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The failure of sewer pipes is a significant issue that can adversely affect the environment and public health. The problem is exacerbated by the additional burden it places on treatment plants, which must work harder to process the increased sewage flow resulting from pipe failures. The research in this thesis is based on an extensive review of the existing literature on sewer pipe failure and inspection, focusing on the proactive approach that can predict pipe failures to assist in effective maintenance. The study finds that several predictive models can accurately predict sewer deterioration with high accuracy (up to 95 % precision), making it possible to identify potential failures and address them before they cause significant damage or disruption. However, the research indicates that there has been relatively little work done on predicting blockage and CSO, two critical aspects of sewer pipe management that could be addressed more to manage sewer systems effectively. The thesis discusses that by developing an effective predictive model for prioritisation of monitoring sewer pipes, planners can save time and money on individual inspections while planning well ahead to avoid any service disruption. The study also summarised the data needs for the predictive models and found pipe age, material, diameter depth, and length to be the most commonly used input parameters by the existing model developers. The finding of this research can guide decision support in future efforts to improve sewer pipe inspection practices. / Fel på avloppsrör är en viktig fråga som kan påverka miljön och folkhälsan negativt. Problemet förvärras av den extra börda det innebär för reningsverken, som måste arbeta hårdare för att hantera det ökade avfallsflödet till följd av rörbrott. Forskningen i denna avhandling baseras på en omfattande genomgång av den befintliga litteraturen om fel på avloppsrör och inspektion, med fokus på det proaktiva tillvägagångssättet som kan förutsäga rörfel för att bidra till effektivt underhåll. Studien visar att flera prediktiva modeller kan förutsäga försämring av avlopp med hög noggrannhet (upp till 95 % precision), vilket gör det möjligt att identifiera potentiella fel och åtgärda dem innan de orsakar betydande skador eller störningar. Forskningen visar dock att det har gjorts relativt lite arbete för att förutsäga blockering och CSO, två kritiska aspekter av hantering av avloppsrör som skulle kunna hanteras mer för att hantera avloppssystemet effektivt. I avhandlingen diskuteras att genom att utveckla en effektiv prediktiv modell för prioritering av övervakning av avloppsrör kan planerare spara tid och pengar på enskilda inspektioner och samtidigt planera i god tid för att undvika eventuella driftstörningar. Studien sammanfattade även data behovet för de prediktiva modellerna och fann att röra ålder, material, diameter, djup och längd var de mest använda ingångs parametrarna av de befintliga modellutvecklare. Resultatet av denna forskning kan vägleda beslutsstöd i framtida ansträngningar för att förbättra praxis för inspektion av avloppsrör.

With phones becoming more and more advanced telecom operators findthemselves in need of interacting with the operating system of the customersphone more and more. They also prefer to do this with their own infrastructureinstead of through an app that relies on the operating system developer. Thesolution is called proactive commands which is a way for the SIM card to talkto the operating system among other things. This project explores two ways tomake it possible for an operator to through SMS secured by Secure Protocol80 send arbitrary proactive commands to the operating system of a device.Resulting in a JavaCard applet with a two command interface able to run andpoll the result of a proactive command. / Med med den snabba utvecklingen av telefoner finner mobiltelefonoperatörernaett ökande behov av att prata med operativsystemet på kundens enhet. Devill också hålla sig inom sina egna nät för att göra detta och inte vara beroendeav andra parter vilket skulle vara fallet med en app. Lösningen heter proaktivaanrop vilket är ett sätt för SIMkortet att prata med operativsystemet med mera.Projektet utforskar två sätt för operatören att genom SMS skyddade med SäkertKanalprotokoll 80 skicka arbiträra proaktiva anrop till en enhet. Resultatet ären JavaCard applet med ett API bestående av två anrop som kan köra anroprespektive hämta resultatet av sagda anrop.

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The railway system is an important part of the sociotechnical society, as it enables efficient, reliable, and sustainable transportation of both people and goods. Despite increasing investments, the Swedish railway has encountered structural and technical problems due to worn-out infrastructure as a result of insufficient maintenance. Two important technical aspects of the rail are the stability and robustness. To prevent transversal and longitudinal deviations, the rail is attached to sleepers by fasteners. The fasteners’ conditions are therefore crucial for the stability of the track and the safeness of the railway. Automatic fastener inspections enable efficient and objective inspections which are a prerequisite for a more adequate maintenance of the railway. This master thesis aims to investigate how machine learning can be applied to the problem of automatic fastener fault detection. The master thesis includes the complete process of applying and evaluating machine learning algorithms to the given problem, including data gathering, data preprocessing, model training, and model evaluation. The chosen model was the state-of-the-art object detector YOLOv5s. To assess the model’s performance and robustness to the given problem, different settings regarding both the dataset and the model’s architecture in terms of transfer learning and hyperparameters were tested.  The results indicate that YOLOv5s is an appropriate machine learning algorithm for fastener fault detection. The models that achieved the highest performance reached an mAP[0.5:0.95] above 0.744 during training and 0.692 during testing. Furthermore, several combinations of different settings had a positive effect on the different models’ performances.  In conclusion, YOLOv5s is in general a suitable model for detecting fasteners. By closer analysis of the result, the models failed when both fasteners and missing fasteners were partly visible in the lower and upper parts of the image. These cases were not annotated in the dataset and therefore resulted in misclassification. In production, the cropped fasteners can be reduced by accurately synchronizing the frequency of capturing data with the distance between the sleepers, in such a way that only one sleeper and corresponding fasteners are visible per image leading to more accurate results. To conclude, machine learning can be applied as an effective and robust technique to the problem of automatic fastener fault detection.

Disasters are always local in their impact, and therefore approaches towards their alleviation need to be designed and implemented based on this certainty. Since the 1960s there has been a constant evolution in the common understanding of international disaster management. Various measures and structures were created to plan for emergency relief and the management of a disastrous event. Despite international efforts which aimed to reduce the impact of natural and anthropogenic hazards on humankind, very little progress was made. Loss of life, property, infrastructure and economic livelihoods are on the increase without any indication of improvement. Developmental activities can in most instances be blamed for the high level of disaster risk present in communities. On the other hand, very little has been done in the international arena (through a multi-disciplinary approach) to ensure a developmental focus on disaster risk. This study investigates the current state of disaster management practices in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) by benchmarking its activities against established frameworks applied in the developed world for disaster management. The aim of this thesis was primarily to provide a comprehensive framework for disaster risk management in KSA. Such a framework will serve as a guideline for all spheres of government on a strategic level in order to implement disaster risk management. Conclusions to the research demonstrate the importance of linking government policy and practice on disaster risk management across different stakeholders involved in managing disaster risk. This study proposed an integrated model for disaster management by introducing the dual paradigm of disaster management (proactive mindset and reactive mindset). In a nutshell, this thesis aimed to develop a comprehensive multi-disciplinary disaster risk management framework that would be tailor-made for the strategic management arena in Saudi Arabia¿s Ministry of Interior (Directorate of Civil Defence). The research provides the reader with a background study on the international development of the concept of disaster risk management and its components. It focuses on disaster risk management within the Saudi Arabian context. Four international disaster risk management frameworks are analytically compared and aligned with international best practices. Subsequently, the proposed Framework for Disaster in Saudi Arabia is analysed.

В данной работе представлено описание плана по разработке информационной системы «Умный офис» на основе технологий Интернета вещей. Данная система представляет возможности для проактивного управления интеллектуальным зданием. Первая глава работы содержит литературный обзор и анализ источников по предметной области Интернета вещей. Описаны технологии, которые необходимы для работы с Интернет вещами. Во второй главе описан бизнес-проект по реализации системы «Умный офис», который включает в себя описание предметной области, устав проекта, описание жененного цикла развития системы, календарное планирование работ, риски проекта и экономическое обоснование реализации проекта. В третьей главе представлен практический результат работы: требования к системе, архитектура системы и техническое задание. / This paper presents a description of the plan for the development of the "Smart Office" information system based on IoT technologies. This system presents the possibilities for proactive management of an intelligent building. The first chapter of the work contains a literature review and analysis of sources on the subject area of the Internet of Things. The technologies that are necessary for working with the Internet of things are described. The second chapter describes a business project for the implementation of the Smart Office system, which includes a description of the subject area, project charter, description of the system development cycle, work scheduling, project risks and economic justification for project implementation. The third chapter presents the practical result of the work: system requirements, system architecture and terms of reference.

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No description available.

Bakgrund: Butiksstölder är ett utbrett samhällsproblem som drabbar många butiker inom detaljhandeln. Butikscheferna behöver hantera detta på något sätt i deras ledarskap. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att undersöka vilka berättelser butikschefer förmedlar om sitt ledarskap avseende stöld, samt hur ledarskapet kan bidra till att förebygga butiksstölder. Frågeställningarna är 1) Vilka berättelser förmedlar butikschefer om sitt ledarskap avseende butiksstölder? samt 2) Hur kan ledarskapet bidra till att förebygga och förhindra butiksstölder? Teori: Den teoretiska referensramen innehåller tidigare forskning om ledarskap, tidigare forskning om butikschefer samt tidigare forskning om externa butiksstölder. Metod: Undersökningen genomfördes med kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer utifrån ett urval på sju butikschefer inom dagligvaruhandeln. Intervjuerna har varit fokuserade på butikschefers berättelser om butiksstölder, för att ta reda på hur de arbetar för att förhindra stölder samt vad som är viktigast för att förhindra stölder. Resultat: Butikscheferna förmedlade berättelser om att försöka förebygga och förhindra butiksstölder. I berättelserna framkom arbetsmetoder som säkerhet, bedömning och proaktiva tillvägagångssätt. Det framkom också ledarskap och lärande som handlar om kompetens och värderingar. Resultatet visar att kunskap om konsumentbeteende är av stor vikt för att förhindra butiksstölder. Resultatet visar också att butikschefers värderingar av det stöldförebyggande arbetet skiljer sig åt, samt att värderingar kan vara kopplade till ett mer lärande ledarskap. Slutsats: Slutsatsen är att butikschefer kan bidra till att förhindra stölder genom proaktiva tillvägagångssätt samt genom att ha kompetenta medarbetare med god kunskap om konsumentbeteende. Butikschefen präglar sannolikt medarbetarna med sina värderingar och signalerar därmed hur viktigt eller oviktigt det är att förhindra butiksstölder. / Background: Shoplifting is a widespread social problem that affects many stores in retail. The store managers need to manage these problems from their leadership. Purpose: The aim of this study is to investigate which stories store managers mediate about their leadership about shoplifting, and how the leadership can contribute to prevent shoplifting. The research questions are 1) Which stories do store managers mediate about their leadership regarding shoplifting? 2) How can leadership contribute to prevent shoplifting? Theory: The theoretical framework includes previous research about leadership, previous research about store managers and previous research about shoplifting. Method: The research has been completed with qualitative semi-structured interviews from a selection with seven store managers within retail. The interviews have been focused on store managers' stories of shoplifting, to find out how they work to prevent shoplifting and what is most important to prevent. Results: The store managers mediated stories about trying to prevent shoplifting. The stories even showed working methods like safety, estimation and proactive approaches. The stories even appeared about leadership and learning, that is about competence and values. The results show that knowledge about consumer behavior is important to prevent shoplifting. The results also show that store managers' values about the work to prevent shoplifting is different, and values can be connected to a learning leadership. Conclusion: The conclusion is that store managers can contribute to prevent shoplifting within proactive approaches and have competent employees with knowledge about consumer behavior. The store manager probably influences the employees with their values and signals if preventing work is important.