them in the provision of security services at the Eskom centres. The problem of poor discipline at Eskom centres compromises security, which impacts negatively on profitability when a site experiences losses and theft because security officers do not adhere to Eskom’s security requirements while they are deployed at Eskom centres. It is important for any institution to first examine and identify the disciplinary problems experienced by its employees before those problems can be addressed successfully. Accordingly, the nature and extent of disciplinary problems by security officers were examined within this study to assess the effectiveness of security management practices within the private security companies supplying a security service to Eskom. This study, therefore, examined disciplinary problems at Eskom centres (on the north coast of KwaZulu-Natal) to identify the specific problems which the security officers have been experiencing and to indicate how effective their company management systems were in dealing with those problems. The study also assisted with formulating adequate recommendations with regard to managing the disciplinary problems at Eskom centres. / Criminology and Security Science / M. Tech. (Security Management)

The regulation of the private security industry has been an issue of debate for a number of years in South Africa, as well as in the rest of the world. The debate mainly centers around issues such as the need for regulation in this Industry and the objectives of regulation. This thesis argues that regulation is of utmost importance in this Industry and furthermore, that the objective ofregulation should be to set standards in the Industry. If this is the case, the protection of the public interest will be a natural result of regulating the standards. In addition, this thesis argues for the inclusion of the private investigator into the scope of regulation and suggests that this sector should ultimately be regulated through the means of separate legislation. This thesis furthermore provides two models for the regulation of the private security industry in South Africa. These models are described as the Semi-Integrated Wide Model (SIWM) and the Fully Integrated Wide Model (FIWM). These two models provide Government with the option of regulating the Industry without alienating the latter. Government will still have the ultimate responsibility for regulation, but will allow the Industry to be central in setting standards and requirements. In this way, the Industry will not regulate itself and Government will have the ultimate responsibility of protecting the interests of the public and the State / Police Practice / D. litt. et. Phil. (Police Science)